ATFM/CDM Course
Stuart Ratcliffe
SME ATFM/CDM
October 2023
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information contained here is accurate. Nonetheless, CAAS does not warrant the currency, accuracy or completeness of the information contained in this document, nor does CAAS accept liability
for loss or damage including without limitation, indirect or consequential loss or damage, or any loss or damage whatsoever arising from reliance on the information contained in this presentation.
Training Modules
Module Title
01 ATFM Overview
02 ConOps
03 ATFM Phases
04 Capacity Declaration
05 Demand and Monitoring
06 ATFM Solutions and Measures
07 Communication and Collaboration
08 Post-Operations
09 Stakeholders and their Roles
Operational Exercises
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Module 1 Introduction to
ATFM
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Understanding ATFM: Water Taps & Buckets
What can you do to
solve the problem?
Credit: ICAO APAC RSO ATFM Workshop 2014
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Understanding ATFM: Water Taps & Buckets
Change to a larger bucket
Credit: ICAO APAC RSO ATFM Workshop 2014
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Understanding ATFM: Water Taps & Buckets
Slow the green tap
Credit: ICAO APAC RSO ATFM Workshop 2014
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Understanding ATFM: Water Taps & Buckets
Use the red tap instead of
the green tap
Credit: ICAO APAC RSO ATFM Workshop 2014
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Understanding ATFM: Sample Measures
Slow the orange tap
(the original one)
Credit: ICAO APAC RSO ATFM Workshop 2014
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Understanding ATFM: Water Taps & Buckets
Departure Airport
Size of Bucket………Capacity
Amount of Water...Traffic Volume (Demand)
Sector
Sector
Sector
Sector or Airport
Credit: ICAO APAC RSO ATFM Workshop 2014
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Understanding ATFM: Sample Measures
SAMPLE
METAPHOR MEANING
MEASURE
Manage traffic just prior to
Slow the green Minutes-in-Trail
their entrance into
tap Miles-in-Trail
constrained resource
Switching to the Shifting traffic away from the Mandatory
red tap constrained resource rerouting
Playbook routes
Slow the original Manage traffic prior to their
Ground Delay Program
orange tap departure from the origins
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Understanding ATFM: Sample Measures
Also don’t forget…
…changing to a larger bucket
In other words…
INCREASE THE CAPACITY
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ATC and ATFM Definitions
Air Traffic Control (ATC) Air Traffic Flow Management (ATFM)
Air traffic control is a service provided by ground- ICAO Annex 11 Chapter 1:
based controllers who direct aircraft on the ground “ATFM has the objective of contributing to a safe,
and through controlled airspace, and can provide orderly and expeditious flow of air traffic by
advisory services to aircraft in non-controlled ensuring that air traffic control capacity is utilized to
airspace. The primary purpose of ATC worldwide is the maximum extent possible, and that the traffic
to prevent collisions, organize and expedite the flow volume is compatible with the capacities declared
of air traffic, and provide information and other by the appropriate Air Traffic Services authority.”
support for pilots.
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What is Air Traffic Flow Management?
Air traffic flow management (ATFM) is used to manage the flow of traffic in a way that
minimizes delays and maximizes the use of the entire airspace. ATFM can regulate traffic
flows involving departure slots, smooth flows and manage rates of entry into airspace
along traffic axes, manage arrival time at waypoints, flight information region or sector
boundaries, and reroute traffic to avoid saturated areas. ATFM may also be used to
address system disruptions including crisis caused by human or natural phenomena. –
ICAO GANP
Air traffic flow management (ATFM) is an enabler of air traffic management (ATM)
efficiency and effectiveness. It contributes to the safety, efficiency, cost effectiveness, and
environmental sustainability of an ATM system. It is also a major enabler of global
interoperability of the air transport industry. – ICAO ATFM/CDM
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ATFM Objectives
• The objective of ATFM is to safely increase
air traffic management (ATM) efficiency and
effectiveness
• To equitably balance air traffic capacity and
demand
• To improve predictability and deliver cost
efficiencies that enable global
interoperability of the air transport industry
• To enhance the environmental
sustainability of an ATM system
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ATFM Concepts
• A service established with the following objectives:
• Contribute to a safe, orderly and expeditious flow of air traffic
• Ensure that Air Traffic Control (ATC) capacity is utilized to the maximum
extent possible
• Ensure that the traffic volume is compatible with the capacities declared by
the appropriate air navigation service provider (ANSP)
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CDM Objectives
• Provide real-time operational information to stakeholders to facilitate a
common and accurate view of demand and system constraints
• Enhance decision making and capacity utilization
• Requiring that all system stakeholders function in an equitable manner for the
betterment of the system.
• Exchanging decision-making information among the stakeholders to optimize
system capacity and thus improve:
• Operational quality and stability
• Operational reliability and predictability
• Demand and capacity balancing
• Air space organization, which is critical for maximizing capacity and enhancing system
safety.
