Biomolecules: Chemistry of Life Module
Biomolecules: Chemistry of Life Module
Department of Education
Regional Office IX, Zamboanga Peninsula
General Chemistry
Quarter 2 - Module 8
Biomolecules
In this module, you will learn more about compounds which are essential to life. These
compounds belong to four main classes of biomolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and
nucleic acids. Carbohydrates and lipids are generally made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
Proteins and nucleic acids and some derivatives of carbohydrates and lipids also contain nitrogen.
This module has one (1) lesson:
• Lesson 1: Biomolecules: The Chemistry of Life
Learning competency:
• describe the structure of proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and carbohydrates, and
relate them to their function. STEM_GC11OCIIg-j-95
• describe the preparation of selected organic compounds STEM_GC11OCIIg-j-9
What’s in
In grade 9, you have learned why carbon is so unique that it can form bonds with
hydrogen or oxygen and form long chains of compounds compared to other elements. In this
module, you will understand the structure of biomolecules which are made up mainly of carbon,
hydrogen and oxygen as well as proteins and nucleic acids and some derivatives of carbohydrates
and lipids which also contain nitrogen. You will also learn why these biomolecules are important
to all living things and what differentiates them from each other. This module contains activities
that will enhance understanding about the major groups of biomolecules.
Thus, the end of this module, you will be able to answer the following key
question:
• What differentiates the biomolecules from each other?
• Which are recommended to include in our diet?
Score ___/6
Activity 1: The Food Pyramid
Direction: Use the picture below to answer the following questions and encircle the letter of
the correct answer. (2 points each)
2. Monomer A relatively light, simple organic molecule that can join in long
Polymer chains with other molecules to form a more complex molecule
or polymer
3. Lipids
Proteins Identify the four biomolecule by underlining it.
Carbohydrates
Nucleic Acid
Phospholipid
4. Fats This provides more than twice the energy per gram as
Proteins carbohydrates and proteins.
5. lipid bilayer It is a special lipids that make up the cellular membranes of
phospholipid living cells.
6. DNA A single human chromosome consists of a ______ molecule that,
RNA if stretched out, would measure nearly 5 cm.
Study the table below and answer the following questions. Write your answer inside the
box.
Figure 2. Maltose formation and sucrose formation. Retrieved rom https:// [Link]/wiki/
File:Maltose_formation_and_sucrose_form [Link] (5 November 2016), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.
1. What is the formula of glucose? What is the formula of fructose? What is the formula
of galactose?
2. What do you call compounds with the same formula but different structures?
a. Isotopes b. isomers
3. What is the difference between the structure of glucose and the structure of fructose?
a. Glucose, galactose, and fructose are carbohydrates, and monosaccharides in
particular. The isomers glucose, glactose, and fructose all have the same
chemical formula, C6H12O2. They are structural isomers, which means that
they have the same formula, but the way the elements are bonded is not the
same.
b. Both fructose and glucose have the same chemical formula, C6H12O6, but
their three dimensional structures are different.
4. How many carbon atoms do glucose, fructose, and galactose have?
a. They have 6 carbon atoms. Hence they are called hexoses.
b. They have 5 carbon atoms. Hence they are called pentose.
5. What functional groups are present in glucose, fructose, and galactose?
a. Ketone groups and amine group
b. Alcohol groups and ether group.
6. Label the below lipids as either saturated or unsaturated.
______________________ _____________________
7. Lipids are found in:
a. Bread b. Oils/Fats/Waxes
9. Both RNA and DNA are made of these monomers (basic building blocks) called?
a. Nucleotides b. polypeptide
10. The Miller-Urey experiment, shown below describes that:
What is It
In Activity 1, you have answered which group of foods is predominantly carbohydrates,
lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Consequently, this lesson will be on biomolecules:
carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids which are all found in the food pyramid. These
biomolecules are considered as organic molecules.
What are organic molecules?
Organic molecules are the molecules which exist in all living things. They are life’s building blocks.
All things are formed from these organic molecules.
What are carbohydrates?
Carbohydrates are compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They are
also known as saccharides. They have the general formula Cx (H2O)y. Carbohydrates function as
the energy source of the body. A simple general classification of carbohydrates is according to the
number of sugar units (saccharides) present in the molecule: monosaccharides, disaccharides,
and polysaccharides.
Carbohydrates
• One sugar per unit molecule ● Two sugar units per molecule ● Many sugar units molecule
• Ex: glucose, fructose ● Ex: sucrose, lactose ●Ex: cellulose, starch
Figure 3: Classification of Carbohydrates
MONOSACCHARIDE FORMULA STRUCTURE SOURCES
Fruits
Glucose C6H1206
Fructose C6H1206 Fruits
Honey
Proteins are natural polymers. They are very large molecules that are critical for the functions
of the human body. They are made from the linkage of monomers called amino acids. Amino acids
have the following structure:
Notice that amino acids have two functional groups. What are they?
a. Carboxylic group (—COOH)
b. Amine group (—NH2)
There are 20 kinds of amino acids depending on the —R group. The simplest amino acid is
glycine where R is a hydrogen atom. The body cannot make all the amino acids required by the
body and is dependent on protein taken through food.
