Chapter : 10

Thermal Property of Matter

 Temperature & Heat
❖Temperature
➢ Temperature is a relative measure or indication of hotness or coldness.
➢ The SI unit of temperature is kelvin (K), whereas degree celsius (°C) is a
commonly used unit of temperature.

❖Heat
➢ Energy transfer that takes place solely because of a temperature difference is
called heat.
➢ The SI unit of heat energy transferred is expressed in joule (J).
➢ In conventional system, the unit of heat is called calorie (cal) and 1 cal = 4.186J.
 Measurement of Temperature
➢ The branch of thermodynamics which deals with the measurement of
temperature is called thermometry.
➢ A thermometer is a device used to measure the temperature of a body.

❖ Different Scales of Temperature

1. Centigrade or Celsius scale (°C)
2. Kelvin scale (K)
3. Fahrenheit scale (°F)
Continue……
 Different Types of Thermometers
1. Mercury Thermometer
2. Constant Volume Gas Thermometers
3. Platinum Resistance Thermometer
4. Thermoelectric Thermometers
5. Pyrometers
6. Vapour Pressure Thermometers
7. Magnetic Thermometers
Ideal Gas Equation & Absolute Temp.
❖ Find the temperature at which the Celsius and Fahrenheit scale give the same
temperature value.
❖ On a new scale of temperature (which is linear) and called the W scale, the
freezing and boiling points of water are 39°W and 239°W respectively. What will
be the temperature on the new scale, corresponding to a temperature of 39°C on
the Celsius scale?
(1) 139°W
(2) 78°W
(3) 117°W
(4) 200°W
 TRY YOUR SELF
➢ The triple points of neon and carbon dioxide are 24.57 K and 216.55 K
respectively. Express these temperatures on the Fahrenheit and Celsius scales.
 TRY YOUR SELF
➢ What is the temperature at which the Fahrenheit reading is triple that of the
Celsius reading?
 Thermal Expansion
➢ When matter is heated without any change in its state, it usually expands.
➢ As with rise in temperature the amplitude of vibration increases and hence
energy of atoms increases, hence the average distance between the atom
increases. So the matter as a whole expands.
➢ Thermal expansion is minimum in case of solids but maximum in case of gases
because intermolecular forces are maximum in solids but minimum in gases.
➢ Solids can expand in one dimension (Linear expansion), two dimensions
(Superficial expansion) and three dimensions (Volumetric expansion) while
liquids and gases usually suffers change in volume only.
➢ Most of the materials expands, when their temperature increases, with few
exception such as carbon.
 Types of Thermal Expansion
1. Linear Expansion
2. Area Expansion
3. Volume Expansion
Linear Expansion
Area Expansion
Volume Expansion
 Applications of thermal Expansion in Solids
❖Bi–metallic strip
➢ When two strips of equal length but of different materials (different coefficient
of linear expansion) are joined together, it is called "Bi–metallic strip“
➢ Coefficient of expansion is more for brass than steel.
❖ Effect of temperature on the time period of a simple pendulum
➢ A pendulum clock keeps proper time at temperature T. If temperature is
increased then due to linear expansion, length of pendulum increases and hence
its time period will increase.
❖ Thermal Expansion in Liquids
❖ Change of Density with Temperature
 Anomalous Expansion of Water
➢ Generally matter expands on heating and contracts on cooling.
➢ In case of water, it expands on heating if its temperature is greater than 4°C.
➢ In the range 0°C to 4°C, water contracts on heating and expands on cooling i.e., Γ
is negative.
Thermal Stress
❖ A copper rod of 88 cm and an aluminum rod of unknown length have their
increase in length independent of increase in temperature. The length of
aluminum rod is :(αcu= 1.7 x 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝑲−𝟏 and αAI = 2.2 x 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝑲−𝟏 )
(1) 6.8 cm
(2) 113.9 cm
(3) 88 cm
(4) 68 cm
❖ Coefficient of linear expansion of brass and steel rods are ɑ₁ and a2. Lengths of
brass and steel rods are l1, and l2 respectively. If (l2 – l1) is maintained same at all
temperatures, which one of the following relations holds good?
 TRY YOUR SELF
➢ The value of coefficient of volume expansion of glycerin is 5 x 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 K-1. The
fractional change in the density of glycerin for a rise of 40°C in its temperature
is
(1) 0.010
(2) 0.015
(3) 0.020
(4) 0.025
 Specific Heat Capacity
➢ Specific heat of the material of a substance is the amount of heat required to
raise the temperature of unit mass of the substance through 1°C.
 Molar Specific Heat Capacity
➢ Molar specific heat is defined as the amount of heat required to raise the
temperature of one mole of a substance through 1°C.
 Water Equivalent
➢ If the heat capacity of a body is expressed in term of mass of water, it is called
water equivalent of the body.
➢ Water equivalent of a body is the quantity of water whose temperature would be
raised through 1C° (or 1K) by the same amount of heat as required to raise the
temperature of the body through 1C° (or 1 K).
 Latent Heat
➢ It is the amount of heat required to change the state of a unit mass of a substance
without change in its temperature, and pressure.
 Calorimetry
➢ Principle of Calorimetry : When two bodies at different temperatures are
allowed to share heat, they attain a common temperature.
Change of State
❖ Steam at 100°C is passed into 20 g of water at 10°C. When water acquires a
temperature of 80°C, the mass of water present will be
[specific heat of water = 1 cal g-1°C-1 and latent of heat of steam = 540 cal g-¹]
(1) 24 g
(2) 31.5 g
(3) 42.5 g
(4) 22.5 g
❖ When 0.15 kg of ice at 0°C is mixed with 0.30 kg of water at 50°C in a container,
