Planting Methods
CONTENTS:
Contents:
A. Planting Time for Annuals and Perennials
B. Scheduling Planting Time
C. Off-Season Cropping
D. Proper Plant Spacing
E. Planting Methods (Lowland and Upland
Crops)
F. Plant Population Density Computation
G. Planting System for Fruit and Plantation
Crops
A. Planting Time
Synchronize with climatic patterns to maximize
productivity
Rainfall pattern Daylength
Temperature
A. Planting Time (Annuals)
Program harvesting time
◼ Convenience of harvesting operation
◼ Demand for the produce
Evade pest/disease infestation
A. Planting Time
(Perennials)
Planting done at the onset of rainy season
or anytime if irrigation is available…
Avoid planting at the height of rainy
season or very dry months
B. Why Schedule Planting
Time?
Corn
◼ downy mildew & weed problem if planted in
May
Watermelon
◼ planted by mid-November to evade hot weather
during fruiting & thrips infestation
Tomato
◼ planted in cooler months to synchronize fruiting
with cool night temperatures
Rice
◼ best to be planted in January & July for high
yields in dry & wet seasons, respectively
B. Why Schedule Planting
Time?
High yields in Dry Season Low yields in Wet Season
→ high solar radiation & low → low solar radiation &
pest infestation high pest infestation
C. Off-Season Cropping
(Annuals)
Potential of the area --- if production is feasible
Potential pest & disease infestation
Specific climatic requirement of the crop --- e.g.
cool night temperatures for pollination
Tolerance to drought or waterlogging
Overall production, harvesting & post harvest
requirements
D. Basis for Selecting Appropriate
Planting Density
Competition for Sunlight
◼ Optimum Leaf Area Index (LAI)
beyond optimum LAI, shading (competition for
sunlight) occurs
Maintenance respiration to photosynthesis ratio
increases
◼ Function of leaf orientation & tillering --- in
annuals
A B
Which do you
think is the most
efficient in
Photosynthesis?
D. Basis for Selecting Appropriate
Planting Density
Competition for CO2
◼ Theoretically, it
occurs under close
canopy condition &
where wind
movement is
minimal
D. Basis for Selecting Appropriate
Planting Density
Competition for Soil Factors
◼ Movement of nutrients/water by
diffusion/mass flow rapidly depletes
water/nutrients (mobile nutrients) in the root
zone
◼ May cause a temporary stress in high density
planted crops (often observed in annuals)
D. Basis for Selecting Appropriate
Planting Density
Execution of Cultural Practices
◼ Weeding
◼ Hilling-up & off-barring
◼ Harvesting
◼ Others
Other Purposes
◼ Thinned out hills --- for animal
consumption
E. Planting Methods (Annuals)
Direct Seeding in the Field
◼ Broadcast
◼ Drilled in rows
◼ Hill method in rows
◼ Dibbling seeds of secondary crops on
unplowed paddy field after rice
E. Planting Methods (Annuals)
Transplanting
◼ Seedbeds sown in seedbeds or seedboxes then
transplanted within 2-4 weeks
◼ Advantages
lesserwastage on valuable seeds
allow more cropping
more controlled growth during seedling growth,
but with initial transplanting shock in the field
E. Planting Methods (Rice)
Transplanting
Direct Seeding on Puddled Soil
◼ (for lowland rice)
Dry seeding
◼ (submerged after seedling stage)
Transplanting Direct Seeding on Puddled Soil Dry seeding
E. Planting Methods (Rice)
1. Wetbed Method
◼ Pre-germinated seeds
sown in seedbeds
◼ 50 kg per 40 m2 --- for 1
hectare
◼ transplanted in the field
at 25-30 days after
sowing
Transplanting Post on
Direct Seeding Transplanting
Puddled Soil Growth
Dry seeding
E. Planting Methods (Rice)
2. Dapog Method
◼ seeds sown in concrete
pavements
◼ 50-60 kg per 40 m2 --- for
1 hectare
◼ transplanted in the field at
10-14 days after sowing
Transplanting Post on
Direct Seeding Transplanting
Puddled Soil Growth
Dry seeding
E. Planting Methods (Rice)
3. Drybed Method
◼ In rainfed areas
◼ seeds sown in dry seedbed (1.5m wide)
◼ 50kg per 500m2 --- for 1 hectare
◼ transplanted in the field 25-35 days after sowing
Transplanting Post on
Direct Seeding Transplanting
Puddled Soil Growth
Dry seeding
E. Planting Methods (Rice)
4. Broadcasting
◼ pre-germinated seeds sown in puddled soil
◼ 50-100kg per hectare
Transplanting Direct Seeding on Puddled Soil Dry seeding
E. Planting Methods (Rice)
5. Row Seeding
◼ pre-germinated seeds
drilled in rows (25-30
cm spacing) – drum-
seeder
◼ 50-100kg seed per
hectare
Transplanting Direct Seeding on Puddled Soil Dry seeding
E. Planting Methods (Rice)
6. Drilling in Rows
◼ seeds drilled in
rows (25-30 cm
spacing) -
drumseeder
◼ 50-100 kg seed
per hectare
◼ usually done
during dry season
Transplanting Direct Seeding on Puddled Soil Dry seeding
E. Planting Methods for Upland
Crops
(upland rice, corn, legumes)
Broadcast Seeding
• Spacing
Drilling Seeds in Row • Seeding rate
• Seed requirement
Hill Seeding in Row
E. Planting Methods
(Vegetables)
Growing Transplants
1. Seedbed Method
seedbed is sterilized
(burning, fumigation,
