DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSPORT

Transport is the movement of goods and /or people from one place to another.
Traditional forms of transport.
1. Human
2. Animal-Donkeys, Horses, Oxen, Mules: Camels, Llama and Alpaca, Elephants, water
buffalo, Reindeer, Dogs.
Disadvantages of human transport.

1. It is slow / time consuming.

2. It is tiresome / tiring
3. It is limited in quantity of goods carried at ago.
4. It can only cover a short distances with goods.
5. It is cumbersome

Advantages of animal transport.

1. They can be used in inaccessible areas.
2. It is cheap to maintain animals eg dog.
3. They are safe since they are not prone to accidents.
4. They are environmental friendly.
5. Some animals can sense danger.
Disadvantages

1. They slow and time consuming / slow.

2. Animals are affected by poor health / injuries / attacked by wild animals.
3. Rugged terrain / extreme weather conditions hamper the movement of animals.
4. It has limited carrying capacity.
5. Some are stubborn when tired.
6. Animal transport is limited to day time and not night time. Others
7. They can only be used for short distances.
8. They require food and water.

 After the wheel was developed by the Sumerians, it facilitated transport.

 Charts were now developed to make animal transport easier.
Advantages of using a donkey.

1. Its hooves are more suitable for walking on sandy, rocky or mountainous terrain.
2. It could go longer in dry conditions without water and food.
3. It could carry bigger load.

MODERN MEANS OF TRANSPORT

Road transport

 Credited to Pierre Tresaguest (France) John Metcalf (Britain) Thomas Telford (Britain) and
John Mc Adam.
 This was enhanced with the development of the wheel.
 The roman soldiers invented the murram (Roman) roads
 Later in the 19th c, the British developed the tarmac roads.
 Bridges and drainage were done before highways were developed.
Effects of the invention of the wheel.
 1. It made road transport faster, easier and comfortable.
2. Bigger loads could be carried
3. It facilitated interaction among people.
4. It enhanced trade. It led to the development of roads.
5. It facilitated travel over long distances.
6. It assisted the spread of services like postal in Rome.
7. It improved and strengthened armies as they used chariots to transport soldiers.
8. It aided movement of administrators between places in Rome.
9. It was used for leisure activities e.g. in Racing.
10. In China, it was used to make high quality pots.

How the invention of the wheel revolutionalized transport in Europe in the 19th Century.
1. People could travel faster than before.
2. They could cover long distances.
3. The Chariots / Wheel carts made travel comfortable.
4. Heavy loads could be carried over long distances.
5. Travelling became more secure.
Development of bicycle.

 Credited to Kirkpatric Macmillan (Scotland – 1839, Erness Michaux (France) – 1860, James
Stanley (Britain) -1870, John Dunlop- 1888, 1893 – modern bicycle.

VEHICLE

 1760 Homer (Germany) credited the manufacture of the vehicle.

 Leanardo da Vinci (Italy)
- 1740- Jacques de Van Canson, 1760 J.H. Generios, 1769- Joseph Cugnot (France), 1799-
William Mehrust (Air engine), 1807- Isaac de Rivas, 1832- Samuel Wright, Christian
Huygens, 1859- Etienne Lennoir, 1884 – Edward Butter, Daimuler Gottlieb,Carl Benz,
Murdock, Trevithick and Walter Hainwell.
Advantages of using pipeline over vehicles in transporting oil.
1. Pipeline delivers oil faster than vehicles.
2. It is safer than using vehicles.
3. It ensures regular / continuous supply of oil to required areas / depots.
4. It is easier to maintain the pipeline than vehicles.

Characteristics of the Roman roads.

1. They were built straight.
2. They were of high standard.
3. They were slightly curved.
4. They were highways, built high above the land to prevent flooding.
5. They consisted of network of tunnels and bridges.
Characteristic of tarmac/modern roads
1. They are durable.
2. They are all-weather roads.
3. Water drains easily / have good drainage.
4. They are wide.
 5. They have less sharp corners / they are straight.
6. They have a smooth surface, thus providing good motoring surface.
7. They are cheap and quick to build.
Effects of road transport.
The construction of the modern roads is credited to Thomas Telford (1757- 1834),
George Wade (1673-1749), John Macadam (1756-1836), John Metcalfe (1717-1810)

The following are the effects of the construction of the roads.

1. Trade has been promoted.
2. Industrialization has been enhanced.
3. Urban centers have sprung up.
4. It earns countries with foreign exchange.
5. It provides employment to many.
6. It has promoted other means of transport.
7. It has opened up new areas for development.
8. It has promoted interaction and better international understanding.
9. Time and money have been saved.
10. Has saved lives.
Advantages of road transport

1. It reduces the cost of transport / it is cheaper as compared to the other forms of transport.
2. It is faster as compared to water and railway transport.
3. It is flexible as compared the other forms of transport.

Disadvantages
1. Loss of lives due to many accidents.
2. Environmental unfriendly.
3. Traffic congestion.
4. When impossible, they inconvenience the users.
5. Limited to certain [Link] it cannot go beyond lands.
6. Construction of all-weather road is expensive.
Rail transport
 It started in 1804 with Richard Trevithic making Major improvements on the locomotives.
 In 1812, John Blenkinson built the 1st successful locomotive which ran on cast- iron rails.
 Improvement was made later.
 Diesel engines were then invented and later replaced by electric engines.
How Rail transport has speeded up industrialization in Europe.