When many amino acids are linked together through peptide bonds,
the resulting molecule is called a polypeptide. A very large number of amino acids linked together
results in a protein. Some proteins are made up of only one polypeptide while most proteins
involve assemblies of two or more polypeptides. The term polypeptide is usually used for
shorter, unstructured chains while proteins fold into fixed structures.
Gly Ile Val Glu Gln Cys Gly Cys Ala Ser Val Cys Ser Leu
Protein Functions
Proteins are important molecules in cell. Each
protein in the body has a specific function. Some
of the types of proteins and their functions are:
a. Antibodies - proteins involved in defending the body against antigens. They are the molecules
of the immune system.
b. Contractile proteins – responsible for body movement such as muscle contraction
c. Enzymes – proteins that catalyze (speed up) or facilitate biochemical reactions
d. Hormonal proteins – serve as messenger proteins to help coordinate some body functions. An
example is insulin (which controls blood sugar concentration).
e. Structural proteins – are fibrous and provide support. An example is collagen which provides
support to connective tissues.
f. Storage proteins – store amino acids like casein in milk.
g. Transport proteins – are carrier proteins which move molecules from one place to another in
the body. An example is hemoglobin which transports oxygen.
Protein Denaturation
Denaturation is a process in which a protein loses its secondary, tertiary, or quaternary
structures. This may be caused by physical or chemical agents like strong acid, base, inorganic
salt, heat, or solvent which disrupt the bonds that hold the protein structures together.
Denaturation does not cause the cleavage of the peptide bond (the primary structure). Note that
a protein will lose its biological activity if it loses its 3-dimensional shape.
Examples of Protein Denaturation
DENATURING AGENT EXAMPLES
Heat Cooking food (boiling egg, frying an egg)
Acids and Bases Acid denatures milk proteins in the preparation of
cheese
Heavy metal ions like Ag+,
Pb2+, Hg2+ Mercury and lead poisoning
Score ___/12
What I Have Learned
Activity 5: Matching Up the Biomolecules
Directions: Study the structural formula in Column B and match/connect it to its
appropriate biomolecule that can be found in Column A and in its fitting function in
Column C then write your answer on the space provided under Column A.
Column A Column B Column C
____1. Carbohydrates A. It performs essential
function; including
regulation of chemical
reactions, structural
support, transport of
materials, and muscle
contractions.
____2. Lipids B. This provide energy and
structural material for
living things.
organized.
Grammar, Virtually no Few spelling and A number of So many spelling,
spelling, punctuation errors, punctuation and
Usage and spelling,
punctuation or grammatical
minor grammatical punctuation or
Mechanics(15) grammatical errors errors that it
grammatical errors
errors interferes with
the meaning.
Score ___/15
Assessment
MULTIPLE CHOICE
Directions: Read and understand each item and encircle the letter of the best answer.
1. What elements make up a carbohydrate?
a. hydrogen, calcium, oxygen c. carbon, magnesium, hydrogen
b. hydrogen, carbon, oxygen d. nitrogen, carbon, oxygen
2. What is the monosaccharide found in starch?
a. Glucose b. Fructose c. Maltose d. Lactose
3. What type of a carbohydrate that cannot be digested by humans?
a. Cellulose b. Starch c. Glucose d. Fructose
4. One function of a carbohydrate is _______________.
a. To provide the body with immediate energy
b. To keep the heart functioning smoothly
c. To store and transport genetic material
d. To control the rate of the biochemical reactions
5. Glucose, galactose and fructose are __________.
a. Disaccharides b. isotopes c. Polymers d. Isomers
6. The small repeating units that make up proteins are called __________.
a. Fatty acids b. Amino acids c. Monosaccharides d. Ethylene
7. The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide is called the protein’s __________.
a. primary structure b. secondary structure
c. tertiary structure d. quaternary structure
8. Fats and oils are composed of what two groups of molecules?
a. glucose and fructose b. starch and sugar
c. water and cellulose d. glycerol and fatty acids
9. Which of the following is a polymer of glucose?
a. starch b. glycogen c. cellulose d. A and B and C
10. What kind of molecule is represented by the structure below?
CH3CH2CH2CH2CHCHCH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2COOH
a. A sugar c. A disaccharide
b. An unsaturated fatty acid d. A saturated fatty acid
11. Table sugar is a form of what biomolecule?
a. protein b. lipid
c. carbohydrate D. nucleic acid
12. When a protein is boiled, it loses all levels of organization except the primary level. When
this happens, the protein is said to be:
a. hydrolyzed b. dehydrated
c. denatured d. plasmolyzed
13. The group of biologically important organic compounds responsible for storage and transfer
of information is
a. carbohydrates b. phospholipids
c. polypeptides d. nucleic acids
14. The structure on the left is a(n) __________ and the structure on the right is a(n) ________.
a. Lipid, polypeptide
b. Carbohydrate, lipid
c. Carbohydrate, amino acid
d. Nucleotide, amino acid
15. DNA is a ________
a. Carbohydrate c. Lipid
b. Fatty Acid d. Nucleic Acid
Additional Activities
Activity 7: Concept Mapping
Directions: Identify what are the types of biomolecules and its building blocks. Choose your
answers from the word bank and write it inside the blank boxes.
Biomolecules
WORD BANK
Books
Website
[Link]
WLHS/Biology/Oppelt
[Link]
20packet%[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]