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Maths Unit 3&4

The document discusses various types of series, including convergent and divergent series, and provides methods for determining their convergence using tests such as the Ratio Test and Comparison Test. It includes examples and conditions under which series converge or diverge. The content appears to be educational material focused on mathematical concepts related to sequences and series.

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7 views40 pages

Maths Unit 3&4

The document discusses various types of series, including convergent and divergent series, and provides methods for determining their convergence using tests such as the Ratio Test and Comparison Test. It includes examples and conditions under which series converge or diverge. The content appears to be educational material focused on mathematical concepts related to sequences and series.

Uploaded by

songwave.jsr
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
“unit 1: @nfinite Solas nn | Seties i+! As sestes isi in the jeu l - + Os ‘ott tie ee ah \ bey 2A sosiiess contain fn {init as [atte _no ms toxin, TSE apa. Sata contains de init no..of terns — ea aa aie Sentient is lene by 2 On, OY AU ys IS equence « yee Spa a t $2 5 iQtA2. See GQ tazitg LS gi Qu tligg “HQ py! . -Ehnluengent i Saas er as , to iedepyeft a ba Hist). 4 -convéugent ie He “equ rence of postial * Divexgent Sonles TA soles # Se. Jence @! Oscillating ~ Seton tell i ih | A gonies is sald ito be. ale ating alfa is Hal it ae. Compauitsan viteste (Tsty dype) i Vo L {eum he Op SKY Ae Mum Mas where. i Soe) KP Iss fixed: avound A dh 2 Vq i Heonverge “then? 4 Un i ala. nen | be Lopes Ur by ee ie Nz ms where Ko fs fixe: Lo Ve NG! 3k fe AV. Ise divergent: th en) Un_isy. ats ¢ Jyoti. poe SuNpEs wie. He onion Ol +ve\ terms tok Lim Unf naw VA fi | Eeiae to 1 t tur Y, a | DiPot evo Eo %' ani inteqen _m >a b WR at J San m= nea ‘ nea, a ayrilianiy (rey (3). aif fe mmpaiison teat limit foun Zon — ent. a “GTi methane the fa dlveugent @ Sz a Te 1 BAG Seis 4G Oecd nee a ep) ie sat Lu APF dorm = Un = fn rf C ‘ash f Taking im am hath sich we. gab Lok us consid on_aunillany oeilea. Be, whore = Mig Ls eh lin Ose a 20 no nxt 0 me a va wai Op ap This sel divexgeak vo asf 2 nen i Qi es & at 2p Td Bi aotae 3s a a(t Tet Var Ws Tofing lon ra bath alton tus gtk Lie. Ua Slim 1 i ence by companzison fest Timi faa tip 1S" aaa ivegent LD Thevinename) condition. fal Vie Uy U5 EU i gent fe dhok then oF tue na Oa: nS 09 Gub_tanvewe anak bu S Thak bi)! dyum tends tO10 de down Laisa bu lim 1 = Eres 0 ¥ n "Blembent Ratio Test (0 Raia teat ‘)Stolement ix : r be the Snies of Ve feums ap ee Vat oy Un ne kt then (aa ‘Buk = £1 is conungent_ ao Pes pO Ona s te 2 i ‘Wicket fompanison ak Line Jungian pasa aR tia cogeht Ss (C2 Tee the GE dopa Series lm oa 2d Y, £. Caa-) Cong) unee 21) Caney) jak —ovk Coonecget)¢ 254i fh iE ce Rabid feok Jail ak 1 =f ae t das ies. Un” 3.5 Caes Tera tania Proud GPS Unay Midas. Gn) 15.69 Cant) Cel @ Deboumine the Convey of the gi [up Shaw Se aE BO 1 LepA-bl are) ae Dy Las 1g.523 a Tr Uae | yt 4018 Naw taking lee. am: bulh sides uss get = Crivan sel 2 es SD apo aT 2 1 CK aA CET Tia ok Nis 37% Gros Was Uo ya ole Gta Te tne gee ar [oF Uy nto’ = 3.5.4 Dna) ea) eo 4 : Ya oils CsI) S00 Und = oO, = a+ (nid 2 gato si) 1 Buy, p! Alembentt ' Ratio test, the git Le (9-1) 20 = 4 Cn=1Y8i Rt As gen Dan Gnd a ae aN Bye 2inba ‘ Tomas a+(nri=iy) a+ (nel= ide 1 — St ot 2 = U4 Cn) 3 Th ape de Qadia a, = oa(n-d mn Fr athe 1 (0-1) gels i a = on41 f i me 4 x aah De ‘S430. [ane 2-O1QS a. G5 Tt vol + U.S 7 lee U, = nth tem = 9.2 i n(n+) 1 fu 2 nt 4 mri nei (n+2) ' Ny _On KP ng (Q1) (n +2, i vast nin st antl = of wit) LOX OX = (1+5) 4 K Tea (ng. lina en heath siclii tte Ger . 