Module 3: Standard Testing & Evaluation
Procedures
1. Introduction
Mechanical testing helps determine the physical and mechanical properties of materials. The aim is
to ensure materials meet the required standards for engineering applications. Testing is done using
standardized procedures (ASTM, IS, ISO standards).
2. Laboratory for Mechanical Testing
Common mechanical tests conducted in labs include: 1. Tensile Test – Measures strength, ductility,
and elasticity. 2. Compression Test – Determines compressive strength. 3. Hardness Test –
Measures resistance to indentation (Brinell, Rockwell, Vickers). 4. Impact Test – Measures
toughness (Charpy, Izod). 5. Bend Test – Checks ductility and soundness. 6. Torsion Test –
Determines shear stress, strain, and modulus of rigidity.
3. Naming Systems for Irons, Steels, and Non-Ferrous Metals
Iron & Steel examples: Fe 250 → Structural steel with 250 MPa yield strength. C45 → Medium
carbon steel with 0.45% carbon. Non-Ferrous Metals: Aluminum, Copper, Zinc, Lead, Nickel – often
designated by alloy series or trade names.
4. Elastic and Plastic Deformation
Elastic deformation is temporary and reversible. Plastic deformation is permanent once the material
yields. Stress-Strain Curve shows: Elastic region → Yield point → Ultimate strength → Fracture
point.
5. Impact Test
Determines toughness using notched specimens. Charpy Test (horizontal) and Izod Test (vertical)
measure energy absorbed before fracture. Ductile materials absorb more energy; brittle materials
absorb less.
6. Importance of Mechanical Testing
Ensures quality control, material selection, and safety. Determines limits under load, temperature,
or impact.
7. Common Standards
ASTM E8 – Tension testing of metals. ASTM E23 – Impact testing. IS 1608 – Tensile testing of
metals. IS 1499 – Charpy and Izod impact tests.
8. Summary
Mechanical testing evaluates material strength, ductility, and toughness. Elastic and plastic
deformation define how materials behave under loads. Impact tests show resistance to sudden
shocks. Standardized procedures ensure reliability and comparability of results.