chemical drip)
row spacing: 5-7 cm
2-3 seeds per 5-7 cm
row length
E. Planting Methods
(Vegetables)
Growing Transplants
2. Seedbox Method
seeds are sown in seedbox with dimension = 50 x 33 x
7 cm
seedlings are grown until transplanted or sometimes
transferred to another seedbox or seedbed (pricking)
before transplanted to the field
soil: sand, compost, garden soil (sterilized before
sowing)
row spacing: 7-8 cm/plant
2-3 seeds per linear cm
E. Planting Methods
(Vegetables)
Seedling Care
Pricking
seedlings are transferred to another seedbox or seedbed
Blocking & Hardening
start at 7-10 days before transplanting
cutting soil (5cm x 5 cm) at full depth → 7-10 days before
seedlings are transplanted
gradual withdrawal of water
gradual exposure to sunlight
E. Planting Methods
(Vegetables)
Transplanting
◼ done in the afternoon or cloudy days
◼ pre-planting fertilizer application --- organic
or inorganic
F. Planting Methods
(Vegetables)
pechay & lettuce – cabbage, broccoli -
3 weeks old 4-5 weeks old
tomatoes,
pepper, eggplant
- 5-7 weeks old
F. Plant Population Density
(Annuals)
1. Hill Method of Planting
10,000 sq m/hectare
Plants/ha = x No. of plants per hill
(Dist. Bet. furrows in m) X (Dist. Bet. hills in m)
F. Plant Population Density
(Annuals)
1. Hill Method of Planting
Example:
Corn Spaced at 75 cm between rows and 50 cm between hills
and maintained at 2 plants per hill
= 10,000
x2
0.75 x 0.5
= 53,300 plants/ha
F. Plant Population Density
(Annuals)
2. Drill Method of Seeding
10,000 sq m/hectare
Plants/ha = x No. of plants per
linear meter
(1m) x (Dist. Bet. furrows in m)
F. Plant Population Density
(Annuals)
2. Drill Method of Seeding
Example:
Mungbean drilled at 30 seeds per linear meter and rows are
spaced at 50 cm.
= 10,000 x 30 plants/linear meter
1 m x 0.5 m
= 600,000 plants/ha
G. Planting System
(Fruit & Plantation Crops)
1. Square
2. Quincunx or Diagonal
3. Hexagonal or Triangular
4. Contour Planting System
G. Planting System
(Fruit & Plantation Crops)
1. Square
Most common planting system
Used if filler trees are added
e. g. 1 filler between row and/or 1 filler
between trees in a row
G. Planting System
(Fruit & Plantation Crops)
1. Square
G. Planting System
(Fruit & Plantation Crops)
2. Quincunx or Diagonal System
Makes use of a square with an additional
tree in the center
Maximum area utilization during early
growing & fruiting years
Fifth tree usually removed when tree
become large → overcrowding
Mechanized cultural operation → difficult
specially in sloping areas
G. Planting System
(Fruit & Plantation Crops)
2. Quincunx
G. Planting System
(Fruit & Plantation Crops)
3. Hexagonal or Triangular
Trees are planted at equidistant to one
another from every direction to form and
equilateral triangle
Greater number of trees per unit area
Planting of filler trees --- not favorable
G. Planting System
(Fruit & Plantation Crops)
3. Hexagonal
G. Planting System
(Fruit & Plantation Crops)
4. Contour System
QUIZ
1. Compute how many eggplants will be planted in a 2.5 ha
land with a planting distance of 75 cm x 100 cm (only 1
plant per hill).
Answer:
2. Compute how many soybean plants will be present in a 5
ha field with a row spacing of 75 cm, and seeds will be
drilled at 18 plants per linear meter.
Answer:
QUIZ
3. A process done 7-1o days before transplanting of vegetable seedling
which minimizes damage to the root system during transplanting.
a. Hardening
b. Blocking
c. Pricking
d. Spotting
4. Method of raising rice seedling where pre-germinated seeds are sown
on cement or puddled soil covered with banana or polyethylene sheet.
The raised seedlings will be ready for transplanting at 10.14 days.
a. Wet bed method
b. Dry bed method
c. Dapog method
d. Seedbed method
QUIZ
5. A process done 7-1o days before transplanting of vegetable seedling
wherein gradual withholding of water is made
a. Hardening
b. Blocking
c. Pricking
d. Spotting
6. A system of spacing and arrangement in planting of perennial crops
wherein seedlings are sown using square arrangement with and
additional plant at the center.
a. Square
b. Quincunx
c. Triangular
d. Contour system
QUIZ
7. A process of transferring the seedlings from one container such as
seedbox to another container before they are brought to the field.
a. Hardening
b. Blocking
c. Pricking
d. Spotting
8. This vegetable is not commonly transplanted.
a. Pechay
b. Tomato
c. Okra
d. Ampalaya
QUIZ
9. Which is not an advantage of transplanting?
a. You can save on the cost of expensive seeds
b. Shorten the duration of crop cycle in the field
c. Alter the root structure of root crops
d. Control crop growth
10. Which is crop is not normally direct seeded?
a. Upo
b. Watermelon
c. Sweet pepper
d. Onion
Thank You!
This lecture slides is modified from Dr.
Pompe Sta. Cruz, a Professor 12 of
the Institute of Crop Science, College
of Agriculture and Food Science,
University of the Philippines Los
Baños