Bio Fuels
• Biofuels are obtained from biomass like wood , straw, crops , which are converted into a
gaseous and liquid fuel.
• Other sources include organic matter like sludge, sewage and vegetable oils matter,
which can be converted into biofuels.
Bio Fuels
• Any hydrocarbon fuel that is produced from an organic matter (living or once living
material) in a short period of time (days, weeks, or even months) is considered a biofuel.
• These can be used to replace or can be used in addition to diesel, petrol or other fossil
fuels for automobiles. Also, they can be used to generate heat and electricity.
• Some of the main reasons for shifting to biofuels are the rising prices of oil, emission of
greenhouse gases from fossil fuels and the interest in obtaining fuel from agricultural
crops for the benefit of farmers.
1st Generation Bio Fuels
• These are made from food sources such as sugar, starch, vegetable oil, or animal fats
using conventional technology.
• Common first-generation biofuels include Bio alcohols, Biodiesel, Biogas.
• Though the process of conversion is easy but use of food sources in the production of
biofuels creates an imbalance in the food economy, leading to increased food prices and
hunger.
2nd Generation Bio Fuels
• These are produced from non-food crops or portions of food crops that are not edible
and considered as wastes, e.g., stems, husks, wood chips, and fruit skins and peeling.
• Examples include bioethanol, biodiesel.
3rd Generation Bio Fuels
• These are produced from micro-organisms like algae.
• Example- Butanol
• Micro-organisms like algae can be grown using land and water unsuitable for food
production, therefore reducing the strain on already depleted water sources.
4th Generation Bio Fuels
• In the production of these fuels, crops that are genetically engineered to take in high
amounts of carbon are grown and harvested as biomass.
• Some of these fuels are considered carbon negative as their production pulls out carbon
from the environment.
Bioethanol
• It is derived from corn and sugarcane using fermentation process.
• When mixed with petrol, it improves combustion performance and lowers the emissions
of carbon monoxide and Sulphur oxide.
Biodiesel
• It is derived from vegetable oils like soybean oil or palm oil, vegetable waste oils, and
animal fats by a biochemical process called “Transesterification.”
• It produces very less or no amount of harmful gases as compared to diesel.
• It can be used as an alternative for to conventional diesel fuel.
Biogas
• It is produced by anaerobic decomposition of organic matter like sewage from animals
and humans.
• Major proportions of biogas are methane and carbon dioxide.
• It is commonly used for heating, electricity and for automobiles.
Biobutanol
• It is produced in the same way as bioethanol, i.e., through the fermentation of starch.
• The energy content in butanol is the highest among the other gasoline alternatives. It
can be added to diesel to reduce emissions.
• It serves as a solvent in textile industry and is also used as a base in perfumes.
Advantages of Biofuels
• Availability: Biofuels are produced from biomass and thus are renewable.
• Source Material: Whereas oil is a limited resource that comes from specific materials,
biofuels can be manufactured from a wide range of materials including crop waste,
manure, and other byproducts.
Advantages of Biofuels
• Environment Pollution: Biofuels do not release as much pollutants as fossil fuels do. Also,
biofuels can help in managing municipal solid wastes i.e., the waste can be converted
into fuel.
• Security: Biofuels can be produced locally, which decreases the nation's dependence
upon foreign energy and employ local population.
National Policy on Biofuels, 2018
• It expands the scope of raw material for ethanol production by allowing use of
sugarcane juice, sugar containing materials like sugar beet, sweet sorghum, starch
containing materials like corn, cassava, damaged food grains like wheat, broken rice,
rotten potatoes, unfit for human consumption for ethanol production.
• The Policy allows use of surplus food grains for production of ethanol for blending with
petrol with the approval of National Biofuel Coordination Committee.
• 2018 Biofuel Policy has the objective of reaching 20% ethanol-blending and 5%
biodiesel-blending by the year 2030
GOBAR (Galvanizing Organic Bio-Agro Resources)
- DHAN scheme
• It focuses on managing and converting cattle dung and solid waste in farms to useful
compost, biogas and bio-CNG, thus keeping villages clean and increasing the income of
rural households. It was launched under Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin).
Pradhan Mantri JI-VAN (Jaiv Indhan- Vatavaran
Anukool fasal awashesh Nivaran) Yojana
• The objective of the scheme is to create an ecosystem for setting up commercial
projects and boost to Research and Development in 2G Ethanol sector.