the resulting temperature is 6.7 °C. Calculate the heat of fusion of ice.
(Swater = 4186 J / kg K)
❖ 30 g ice at 0°C is mixed with 25 g steam at 100°C. Find the final temperature and
composition of mixture.
 TRY YOUR SELF
➢ Calculate the heat required to convert 3 g of ice at -12 °C kept in a calorimeter to
steam at 100°C at atmospheric pressure. Given specific heat capacity of
ice = 2100 J/kg K, specific heat capacity of water = 4186 J/kg K, latent heat of
fusion of ice = 3.35 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 J/kg and latent heat of steam = 2.256 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 J/kg.
 TRY YOUR SELF
➢ A piece of ice falls from a height h so that it melts completely. Only one-quarter
of the heat produced is absorbed by the ice and all energy of ice gets converted
into heat during its fall. The value of h is [Latent heat of ice is 3.4 x 𝟏𝟎𝟓 J/kg and
g = 10 N/kg]
(1) 68 km
(2) 34 km
(3) 544 km
(4) 136 km
 Types of Heat Transfer
1. Conduction
2. Convection
3. Radiation
 Conduction
➢ The phenomena of heat transfer in which heat flows from one place to other
without actual transfer of atoms called conduction.
Relation in between Thermodynamic & Electronics
Conduction in Series combination
Conduction in Parallel combination
❖ An iron bar (L₁ = 0.1 m, A₁ = 0.02 m², K₁ = 79 W m¹ K-¹) and a brass bar (L2 = 0.1
m, A2 = 0.02 m², K₂ = 109 W m-1K-1) are soldered end to end. The free ends of the
iron bar and brass bar are maintained at 373 K and 273 K respectively. Obtain
expressions for and hence compute
(i) the temperature of the junction of the two bars,
(ii) the equivalent thermal conductivity of the compound bar, and
(iii) the heat current through the compound bar.
❖ Two rods A and B of different materials are welded together as shown in figure.
Their thermal conductivities are K1 and K2. The thermal conductivity of the
composite rod will be
❖ The two ends of a metal rod are maintained at temperatures 100°C and 110°C.
The rate of heat flow in the rod is found to be 4.0 J/s. If the ends are maintained
at temperatures 200°C and 210°C, the rate of heat flow will be
(1) 4.0 J/s
(2) 44.0 J/s
(3) 16.8 J/s
(4) 8.0 J/s
 TRY YOUR SELF
➢ The two ends of a rod of length L and a uniform cross sectional area A are kept
at two temperatures T₁ and T2 (T₁ > T₂). The rate of heat transfer, through the
rod in a steady state is given by
 TRY YOUR SELF
➢ Two metal rods 1 and 2 of same lengths have same temperature difference
between their ends. Their thermal conductivities are K1 and K₂ and cross
sectional areas A1 and A2, respectively. If the rate of heat conduction in 1 is four
times that in 2, then
(1) K₁A₁ = K2A2
(2) K₁A₁ = 4 K2A2
(3) K₁A₁ = 2 K2A2
(4) 4 K₁A₁ = K2A2
 TRY YOUR SELF
➢ A thermocole icebox is a cheap and an efficient method for storing small
quantities of cooked food in summer in particular. A cubical icebox of side 30
cm has a thickness of 5.0 cm. If 4.0 kg of ice is put in the box, estimate the
amount of ice remaining after 6 h. The outside temperature is 45°C, and
co-efficient of thermal conductivity of thermocole is 0.01 J s-1 m¹ K-1.
[Heat of fusion of water = 335 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 J/kg]
Convection
❖ In gravity free space heat transfer is not possible by
(1) Conduction
(2) Convection
(3) Radiation
(4) Both (1) & (3)
 Radiation
➢ Radiation is the transfer of heat by electromagnetic waves such as visible light,
infrared, and ultraviolet rays.
➢ This heat transfer would occur even if there were nothing but vacuum between
you and the source of heat.
Emissive, Absorptive And Transmittive Power
Absorptivity & Emissivity
 Kirchhoff's law
➢ Good absorbers are good emitters and bad absorbers are bad emitters.
➢ Thus, good absorbers are bad reflectors and bad absorbers are good reflectors.
 Ideal Black Body
➢ A body surface which absorbs all incident thermal radiations at low temperature,
irrespective of their wave length and emits out all these absorbed radiations at
high temperature is assumed to be an ideal black body surface.
 Stefan’s Law
➢ From the experimental study of rate of emission of radiations by a hot body,
Stefan in 1879, proposed a law which after him is called Stefan’s law.
➢ Boltzmann gave a theoretical proof of this law by applying the laws of
thermodynamics to the blackbody radiations. This law is, therefore, also called
Stefan-Boltzmann Law.
➢ Now, as per Stefan’s Law the radiant energy emitted by a perfectly black body
per unit area per second is directly proportional to the fourth power of its
absolute temperature.
Stefan & Boltzmann Law
Continue……
 Newton’s Cooling Law
➢ The rate of loss of heat of a body is directly proportional to the excess of
temperature (T – T0) of the body with respect to surroundings.
Continue……
Win’s Law
 Solar Constant
➢ The amount of radiant energy received by the Earth per unit area per unit time
from the Sun in the absence of atmosphere when placed at right angles to the
incident radiation at a distance equal to the mean distance of the Earth from the
Sun, is called solar constant (S).
➢ Its measured value is approximately 1360 W/𝒎𝟐
❖ A black body is at a temperature of 5760 K. The energy of radiation emitted by
the body at wavelength 250 nm is U₁, at wavelength 500 nm is U2 and that at 1000
nm is U3. Wien's constant, b = 2.88 x 𝟏𝟎𝟔 nmK. Which of the following is correct?
(1) U₂ > U₁
(2) U₁ = 0
(3) U3 = 0
(4) U₁ > U₂
❖ The power radiated by a black body is P and it radiates maximum energy at
wavelength λ0. If the temperature of the black body is now changed so that it
𝟑
radiates maximum energy at wavelength λ0 thepower radiated by it becomes
𝟒

