EEE1001

ELECTRIC CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS

Module 3 – Lecture 1

Dr. Arindam Dutta

Assistant Professor
School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
VIT Bhopal

Email: arindamdutta@[Link]
Cabin: C-509
 Fundamentals of Electromagnetism
• Electromagnets are made by placing a coil around a magnetic material which
forms the core. They demonstrate magnetic properties as long as current flows
through the coil
• Magnetic field is the area around a magnet in which there is influence of the
magnet, represented through lines of force or flux

• They come out of the magnet body from the North pole and enter the South pole
and close their path through the magnet body

• The direction of current and flux around the coil sides are determined by
applying the cork screw rule

current entering current leaving

2
 Fundamentals of Electromagnetism
• The strength of a magnetic field is expressed in terms of the number of flux lines, φ and is measured in Webers, where
1 Wb = 108 lines

• Magnetic flux density, i.e., flux per unit area is denoted by B. If A is the area through which the flux lines emanate,
i.e., come out, the flux density is given as

• A magnetic potential or magneto motive force (MMF) is expressed as the product of the number of turns of the coil
and the current passing through it, i.e.,

MMF = N I (Ampere Turns)

• For the same MMF, the magnetic flux, φ or the magnetic flux density, B will be dependent upon the length of the field
lines. The longer is the length, the weaker will be the flux density. Magnetic field strength, H is expressed as

• Since the magnetic field strength, H depends upon the number of turns of the magnetizing coil, the current flowing
through the coil, and the flux line length, there would exist a relationship between the magnetic field strength H and the
magnetic flux density B, when a magnetic material is magnetized by applying MMF.
 Fundamentals of Electromagnetism
• The flux density, B is related to the magnetizing force applied, H as:

• Permeability (μ) is the ability of the material to allow the establishment of flux through it. It is similar to conductivity in
an electrical circuit. It is the magnetic property of the core material

• The permeability of a magnetic material is compared with that of free space (μ0) and is called relative permeability (μr).
The relative permeability indicates how many times the material is more permeable than air.

• For free space, μr of air or vacuum = 1. So:

• For other materials:

where
 Hysteresis Loss and Eddy Current Loss in Magnetic Materials
Hysteresis loss: When an alternating current flows through the coil, the core will get magnetized in the opposite directions
alternately. The work done in this process will cause power loss, which is called hysteresis loss. The expression for
hysteresis loss, Wh is given as

Hysteresis loss,

Where, Kh is a constant which depends upon the material and the range of flux density, v is the volume of the core
material, f is the frequency of alternation of the current passing through the magnetizing coil, Bm is the maximum value of
flux density in the core in Wb/m2. Depending on the quality of the material, the power of Bm may vary from 1.5 to 2.0.

Eddy current loss: When a magnetic material is subjected to a changing magnetic field (e.g. the magnetic core of an
inductor), EMF is induced in the core. This EMF causes circulating currents in the core. These circulating currents are
called eddy currents. Energy in the form of heat is lost in the core due to this eddy current flow. Eddy current loss depends
on the following:
(i) thickness of the magnetic material, t;
(ii) frequency of current producing the alternating magnetic field, i.e., the frequency of current flowing through the
magnetizing coil, f;
 Hysteresis Loss and Eddy Current Loss in Magnetic Materials
(iii) maximum flux density, Bm
(iv) volume of the material, v
Ke v Bm2

Where Ke is the eddy current coefficient which depends upon the type of the magnetic material. To reduce eddy current loss
in a magnetic material, the thickness is reduced. Laminated sheets are used to build a core instead of using one piece solid
core.

The sum of hysteresis loss and eddy current loss is called core loss or iron loss.
 Self-induced EMF and Mutually-induced EMF
The EMF induced in a coil due to change in flux linkage when a changing current flows through the coil is called self-
induced EMF.

When a second coil is brought near a coil producing changing flux, EMF will be induced in the second coil due to change
in current in the first coil. This is called mutually induced EMF.

The magnitude of the induced EMF will depend upon the rate of change of flux linkage and the number of turns of the
individual coils. The induced EMF in the two coils, e1 and e2 will be

where N1 and N2 are the number of turns of coil 1 and coil 2, respectively.
 Self-Induction of a Coil
Let us consider a coil of N turns wound on a core of magnetic material. Let an alternating current i pass through the coil

where μ is the permeability of the core material; l is the length of flux path; A is the area of the coil. Substituting:

= coefficient of self inductance or self-inductance

 Self-Induction of a Coil
The inductance, L can be expressed in terms of the rate of change of the flux with respect to current flowing in the coil as:

For a small increment of di, let the increase of flux be dφ. Therefore:

If φ and i have a linear relationship,

 Self-Induction of a Coil

(Reluctance is the inverse of the permeability)

Again,

Considering a small increase of i producing a small increase in φ as dφ,

Inductance is the property of a coil capable of inducing emf in itself due to changing current through it. A coil has an
inductance of 1 Henry if a current of 1 Ampere flowing through the coil produces a flux linkage of 1 Wb-turn.
 Mutual Inductance
Let us consider two coils having N1 and N2 number of turns placed near each other. Let a changing current, i1, flow
through coil 1. The flux produced by i1 in N1 is φ1. Since coil 2 is placed near coil 1, a part of the flux produced by coil 1
will be linked by coil 2. Let flux φ2 linked by coil 2 is φ2 = K1 φ1, where K1 ≤ 1. If magnetic coupling between the two is
very good, the whole flux produced by coil 1 will link the coil 2, in which case the coefficient of the coupling K1 will be
1. The induced EMF in coil 2 is e2.

Similarly, if we calculate the induced EMF in coil 1, due to change in current in coil 2, we can find the induced EMF e1
in coil 1 as
 Mutual Inductance
Considering current change in the second coil,

M2 = K1K2

So, the mutual inductance M between two coils is the flux linkage in
one circuit due to change per unit of current in the other circuit.
 Problem
Q: A current of 5 A flowing through a coil of 500 turns produces a flux of 1 mWb. Another coil is placed near this coil
and current in this coil is suddenly reversed in 10 ms. As a result, the EMF induced in the second coil is measured as
50 V. Calculate self and mutual inductance of the coils assuming a coefficient of coupling as 60 %.
 Problem
Q: There is mutual magnetic coupling between two coils of number of turns 500 and 2000, respectively. Only 50% of
the flux produced by the coil of 500 turns is linked with the coil of 2000 turns. Calculate the mutual inductance of the
two coils. Also calculate the EMF induced in the coil of 2000 turns when current changes at the rate of 10A/s in the
other coil. The self-inductance of the coil of 500 turns is 200 mH.