Repurpose Used Cooking Oil (RUCO)
• It was launched by Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) and aims for
an ecosystem that will enable the collection and conversion of used cooking oil to
biodiesel.
Solar Energy
• In India, there are two ways from which we can produce electricity from sunlight:
• Photovoltaic Electricity
• Solar Thermal Electricity
Solar Energy
• Photovoltaic cells are semiconductor devices.
• Photovoltaic cells are made up of silicon.
• They work on the principle of photoelectric effect. When sunlight in form of photons
strike the silicon atom, it causes the electrons to eject creating a voltage difference.
• This leads to flow of electrons, and this type of electricity generated is called Direct
Current.
Solar Energy
• Solar Thermal Technology uses solar collectors that has a mirrored surface which
reflects sunlight onto a receiver that heats up a liquid.
• This heated up liquid is used to make steam that produces electricity.
• In solar thermal technology, AC current is generated.
• In India, both solar panel and photovoltaic cell technologies are extensively used.
National Solar Mission
• Ministry of New and Renewable Energy.
• The mission is one of the several policies of the National Action Plan on Climate
Change ( NAPCC).
• The target will principally comprise of 40 GW Rooftop and 60 GW through Large and
Medium Scale Grid Connected Solar Power Projects.
• In 2015, India decided that 175 GW of renewable energy capacity will be installed by
the year 2022.
National Solar Mission
• This includes 100 GW from solar, 60 GW from wind, 10 GW from biomass and 5 GW
from small hydro power.
• As per the Paris Accord on Climate Change, India has made a pledge that by 2030,
40% of our installed power generation capacity shall be from non-fossil fuel sources
and also by 2030, reduce emission intensity of GDP by 33-35 % from 2005 level.
National Solar Mission
National Solar Mission
• The Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency (IREDA) is a Non-Banking Financial
Institution under the administrative control of this Ministry for providing term loans
for renewable energy and energy efficiency projects.
• National institute of Solar Energy is created as autonomous institution under MNRE is
apex body for R&D.
• Establishment of solar parks and ultra major solar power project and enhancing grid
connectivity infrastructure.
National Solar Mission
• The Bhadla Solar Park Jodhpur , Rajasthan is The Largest Solar Power Plant of the
World.
National Solar Mission
National Solar Mission
• Sustainable Rooftop Implementation of Solar Transfiguration of India (SRISTI) scheme
to promote rooftop solar power projects in India.
• The establishment of International Solar Alliance (ISA) of more than 122 countries
initiated by India, most of them being sunshine countries, which lie either completely
or partly between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn to promote solar
energy.
National Solar Mission
• PM Kusum Scheme (Pradhan Mantri Kisan Urja Suraksha evam Utthaan Maha Abhiyan
Yojana) was launched in 2019 by the Ministry of New & Renewable Energy. It targets
installation of off-grade solar pumps in rural areas and reduce the dependency on grid
connected areas.
Question
Bio-gas mainly comprises of
A CO2 and CO
B CH4 and NH3
C CH4 and CO2
D SO2 and CO
Question
Bio-gas mainly comprises of
A CO2 and CO
B CH4 and NH3
C CH4 and CO2
D SO2 and CO
Question
Target for ethanol blended petrol as per National policy of bio fuels is
A 10%
B 20%
C 30%
D 5%
Question
Target for ethanol blended petrol as per National policy of bio fuels is
A 10%
B 20%
C 30%
D 5%
Question
Pradhan Mantri JI-VAN yojana is related to
A Solar Energy Production
B 2G Ethanol Production
C Rural Bio-Gas Production
D Cooking Oil Reuse
Question
Pradhan Mantri JI-VAN yojana is related to
A Solar Energy Production
B 2G Ethanol Production
C Rural Bio-Gas Production
D Cooking Oil Reuse
Question
Used cooking oil is used in production of
A Bioethanol
B Biodiesel
C 3G Biofuels
D Biobutanol
Question
Used cooking oil is used in production of
A Bioethanol
B Biodiesel
C 3G Biofuels
D Biobutanol
Question
Genetically engineered crops used for bio-fuel production belong to
A 1G
B 2G
C 3G
D 4G
Question
Genetically engineered crops used for bio-fuel production belong to
A 1G
B 2G
C 3G
D 4G
Question
Bioethanol belong to ______ bio fuels
A 1G
B 2G
C 3G
D 4G
Question
Bioethanol belong to ______ bio fuels
A 1G
B 2G
C 3G
D 4G
Question
National Solar Mission is under
A Ministry of Forest, Environment and Climate Change
B Ministry of Power
C Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
D National Action Plan for Climate Change
Question
National Solar Mission is under
A Ministry of Forest, Environment and Climate Change
B Ministry of Power
C Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
D National Action Plan for Climate Change
Question
Which of the following is not an advantage of bio-fuels
A They are produced from waste products of agriculture industry
B It strengthens local economy.