360 v lim Un lim CU*#) fe PPO ROA al N) co oa “lit? Up SO lI nhac Onell me L LI the given_sexiie will be convexgent ‘when be tte, eS Q diverge shan _ . Ww L <4 te, wp. E ~ deal_foils_uihon Le ob 22 {aun _series_become. i —L L ia. gg 34 45 heed. — wl By, 261 fe conmmeent os 62 97 we fy sonra te Hot Up = te Awa) Tp boa dae Las tear ain aa Puna eI net dae ps tion al ame ‘lin Teuton am bath situa. cue gek Beg = Leis einai S| Ea te] lim ne \ Slim ]eapiee Con nas aac an a lim nfo | 52202 - mae Cuan J P(e) pl pa i+. Das ne ioe I = >0 54 Cine he baa ae Peneas E { “Heng Ups cam ot if b> 2 sibgpak then : Was ht Cox TL — Tet 2, ib aliviagent then Yass” Viti - - Bala _avwigent_y Un 2 Yn Pte). Pore. ne a Vaal an fas I = Soe fe. I, U0 +P, bla), pepe) P_, Bee. i L- lek 2Up, be the: tye] F ous 6 Eig a | i at at ot —D£by ts comengenk 34 t s. a eg fo — 4 bj a Fy ey “leg Cie betel ig ead _— ti74_ ewe 20 2 tomengent atom L2H ws Cag. TE Joke 7 = 2p, divongpnk_2. ky campanison Paka! Tp nt aio “divergent. Hh oy in ie Uy ye ther ee yO Maus aking tog om beth Sia, we be (naKing ul bets fast ihm || 5. 9th vole I > theo senles is concur. i a gti aoe pe ne ae Is di a 7 4,_Find 0 team of th sexien A demate. - yy thea find Up, See as | 2 Catena te vole of Hen those 07% deri _f ve ‘ mee Unst Fae ia D4 thea soles convexgent | Sal Given 0 foam =i = al yh f alu a if 2030 oe [Ste the Cone ‘oj the Sule Sab Uo = cere 1 + aor) a (a+1) Ca+2) | = 3 (ape ala 7 % = "a f jog dhe, ‘ te ==] iene pao linn ofthe Shuiza ‘ - T Sati atanting pions 294 foun, aie get o enlace ay I nh jem 2 a Casi) (aad)... (ast) Taei ae taaire ot ae == t — Sey tress Upp = Las lana) Lanett an) | lying om bakin L (oH boats = L — “| Pf yo——1\ =o (ea) - hale Ors A alo) | Oni) an - Une 2-8 ofa so) 7 = ana = nal ia 7 = asn I Leg JaXieg lien om adh sido. tua gale 2 fled ot _ c afte aj iz Tl pre Const 7 = & aaa 6 ~ * zl c — = By, Raabels dest the given suniien is { dking lim. on_bolt edn iS | ead athe, enol A { L sugent when [= a | - at. sl is a= ‘eoammen — | = [s0ro+0+0 hich Is cleanly —eemvexgent | He ti wegen cohen 0 0 i thin a>0-———————— tcalealaclealis \ 06.02.28, | "By Ration tisk the given seuion Ini be Ua >a alae ion gis Unst ni)” Po (ns) Aver, bs = _ 2 2 ah mayne i lla uihun @ = 4 je e= ma pia nsf Conch’ Yh rate £ “{ want Thu mse, the spies ill become felix Mou Up =o (n=O -divondent taKing lie on bath idan £ —H tos aonfon iS Con yb when ——2s2_t “dliveigent whim 4 Se ima. Lin me nat MO Fa a Qe aa 2 a a nda : a ya [ez = (Save Brom gen sien fy Baka ak the ghed sional BE Uo" 40 Moige hen Le a at i = “divexgent ashen Le a>L = agpantin — Ce - Tie Hie fle s0cita in alapente ea Lye 1 ; anita Fed) chm phel £ TT fawinn km, aff cba ht £ fakeg_ jam bats sanjent talon asf Ig un alin (36 1 me Unt nee pa fi} ak neh meso eee a (aos ae a2 3 as. stile sme ati ’ Bg 7 = By