Air Pollution
Air Pollution
Air Pollution
Air Pollution
Air Pollution
Air Pollution
Air Pollution
Air Pollution
Air Pollution
Air Pollution
Air Pollution
Air Pollution
Air Pollution
Air Pollution
Air Pollution
Air Pollution
Air Pollution
Air Pollution
Air Pollution
Air Pollution
Air Pollution
Question
Which of the following is not a primary pollutant
A Carbon dioxide
B Sulphur dioxide
C Ozone
D Nitrogen dioxide
Question
Which of the following is not a primary pollutant
A Carbon dioxide
B Sulphur dioxide
C Ozone
D Nitrogen dioxide
Question
Which of the following oxides are major cause of acid rain
A Sulphur and Phosphorous
B Nitrogen and Phosphorous
C Sulphur and Nitrogen
D Nitrogen and Carbon
Question
Which of the following oxides are major cause of acid rain
A Sulphur and Phosphorous
B Nitrogen and Phosphorous
C Sulphur and Nitrogen
D Nitrogen and Carbon
Question
Which of the following causes low oxygen level in blood
A Sulphur dioxide
B Carbon monoxide
C Carbon dioxide
D Ground Ozone
Question
Which of the following causes low oxygen level in blood
A Sulphur dioxide
B Carbon monoxide
C Carbon dioxide
D Ground Ozone
Question
Which of the following is not considered in AQI calculation
A Sulphur dioxide
B Carbon monoxide
C Carbon dioxide
D Ground Ozone
Question
Which of the following is not considered in AQI calculation
A Sulphur dioxide
B Carbon monoxide
C Carbon dioxide
D Ground Ozone
Question
If AQI is 280 , air is
A Moderate
B Poor
C Satisfactory
D Severe
Question
If AQI is 280 , air quality as per CPCB is
A Moderate
B Poor
C Satisfactory
D Severe
Question
Which of the following is not a part of Photochemical smog
A Ozone
B Formaldehyde
C PAN
D Halon
Question
Which of the following is not a part of Photochemical smog
A Ozone
B Formaldehyde
C PAN
D Halon
Question
Which of the following is not a ozone depleting agent
A CFCs
B HFCs
C Carbon tetrachloride
D Hydrogen sulphide
Question
Which of the following is not an ozone depleting agent
A CFCs
B HFCs
C Carbon tetrachloride
D Hydrogen sulphide
Question
Number of air pollutants considered in AQI calculation is
A 6
B 10
C 8
D 9
Question
Number of air pollutants considered in AQI calculation is
A 6
B 10
C 8
D 9
Water Pollution
Water Pollution
Water Pollution
Water Pollution
Water Pollution
Water Pollution
Water Pollution
Water Pollution
Water Pollution
Water Pollution
Question
Which of the following causes methemoglobinemia
A Nitrates
B Fluoride
C Arsenic
D Iron
Question
Which of the following causes methemoglobinemia
A Nitrates
B Fluoride
C Arsenic
D Iron
Question
Which of the following nutrients primarily contributes to eutrophication
A Nitrogen and Carbon
B Calcium
C Nitrogen and Phosphorus
D Iron and Phosphorus
Question
Which of the following nutrients primarily contributes to eutrophication
A Nitrogen and Carbon
B Calcium
C Nitrogen and Phosphorus
D Iron and Phosphorus
Question
What is the term for the dead zones that can form as a result of
eutrophication?
A Myopia
B Hypoxia
C Oligotrophy
D Turbidity
Question
What is the term for the dead zones that can form as a result of
eutrophication?
A Myopia
B Hypoxia
C Oligotrophy
D Turbidity
Question
Which of the following is at highest hierarchy in solid waste management
A Waste Transformation
B Waste Disposal
C Waste Processing
D Waste Recycling
Question
Which of the following is at highest hierarchy in solid waste management
A Waste Transformation
B Waste Disposal
C Waste Processing
D Waste Recycling
Question
Which of the following are major pollutants of E-Waste
A Boron and Fluoride
B Lead and Cadmium
C Manganese and Chromium
D Ammonia and Selenium
Question
Which of the following are major pollutants of E-Waste
A Boron and Fluoride
B Lead and Cadmium
C Manganese and Chromium
D Ammonia and Selenium
Question
The 5-days BOD of a wastewater sample is 140 mg/l (k= 0.26 per day).