nP. The value of n is

❖ A spherical black body with a radius of 12 cm radiates 450 watt power at 500 K. If
the radius were halved and the temperature doubled, the power radiated in watt
would be
(1) 225
(2) 450
(3) 1000
(4) 1800
❖ A body cools in 7 min from 60°C to 40°C. What will be its temperature after the
next 7 minutes? The temperature of the surroundings is 10°C.
❖ An object kept in a large room having air temperature of 25°C takes 12 minutes
to cool from 80°C to 70°[Link] time taken to cool for the same object from 70°Cto
60°C would be nearly.
(1) 15 min
(2) 10 min
(3) 12 min
(4) 20 min
 TRY YOUR SELF
➢ A black body at 1227°C emits radiations with maximum intensity at a
wavelength of 5000 A. If the temperature of the body is increased by 1000°C, the
maximum intensity will be observed at:
(1) 4000 Å
(2) 5000 Å
(3) 6000 Å
(4) 3000 Å
 TRY YOUR SELF
➢ If the radius of a star is R and it acts as a black body, what would be the
temperature of the star, in which the rate of energy production is Q?
 TRY YOUR SELF
➢ A pan filled with hot food cools from 94°C to 86 °C in 2minutes when the room
temperature is at 20 °C. How long will it take to cool from 71 °C to 69 °C?
 TRY YOUR SELF
➢ A body cools from a temperature 3T to 2T in 10 minutes. The room temperature
is T. Assume that Newton's law of cooling is applicable. The temperature of the
body at the end of next 10 minutes will be
𝟕
(1) T
𝟒

𝟑
(2) T
𝟐

𝟒
(3) T
𝟑

(4) T
Thank You