• Improve ATM performance, while balancing the needs of individual ATM
community members
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ATFM Concepts
• Across operational domains
• Surface, departure, en route and arrival
• Across FIR and country boundaries
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ATFM Concepts
• Across planning time frames
• Strategic, pre-tactical, tactical, and post-operations
• Inclusive of all stakeholders: ANSP, Airport Authority, Aircraft Operator, and
Military
• Coordinating efforts and aligning objectives for mutual benefit
• Operates with the best available information
• As the operation approaches, the accuracy of flight data improves
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Network Systems Approach
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Why ATFM
Aviation Industry Contributes …
• Carried 4 Billion Passengers
• Transported 54.9 million tons of cargo
• Provided 65.5 million direct jobs
• $2.7 trillion in annual economic activity
• 3.5% of Global GDP
• One third of all goods traded are brought to market by air
• 57% of worlds tourists by air
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ASIA Pacific
21
What if Airlines Stop Operating?
o Iceland’s Eyjafjallajökull volcano erupted on 14th April 2010
o A week-long disruption of air traffic resulted in
• 100,000 flights canceled
• 10 million passengers affected
• Global aviation sector losses $2.6 billion
• Total impact on GDP - $4.7 billion
• Recovery:
• ATFM critical
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Airline Perspective
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Fuel and Operating Costs are Critical to Airlines
Charges 8% Cost of Operation 24%
55%
Fuel -
31%
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Disruption Management
Airline view
Aircraft Routing
A
C
Aircraft Routing Network is the
Backbone of an Airlines Network
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Disruption Management
Passenger’s Itinerary
A
C
B
D
2
6
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Disruption Management
Crew Pairing
A
C
B
D
2
7
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Disruption Management
Disruption Management and Schedule Recovery is Costly and Challenging…
• Passenger, crew and aircraft scheduling synchronization
• Recovery within short time frame with limited resources
• Recovery constrained by multi-objectives
• Minimize passenger’s recovery cost
• Minimize disrupted time of operation
• Collaborative information sharing and ATFM required
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ATFM Benefits – Predictability
• Allows us to build achievable schedules
• Allows airline to load the appropriate fuel weight
− Every kilo of extra fuel offsets cargo and passenger capacity
− We may have to offload passengers and cargo to carry extra fuel
It costs fuel to carry fuel
o Predictable direct sectors are 4-6% more efficient than tactical direct sectors
• Collaborative approach allows us to help the system
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Predictability – Fuel
Burning fuel to carry fuel
− 0.25 – 0.5 Pound of fuel used to ‘carry’ 1 pound of fuel
1 min. standard deviation of airborne time leads to additional 1.85 min. of
contingency fuel + alternate fuel
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ATFM Benefits – Societal
• Improved quality of air travel
• Increased economic
development through efficient
and cost-effective services
• Reduced fuel burn, greenhouse
gas emissions, and operating
costs
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ATFM Benefits – Quantitative
North America 1975 – Present
Stakeholders have saved more than:
• 70 million minutes of delays
• 191 million liters of fuel
• 590 thousand metric tons of CO2 emissions
• Over US$ 7.0 Billion in operating costs
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ATFM Benefits – Quantitative
South Africa
• Airborne holding eliminated at JNB
• + US$ 1.2M in savings per annum
• + US$0.7M reduction in airborne hold due to weather
disruption
• + US$0.4M in additional fuel burn savings
• = US$ 2.3M in savings per annum
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ATFM Benefits – Quantitative
Australia
• Net fuel savings of $181.3 million from lower airborne
delay and higher ground delay
• CO2 emission savings of $14.9 million from lower
airborne delay
• Maintenance cost savings of $27.3 million from lower
airborne delay
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ATFM Benefits – Quantitative
Mexico
• $562,380 direct operating cost savings per high-volume
season (December-April)
• 682,500 kg reduction in CO2 emissions per high-volume
season (December-April)
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Why ATFM - ICAO
• Annex 11 to the Convention on Civil
Aviation for States to implement ATFM
• ICAO DOC 9971 states “As a general rule,
ATFM is needed whenever airspace users
are faced with constraints on their
operations, and in areas where traffic
flows are significant”.
• Referenced in ASBUs
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ATFM Functional Flow
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Capacity
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Demand
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Evaluate
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Perform CDM
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Implement ATFM Solutions
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How Does an ATFM Service Operate?
ATFM service relies on a number of supporting systems:
• Airspace and aerodromes are common resources shared by all
• Accurate data for demand prediction
• Meteorological situation
• Status and availability of airspaces
• ATFM tools that enable common situational awareness
• Formalized agreements between all ATFM stakeholders.
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How Does an ATFM Service Operate?
National/International
perspective
Central ATFMU
Regional perspective ACC
Local perspective
TMA
Airport perspective
TWR
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ATFM Organizational Structure – Unit Manager
ATFM
Unit
Manager
ATFMU Weather Military
Supervisor Services Liaison
ATFMU ATFM Support
ATFMU Officer
Planner Assistant
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ATFM Organizational Structure – ATFMU Supervisor
ATFM
Unit
Manager
ATFMU Weather Military
Supervisor Services Liaison
ATFM
ATFMU ATFMU
Support
Planner Officer
Assistant
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ATFM Organizational Structure – ATFMU Planner
ATFM
Unit
Manager
ATFMU Weather Military
Supervisor Services Liaison
ATFM
ATFMU ATFMU
Support
Planner Officer
Assistant
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ATFM Organizational Structure – ATFMU Officer
ATFM
Unit
Manager
ATFMU Weather Military
Supervisor Services Liaison
ATFM
ATFMU ATFMU
Support
Planner Officer
Assistant
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So, what have we learnt?
1. Definitions
2. ATFM Concepts
3. Airline Perspective
4. Why ATFM
5. Benefits of ATFM
6. Principles of ATFM
7. How the ATFM Service Operates
8. ATFMU Structure
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Questions
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