The oxygen demand of organic matter left after 6 days is
CPCB
▪ The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) of India is under the Ministry of
Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC).
▪ It was established in 1974 under the Water (Prevention and Control of
pollution) Act, 1974.
▪ The CPCB is also entrusted with the powers and functions under the Air
(Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981.
CPCB
▪ It serves as a field formation and also provides technical services to the
Ministry of Environment and Forests under the provisions of the
Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.
▪ It coordinates the activities of the State Pollution Control Boards by providing
technical assistance and guidance and also resolves disputes among them.
▪ It is the apex organization in country in the field of pollution control as a
technical wing of MoEFCC.
Air Act
▪ The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1981, or the Air Act, in short,
was a law passed by the Parliament of India to prevent and control the harmful
effects of air pollution in India.
▪ During the United Nations General Assembly on Human Environment held in
Stockholm in June 1972, a resolution was passed which implored the nations of the
world to preserve natural resources such as air.
Air Act
▪ ‘Air pollutants’ as any solid liquid or gaseous substance which may cause
harm or damage the environment, humans, plants, animals or even damage
property. A 1987 amendment to the act also added ‘noise’ in the list of
harmful substances.
NAAQS
▪ National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) are standards for air quality that
are set by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) that are applicable all over
the country.
▪ The compliance of the NAAQS is monitored under the National Air Quality
Monitoring Programme (NAMP). NAMP is implemented by the CPCB.
NAAQS
The current standards comprise 12 pollutants as follows:
▪ Particulate Matter 10 (PM10)
▪ Particulate Matter 2.5 (PM2.5)
▪ Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)
▪ Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)
▪ Carbon Monoxide (CO)
▪ Ozone (O3)
▪ Ammonia (NH3)
▪ Lead (Pb)
▪ Benzene
▪ Benzopyrene
▪ Arsenic
▪ Nickel
NAAQS Vs AQI
▪ The NAAQS was more technical in nature and was not easy for the common man to
comprehend. It was with the idea of making air quality levels more understandable
to the general public that the AQI was formulated.
▪ The AQI was launched keeping in mind the idea of ‘One Number-One Colour-One
Description’.
▪ Another difference between both standards is that while the NAAQS 2009
considers 12 pollutants, the AQI covers 8 major pollutants.
▪ AQI includes all the NAAQS pollutants except benzene, benzopyrene, arsenic and
nickel.
NCAP
▪ The National Clean Air Programme or NCAP is a government programme launched
by the Union Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change in 2019.
▪ The Programme is a pollution control initiative with a major goal of reducing the
concentration of coarse and fine particulate matter in the atmosphere by at least
20% by the year 2024.
▪ For this initiative, 102 cites were selected on the basis of the ambient air quality
data from the National Air Quality Monitoring Programme (NAMP) of 2011 – 2015.
SAFAR
▪ SAFAR stands for System of Air Quality and Weather Forecasting And Research. It is
a country-wide initiative with an objective to provide location-specific information
about the air quality on a real-time basis. It is currently operationalized in metros
Delhi, Pune, Mumbai and Ahmedabad.
▪ SAFAR not only monitors air quality, but also forecasts the quality of air.
▪ The system was developed indigenously by the Ministry of Earth Sciences and the
Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), Pune.
Question
Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act was passed in
A 1971
B 1974
C 1994
D 1981
Question
Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act was passed in
A 1971
B 1974
C 1994
D 1981
Question
Noise Pollution was included in Air Act 1981 in amendment in year
A 1984
B 1987
C 1981
D 1989
Question
Noise Pollution was included in Air Act 1981 in amendment in year
A 1984
B 1987
C 1981
D 1989
Question
Which of the following pollutants is included in NAAQs but not in AQI.
A Sulphur Dioxide
B Lead
C Arsenic
D Ammonia
Question
Which of the following pollutants is included in NAAQs but not in AQI.
A Sulphur Dioxide
B Lead
C Arsenic
D Ammonia
Question
Which of the following Programme not only monitors air quality, but also
forecasts the quality of air.
A AQI
B NAMP
C NACP
D SAFAR
Question
Which of the following Programme not only monitors air quality, but also
forecasts the quality of air.