1. It facilitated the transportation of bulky raw materials to industries.

2. It facilitated the fast transportation of bulky manufactured goods to market.
3. It facilitated the transportation of fuel, especially coal to the industries.
4. It facilitated the transportation of workers to the industries.
5. It promoted interaction between towns and people, hence promoted investment in
industries.
6. It promoted the migration & settlement of people to new areas which were sources of raw
materials.
7. It opened up mining and farming in the interior of most countries.
8. It facilitates the transportation of bulky goods and machinery for installation in
industries.
 9. Revenue from the railways was used in setting up industries.
Effects of railway transport in the 19th Century

1. Railway transport has promoted the movement of people, thus encouraging Social &
cultural interaction.
2. Trade has been intensified.
3. It has boosted industrial development, thus creating employment.
4. Towns and urban centers have sprung up.
5. It has opened up remote areas to the outside world.
6. It facilitated European pacification of their overseas colonies.
7. It facilitated transportation of bulky goods.
8. It facilitated transportation of industrial workers / labour.
9. It led to wide spread migration and settlement of people.
10. It has facilitated other forms of transport.
11. Smoke from the trains led to pollution of the environment.
12. It was a source of revenue for the countries that used it.

Disadvantages
1. It is expensive to constructs and maintain.
2. It is less flexible- no diverging or reverse.
3. It can cause fatal accidents.
4. It pollutes the environment.
5. It is not self-sufficient since it has to be supplemented by road transport.
Problems associated with rail transport.

[Link] do not offer door to door services.

[Link] are costly to build and maintain
[Link] rail gauges used by different countries require trans- shipment, thus delays.
[Link] gradients are unsuitable for railways as it requires leveling, embarkments and
constructions of bridges.
Water transport

 The means of water transport in ancient times included Rafts, Logs / tree trunks, Sailing ships,
Boats / Oar driven boats, Canoes
 This was made possible by use of canal vessels , boats, motor-driven ships, modern passenger
liners, freight vessels, military vessels, ferries.
 Later, the Portuguese invented the Caravels and Carracks as modern ships.

Results of the construction of canals.

1. They linked existing waterways.
2. It shortened routes and helped in the transportation of Bulky goods.
3. They were used for supplying some areas with water.
4. They were used for irrigation.
5. It was used to control flooding / for drainage.

Air transport
  This space possible with Leanado Da Vinci in 1452-1519 when he invented an ornithopter.
 The 1st real invention was in 1903-05 when the American Wright brothers (Orvile and
Wilbur) invented an aeroplane.

Disadvantages of Air Transport.

1. It is expensive to procure / maintain an aircraft.
2. Construction of airstrips requires a lot of resources.
3. The aircrafts can only land & take off in specific / designated areas, thus inconveniencing the
users.
4. Aircrafts cannot carry heavy / bulky goods as compared to the other forms of transport.
5. It can only be used by the well to do members of the society, thus making it inaccessible to
many.
6. Its operations are affected by unfavorable weather conditions.
7. Aircrafts emit gases which contribute to the pollution of the environment.
8. The use of aircrafts in military warfare has resulted in destruction of property.
9. Accidents by aircrafts are fatal / chances of survival are minimal.
10. It requires a lot of expertise / skilled personnel to manage its operations.
Challenges encountered in space exploration.
1. It is a costly venture as it requires high technology.
2. Hostile and unsuitable space environment for human life.
3. Presence of solar and cosmic radiation and micrometeorities that can affect spacecrafts and
astronauts.
4. Extreme temperatures like bright sunlight and darkness.
Advantages of space exploration.
1. It has facilitated our understanding of the universe.
2. It has led to improved manufacture of aircrafts and telescopes.
3. It has led to improved air force weapons.
4. It has improved navigation.
5. It has improved weather forecasting.
Effects of air transport.

1. It facilitated space exploration for specific and military purposes.

2. They have made evacuation of people from disaster areas easier.
3. They make the delivery of valuable and perishable goods and people faster and efficient.
4. It has led to expansion of trading activities.
5. They have provided employment opportunities.
6. It is used to spray pesticides, hence promoting agriculture.
7. They are used to destroy marauding insects like locusts.
8. It earns the country foreign exchange.
9. It has promoted international co-operation.
10. It has facilitated aerial surveys, photography and mapping.
11. It has promoted the tourist industry especially in developing countries.
12. It has intensified military warfare.
13. It has led to widespread international terrorism through hijacking.
14. It has contributed to environmental pollution.
15. In case of accidents, it leads to massive loss of lives.

Results of space exploration.

 1. Aircrafts unlike the shuttle and other gadgets for journeying in the space have been
developed.
2. It has enhanced new discoveries that have increased our understanding of the universe.
3. It has led to the production of advanced airforce weapon systems that are dangerous to the
entire human race.
4. It has promoted Scientific research particularly in America and Europe. NASA and ESA have
taken the lead in this field.

Effects of modern means of transport.

1. It has encouraged migration and settlement
2. It has caused more accidents.
3. It has led to the discovery of other lands.
4. Trade has expanded.
5. Space has been controlled and exploited.
6. Smuggling has intensified.
7. It has led to pollution of environment.
8. It has facilitated exchanged of ideas.
9. It has enhanced exploitation of natural resources.
10. It has enhanced social development like schools.
11. It has led to growth of urban centers.
12. It has promoted employment. It has caused financial constrains to users.
13. It has opened up many parts of the world.
14. It has promoted international terrorism.

How poor transport hinders industrialization in the 3rd word countries.

1. It has caused delays in marketing goods / products.
2. It has caused delays in delivering raw materials.
3. It has led to high supply cost of raw materials.
4. It has led to high transport costs.