C They use less water in comparison to traditional fuels
D They emit less carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide.
Question
Which of the following is not an advantage of bio-fuels
A They are produced from waste products of agriculture industry
B It strengthens local economy.
C They use less water in comparison to traditional fuels
D They emit less carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide.
Green Hydrogen
• Green hydrogen is a type of hydrogen that is produced through the electrolysis of water
using renewable energy sources such as solar or wind power.
• The electrolysis process splits water into hydrogen and oxygen, and the hydrogen
produced can be used as a clean and renewable fuel.
• Hydrogen is a key industrial fuel that has a variety of applications including the
production of ammonia (a key fertilizer), steel, refineries and electricity.
Green Hydrogen
• In Industry, hydrogen can potentially replace the coal and coke in iron and steel
production. Steel manufacturing is one of the largest carbon emitters in the world,
decarbonizing this sector using hydrogen is expected to have significant impact on our
climate goals.
• Fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) run on hydrogen fuel and have no harmful emissions.
Green Hydrogen
• Ammonia is a key ingredient in the production of fertilizers, and the current production
process relies on natural gas, which is a fossil fuel and contributes to greenhouse gas
emissions.
• Green ammonia produced with help of green hydrogen is carbon-free, green ammonia
has other benefits over traditional fertilizers, including improved efficiency and reduced
soil acidity.
Green Hydrogen
• Colors attached to hydrogen indicate the source of electricity used to derive the
hydrogen molecule. For instance, if coal is used, it is referred to as brown or black
hydrogen.
• Grey hydrogen is produced from natural gas where the associated emissions are
released to the air.
• Blue hydrogen is when natural gas is split into hydrogen and CO2, but the CO2 is captured
and then stored
Green Hydrogen
• Green hydrogen currently accounts for less than 1% of global hydrogen production due
to it being expensive to produce.
• Hydrogen is a great source of energy because of its high energy content per unit of
weight, which is why it is used as rocket fuel.
• Green hydrogen in particular is one of the cleanest sources of energy with close to zero
emission.
Green Hydrogen
• Countries across the world are working on building green hydrogen capacity as it can
ensure energy security and also help in cutting carbon emission.
• India has a favorable geographic location and abundance of sunlight and wind for the
production of green hydrogen.
• The Union Government has approved a Rs 19,744 crore National Green Hydrogen
mission that aims to make India a ‘global hub’ for using, producing and exporting green
hydrogen.
National Green Hydrogen Mission
• Developing green hydrogen production capacity of at least 5 MMT (million metric tonne)
per annum, alongside adding renewable energy capacity of about 125 GW (gigawatt) in
India by 2030.
• It will also lead to a cumulative reduction in fossil fuel imports by over Rs 1 lakh crore
and an abatement of nearly 50 MT of annual greenhouse gas emissions.
National Green Hydrogen Mission
• Its under Ministry of New and Renewable Energy.
• Hydrogen can be utilized for long-duration storage of renewable energy, replacement of
fossil fuels in industry, clean transportation, and potentially also for decentralized power
generation, aviation, and marine transport.
• India has set its sight on becoming energy independent by 2047 and achieving Net Zero
by 2070.
• Strategic Interventions for Green Hydrogen Transition (SIGHT) – Assistance for domestic
manufacturing of electrolysers and production of Green Hydrogen will be provided
under the Mission.
Green Hydrogen Fuel Cell
• A fuel cell is an electrochemical device that converts chemical energy (in this case,
hydrogen) into electrical energy.
• They use Green Hydrogen as a fuel to drive an electrochemical process that produces
electricity, with water and heat as the only by-products.
• The only byproduct of green hydrogen fuel cells is water, making them a zero-emission
energy source.
• Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles can be refueled in a matter of minutes, similar to traditional
vehicles.
National Electric Mobility Mission Plan
• The National Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMMP) 2020 was launched by the
Government of India to achieve national fuel security by promoting electric and hybrid
vehicles.
• Under the NEMMP, the government has launched the Faster Adoption and
Manufacturing of (Hybrid &) Electric Vehicles (FAME India) scheme.
• Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV), powered by Hydrogen is one of the best Zero Emission
solutions
National Electric Mobility Mission Plan
• Flex-fuel vehicles (FFV): They have engines that can run on flexible fuel — a combination
of petrol and ethanol, which can include up to 100% ethanol.
• Flex Fuel Strong Hybrid Electric Vehicles (FFV-SHEV): When FFV is integrated along with
strong hybrid electric technology, it is referred as FFV-SHEVs.
• Strong hybrid is another term for full hybrid vehicles, which have the capability to run
solely on either electric or petrol modes.
Go Electric Campaign
• The "GO Electric" campaign was launched by the Ministry of Power (MoP) and Ministry
of Road Transport and Highways in 2021 to spread awareness on the benefits of e-
mobility, charging infrastructure and electric cooking.
Wind Energy
• Wind first hits a turbine’s blades, causing them to rotate and turn the turbine connected
to them.
• That changes the kinetic energy to rotational energy, by moving a shaft which is
connected to a generator, and thereby producing electrical energy through
electromagnetism.
Wind Energy
• India ranks 4th globally after China, the United States and Germany.
• As of August 2023, the total installed wind power capacity was 44 gigawatts.
Wind energy today typically comes in two different types
• Onshore wind farms which are large installations of wind turbines located on land.
• Offshore wind farms which are installations located in bodies of water.
Wind Energy
• India is a country having around 7,700 km long coastline and it has enough opportunity
to harness wind energy.
• It is found by the National Institute for Wind Energy (based in Chennai) that western
states have larger potential in terms of a stable, steady and a speedy wind flow starting
from Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka to Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh.
• National Offshore Wind Energy Policy: Objective to develop the offshore wind energy in
the Indian Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) along the Indian coastline of 7600 km.
Wind Energy
• National Wind-Solar Hybrid Policy was adopted in 2018 by the Ministry of New and
Renewable Energy (MNRE) as an initiative to promote a large grid-connected wind-solar
PV hybrid system for efficient utilization of the transmission infrastructure and land.
• National Wind-Solar Hybrid Policy also aims to reduce the variability in renewable power
generation and to achieve better grid stability.
Geothermal Energy
• Geothermal energy is the heat from the earth. This heat is used for bathing, to heat
buildings, and to generate electricity.
• Hot water and steam from reservoirs can be used to drive generators and produce
electricity for consumers.
• Other applications apply the heat produced from geothermal directly to various uses in
buildings, roads, agriculture, and industrial plants.
• Geothermal energy is a renewable energy source because heat is continuously produced
inside the earth.
Geothermal Energy
• Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) will be participating to generate electricity
through Geothermal Energy at Puga, a remote valley located in Ladakh.
• It will be India’s first geothermal energy project and also the world’s highest at 14,000ft.
International Renewable Energy Agency
• International Renewable Energy Agency (IREA)
• It is an intergovernmental organization, it was officially founded in Bonn, Germany, in
January 2009.
• Currently it has 164 members, India is the 77th Founding Member of IRENA.
• It has its headquarters in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
International Renewable Energy Agency
• International Renewable Energy Agency (IREA)
• It supports countries in their transition to a sustainable energy future, and serves as the
principal platform for international cooperation, a center of excellence, and a repository
of policy, technology, resource and financial knowledge on renewable energy.
• It promotes the widespread adoption and sustainable use of all forms of renewable
energy, including bioenergy, geothermal, hydropower, ocean, solar and wind energy in
the pursuit of sustainable development, energy access, energy security and low-carbon
economic growth and prosperity.
Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana
Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana
• Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas (MOPNG), introduced the ‘Pradhan Mantri
Ujjwala Yojana’ (PMUY) as a flagship scheme with an objective to make clean cooking
fuel such as LPG available to the rural and deprived households which were otherwise
using traditional cooking fuels such as firewood, coal, cow-dung cakes etc.
• Usage of traditional cooking fuels had detrimental impacts on the health of rural women
as well as on the environment.
UJALA Yojana
UJALA Yojana
• The main objective of the Ujala Scheme is to promote efficient lighting, enhance
awareness on using efficient equipment which reduce electricity bills and help preserve
environment.
• The scheme is being implemented by Energy Efficiency Services Limited (EESL), a joint
venture of PSUs under the Union Ministry of Power.
• UJALA is a flagship project of the Govt. of India where it wants every home in India to
use LED bulbs so that the net power or energy consumption rate comes down and the
carbon emission rates can also be checked.
SATAT