Ratio teat the given souien is yea chen VW I. fen 22a + when Inter Cag fa ca® hak als nbn ed hep -: 21 20+ | x % jea_be Cs p= DCanat) a Tin OE nat ane nag) Cn 2 | 2 6. (2049) n+, Une: Ze ZA ni) | : Qnsi, et 1 aus i oe ut ESE hgh LPF 5 i = (@ne2)(ana2) = Ynes ion + & L el Tact Ctoe) Une eae Be oh ae ‘one? Yates Un An asta) 925 ue Dee) Dag Nau SL ine lat 6s = x +1 “nla ay tat yn? +4 edn i 5 ~ aL ay Casa), ee ra a nt Baty Un? un | —r Lo bg a Iqsjas [__@.. A f. a Aig Zeal [i Un =o tov = Dag? bey pe e pp tin = = fee dy —— F Uns i r i Uo 2/2? lohan? e 5 U, 1 Tog Gang? a ei ie ee po oO 7 : - 3 I Ewa? (CTIA Le a ofp faba a ne ce = @ == bso ga a eg (oP The gen soa argent by Raabe: co leg COE 5 me i 1 Hog n (144) Hee Bp gr siien iS ib taben. cms ea t Login 61+ P } CPO set, Ung i tog (FH {log os 189 C1 ro = Peg ot Tegal 19a 2 x SU slog Hagn fe aaa tite idea un gab lig a (on = 1) = lig [P= : t he ET pan t eS | oe ~ By Raters dea ia elveagenk tani nn) eT ~ Uns al ae a Ane J or “nen eT ee Lae [taking firm bath Siva cue got hie =m i me “Unet DAD Pre 1 VA. lores th tou is 4 ordi ———~ rae = ni ua co nog)” | Prato) 7 hi} a - a i conwagent iff gent Padiatr ca 7 Dy Putling P=, (fio tha th [es attven'genk pes onde alon ia ac [ges a ate Fac Thi [= ii Putting 2 = Lt Jae fia tha th Ee ia is dluaigert Ti - a Pela) a 1 ef E Wil fating P= Yaa {ad thar the Saviea 4 Tonga? agai? 0? Par ae bt i is dant tT aga it Cegai? QO Tet the — con thé tae" 4 a FCA caavgen sa Lae) a diverqeat aerarding as st 101 - Cag nj? nF i aciegn Ff 9 Bu wwe “inant 2 1B moawengent when |) a = af l ay Tt x P2d_&_diveugenk when Pe 4 Hone 2 aio") [og a J) hoe ent —diveygent anrorilng ax 024 - T " nga ceoveigent: ay, pd gn =n Cag al® f feet nllagal® ; But Clogal is 7 Tepe ate ie lea im os Va = ne | ral af — wn n ot net aru) (n+ 1)? a “oer cn)? pee tie 1 -_ — | n cm 1.02.28, CEL) yt Mee Ney at Me at . ina aoe Vn youn ge — lo i — - ie Laing ie Tn agai i altigaa 7 | vor t i nflegal™ m tgs aot io ed Cag ins = Times bom fata Heat 2 nk a a — A conuentenil B o(any= 2 on? Coga) 4 ye ~ a | _- is cane agenh Cogn)? : Se Efe Lf tog (OURS - a Tag 8 = : TEL | lag A= lag (iE Cegab mn Te Magentis and Bedvands TE = fh) fit 0 lag IF tgat ; z Cont ave tens B = Srey? i (fj ——niagant_ an aieagenasolng aa | ay yan 308 : 4 = | Ua_ai}aid eg] hw apie as it infin tise a4 An naga tabliga— Sai aoa = Leb 5 cepa he gia sia Zi Retype PP 1 (oiing binomial " aa ee erage al VSL haus Vp =n Logan)?” Allegany? Mm [et p= Pt ee P21. aaa igen £ bs ean _— ” 4s Hence. #Uin verge th —— Tin [nf vn N= = a Hen fhe Cea tet lag nS Case T= ler PLA 7 0. J p =? ou mT it Abi parse jes = Gogh logan 1d fea 2p is aad dingo Ip =L pe 2 v ht hlaga naga tasty mafea ai) 5a iis i isle p op Un et Blog A. Dog. Une: A nlogn 7 to, = fnfiua ata 5 PP eS ea r CRE Ss log une A af fnfun =i Nai [aga 3 PP Trea) Se 7 Heke }fes 2 - us tating hg both sae get {ngta_= yet Eo ; vaz 7m {tenon renga Pa 35 — 1 Lea ass [fa Loa ier Sele is Soot Tt seo) Com yt Hogo 3 Be i 2 ig Tin fu =i mies fie 2 = F me LO tune ww _f = e = = : Ronee $432 Tne Zon _alvengent Loh ("20 7 ua taking len —om_bilh sides ee fg — K rae TU Cine [tin a or “4 This iat is applied when Roabe's teak Jails | @. when lis a a\ea +2)? ‘ vie Cons = ne a - c unde goed | O Tat the sovi ara Ynel i - = wines = ug —4n 1 SHEE ES uaeraneT { “ (poy ee 