A AQI
B NAMP
C NACP
D SAFAR
Solid Waste Management Rules 2016
▪ Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016 replaced the Municipal Solid Wastes
(Management and Handling) Rules, 2000.
▪ The Rules are applicable beyond:
▪ Municipal areas and extend to urban agglomerations, Census towns, notified
industrial townships, Areas under the control of Indian Railways, airports, airbase,
port and harbor, Defense establishments, Special economic zones, State and
Central Government organizations, Places of pilgrims, religious and historical
importance.
Solid Waste Management Rules 2016
▪ The responsibility of generators has been introduced to segregate waste into three
categories – Wet, Dry and Hazardous Waste.
▪ The generator will have to pay ‘User Fee’ to waste collector and for ‘Spot Fine’ for
littering and non-segregation.
▪ Waste processing facilities will have to be set up by all local bodies.
Solid Waste Management Rules 2016
▪ Further the landfill site shall be 100 meters away from a river, 200 meters from a
pond and 20 km away from airports/airbase.
▪ Hence, the rules provide for exact and elaborate criteria for identification of landfill
sites and waste processing facilities.
▪ The bio-degradable waste should be processed, treated and disposed of through
composting or bio methanation within the premises as far as possible. The residual
waste shall be given to its waste collectors or agency as directed by the local
authority.
Plastic Waste Management Rules 2016
▪ It mandates the generators of plastic waste to take steps to minimize generation of
plastic waste, prevent littering of plastic waste, and ensure segregated storage of
waste at source among other measures.
▪ Rural areas have been brought in ambit of these Rules since plastic has reached to
rural areas also. Responsibility for implementation of the rules is given to Gram
Panchayat.
Plastic Waste Management Rules 2016
▪ Recently, the Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change announced the
Plastic Waste Management (Amendment) Rules, 2022, which notified the
instructions on Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) for plastic packaging.
▪ Classified plastics into four categories.
▪ The government has also called for establishing a centralized online portal by
Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) for the registration as well as filing of annual
returns by producers, importers and brand-owners, plastic waste processors of
plastic packaging waste
Plastic Waste Management Rules 2016
▪ These rules prohibit specific single-use plastic items which have “low utility and
high littering potential” by 2022.
▪ Single-use plastics, or disposable plastics, are used only once before they are
thrown away or recycled.
▪ These items are things like plastic bags, straws, coffee stirrers, soda and water
bottles and most food packaging.
▪ It is a huge problem. If we look at the data, out of 9.46 million tonnes of plastic
waste generated every year in our country, 43% is single use plastic.
Plastic Waste Management Rules 2016
▪ The Central Pollution Control Board, along with state pollution bodies, will monitor
the ban, identify violations, and impose penalties already prescribed under the
Environmental Protection Act, 1986.
▪ The permitted thickness of the plastic bags, currently 50 microns, will be increased
to 75 microns from 30th September, 2021, and to 120 microns from the 31st
December, 2022.
▪ Plastic bags with higher thickness are more easily handled as waste and have
higher recyclability.
E-Waste Management Rules 2016
▪ The Rules for the first time, bring producers under the ambit of the Extended
Producer Responsibility or EPR.
▪ Producers have been made accountable for e-waste collection and e-waste
exchange as well.
▪ Over 21 products were included under the purview of the rule. It included
Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL) and other mercury containing lamps, as well as
other such equipment.
Bio-Medical Waste Management Rules, 2016
▪ Biomedical waste is defined as human and animal anatomical waste, treatment
apparatus like needles, syringes and other materials used in health care facilities in
the process of treatment and research.
▪ The ambit of the rules has been expanded to include vaccination camps, blood
donation camps, surgical camps or any other healthcare activity.
▪ Chlorinated plastic bags, gloves and blood bags has been phased out within two
years starting from March 2016.
Bio-Medical Waste Management Rules, 2016
▪ Pre-treatment of the laboratory waste, microbiological waste, blood samples and
blood bags through disinfection or sterilization on-site in the manner prescribed by
the World Health Organization (WHO) or by the National AIDS Control Organization
(NACO).
▪ Categorization: Bio-medical waste has been classified into 4 categories instead of
the earlier 10 categories to improve the segregation of waste at source.
Bio-Medical Waste Management Rules, 2016
Bio-Medical Waste Management Rules, 2016
Solid Waste Management Methods
Sanitary Landfill
▪ Garbage is basically spread out in thin layers, compressed and covered with soil or
plastic foam.