8 a : aes Gntesin tl L - bead a aS ze : eas eee! f Cunt Lppstpe) Ue = Ls 2s Ona)" (anaie av rree E es ore bye Ea Car)" (ona acy, =) * (ant) +4 #1} Con ne a faking [lon on both siclen . a a | a in fan as etd ! te Co nee u - a _— Pe Raabe! pene ffl +) ha HE Cauchy's” condensation “teste i afue To God = _— - una TTS] BP ine Function Cots pas all Yor suorl on incre dif abe a itive idteges | uo milla) =n? = te senien f(a) + £(2) + (3) 4 vost 7 4s Un = 1 Lt AF at fot) + aS F (at) F TET tie Sah LCO") ane boli conviugent an Unt tt ath divagent. i F Infen b=) =na! (nat - Wn IT Gio stn tof! Proal The towns. in the seiia 22(n) con : wow, [Peon = =rTuaga = (a log | ‘i s = Utne I SLE Tiassa ss PT — + +s Flag) abla = (nin aking») + on oso) yo tf COS De tage , a s z = b ef Cake? CaXez) a Prakyy 2=(0) Joga se . L (ina) * A } i =A lage Now, in the fit g70up ef terms the mur Lt. | terms is id_qpoup of teams fhe ~ |New toting “lien on hath i gue F rake ams (aa) the “hid i ak | [ .o|_teurns" the number esis a" =a) and tee 5} at pateg n= A. tien tag aL $i A + nvider the CKeL)th group ol tems vie g — 2 FCoF +i) + PCah2) he a ot = E i an = ig > the number of dams = aX*L ak 1 ee hy Da igs shads Taxk eh 1] bk“ divengend; is stage the funchion £Cn) ceolinally durvenes. ETE [pan inca “Fence in this gap a ous iy toa K_gueatia thon # Cok) Tonofane 2 (asi Je Sata) 4 ECO Ya = oF 5am —fiiee 40, 1,2, te Pins Lo tho 2 Hil 21 Then | Bing 520, 4.0,4 suceaafullg at gab — Pes aiag m fas2) 5 S THe a Ea i = SV (on) (a? pei <#(2) 40(a)+..+ Fo lb> SS" fo plo)t euwhen K>0. oF (G?, ie iPlas)seCaraye . +Fla)T>SS (2PM uhenket [Hane Fi Ds 1 wuhieh continually deer Le Cabs 1 Fla%s 2) +. 4 PO eC a8 PAB )y, when 2, n_ int and. huags ive jaw all tye - A ioleg val_value_ ay Padding wie got {22Cn) — pCa) > a-1 IF ahah, iplso Sa" $Co"= A = tebe dee 2 ee hich veri gent —susiea a0 th, d Bs ye compavan us ite al (jist 6 Tame ada ta—lnicihy 22 02" AQN FCN) is divengunt, then 4 h(n) 6 al i | ——aivesgent at ‘Hence fyam Cauchy’ donsabian eat, Ho i of tons 10 the CK) g | Soin 2M = 6 P is aiu tou ia this grayp IS fess dhon | Pr Paks Ws Fa PQS be = Cq-Dak Por) Se aj the sun = - ae Tiag-lag. Toa ol uplus a4 Pond suitable mm tetas , Thu, Jp Ond_ 2, di = ke a ~ fogethen But au koour thaF ths aia © aie pz ZL Is eamuenge p24 tog fe dlaagink pace ie ai [is Saengent pot ond is dagen | ped i eanden sofien test, the ani ence iy toy itn Yr te have to. disuse the comegence_o fat) | —fa_this, we vrriteia short Up, e ot ty “compare” the series 2uq cui bik ey pty tate i Ate als agent Vay = (er i i STD 2 ig vo nt ra? Voui aC aa er = oe = hi ot OME. Pt Gn 8 divaigeat ate = Yog 00-36 i a i = uh, 2 i (vase + tnd then 03 | inaut, oKing at Cn) = log" tahih nT i at a a me Vow (Tein). i ~ at example aj the -e_licait of The Lier The Ss Poe — [ett the _abave theorem it ik neces ony ink Up =2 0, ih Up >t (3:0) then th i ied “cull Bi ‘Laing —— | —_—————_______ — Hea neg —n-2 w2)tna3) U 2) (nea = 4Ve_ fos alt ualuge the _condian CA Ci axa sabiquing Hux ivan _dunienic_gonvergent i Thus the _condin'an Ci) _£ fii) axe —salis/ied — st Hence the oiven ges 2, 2. 4 enuenigen Cosnrt) = (240) yen) Cen 1 xen) Casati) foo oll vals gn Ft hich can il altoinaling —setiin 4 + ea aaa st é = + aah =n] =p i ata anal oI

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