▪ Modern landfills are designed in such a way that the bottom of the landfill is
covered with an impervious liner, which is usually made of several layers of thick
plastic and sand. This liner protects the groundwater from being contaminated
because of leaching or percolation.
Solid Waste Management Methods
Sanitary Landfill
▪ Advantage: If landfills are managed efficiently, it is an ensured sanitary waste
disposal method.
▪ Constraint: It requires a reasonably large area.
Solid Waste Management Methods
• Organic materials ( high moisture content , low calorific value , low
inorganic materials )are decomposed either aerobically or anaerobically.
• This conversion of Organic materials into stable compounds (Manure
rich in N , P , K ) is known as Composting.
• C/N ratio should be 30-50.
Composting
• Moisture content should be 45-55%.
Solid Waste Management Methods
• It is an aerobic method ( 2-4 months)
• It uses manual turning of piled up mass for its decomposition.
• Layers of vegetative soil & night soil are alternatively piled up in depths
of 10 cm in a trench.
• CO2 and NH3 are released. Indore Method
• Exothermic , rise in temp , kills pathogens.
• No foul smell.
Solid Waste Management Methods
• In this method refuse and night soil is piled up in layers in the underground
earthen trench of about 10 m x 1.5 m x 1.5 m.
• This mass is covered at its top by an earth layer of 15 cm & finally left for
anaerobic decomposition.
Bangalore Method
Solid Waste Management Methods
• Within 2-3 days of burial, intensive biological action starts taking
place and organic matter starts getting destroyed.
• After about 4-5 months, refuse gets fully stabilized and changes to
brown-colored odorless mass called Humas.
• CH4 , CO2 , H2S released.
Bangalore Method
• Temperature don’t rise.
• Odour problem.
Solid Waste Management Methods
Incineration /Combustion
• Used for waste having high calorific value.
• It is exothermic.
• It occurs in presence of oxygen.
• Kills almost all pathogenic bacteria & 80 % reduction in waste
volume.
• No odour, smell is produced if properly operated.
Solid Waste Management Methods
Pyrolysis
• Plastic, rubber, MSW etc can be converted into high calorific value liquid or
gaseous substances through a combination of thermal cracking &
condensation at high temperature of 500-1000 oC.
• This method is also called as destructive distillation.
• It is an endothermic process.
• It happens in absence of oxygen.
International Conventions
▪ Stockholm Conference -1972
▪ Vienna Convention -1985
▪ Rotterdam Convention -1998
▪ Stockholm Convention -2001
▪ Basel Convention – 1989
▪ Bamako Convention -1998
▪ Minamata Convention -2013
Question
Categories of Bio Medical Waste as per Bio- Medical Waste Management Rul
2016 is
A 3
B 6
C 4
D 8
Question
Categories of Bio Medical Waste as per Bio- Medical Waste Management Rul
2016 is
A 3
B 6
C 4
D 8
Question
Cytotoxic waste of Bio Medical Waste are categorized as ____as per
Bio- Medical Waste Management Rules 2016 is
A Red
B Blue
C Yellow
D White
Question
Cytotoxic waste of Bio Medical Waste are categorized as ____as per
Bio- Medical Waste Management Rules 2016 is
A Red
B Blue
C Yellow
D White
Question
Which of the following is anaerobic
A Indore method of Composting
B Bangalore method of composting
C Both
D None
Question
Which of the following is anaerobic
A Indore method of Composting
B Bangalore method of composting
C Both
D None
Question
Which of the following is not true about pyrolysis
A It is endothermic
B It happens in absence of oxygen
C It is destructive distillation
D None of these
Question
Which of the following is not true about pyrolysis
A It is endothermic
B It happens in absence of oxygen
C It is destructive distillation
D None of these
Question
Concept of Extended Producer Responsibility was first introduced in
A Solid Waste Management Rules 2016
B Bio-Medical Waste Management Rules 2016
C E- Waste Management Rules 2016
D Plastic Waste Management Rules 2016
Question
Concept of Extended Producer Responsibility was first introduced in
A Solid Waste Management Rules 2016
B Bio-Medical Waste Management Rules 2016
C E- Waste Management Rules 2016
D Plastic Waste Management Rules 2016