Limits in maths are defined as the values that a function approaches the output for the given
input values. Limits are used to define integrals, derivatives, and continuity. It is used in the
analysis process, and it always concerns the behavior of the function at a particular point.
Limits describe how a function behaves near a point, instead of at that point. This
simple yet powerful idea is the basis of all of calculus.
Let us consider a real-valued function “f” and the real number “c”, the limit is normally defined
as limx→cf(x)=L. It is read as “the limit of f of x, as x approaches c equals L”. The “lim”
shows the limit, and fact that function f(x) approaches the limit L as x approaches c is described
by the right arrow.
When the limx→af(x)=A+ given the values of f near x to the right of a.
This value is said to be the right hand limit of f(x) at a.
When the limx→af(x)=A− given the values of f near x to the left of a.
This value is called the left hand limit of f(x) at a.
The limit of a function exists if and only if the left-hand limit is equal to
the right-hand limit. limx→a−1f(x)=limx→a+f(x)=L
The Limit Laws
THEOREM 1 – BASIC LIMIT LAWS
Lim a = a
X-> c tas example
THEOREM 2 – LIMIT OF A CONSTANT MULTIPLE
THEOREM 3 -
REFERENCES:
1. [Link]
2. [Link]
3. [Link]
4. [Link]
5. Book;: Basic Calculus
DOT 2
A derivative in calculus is the rate of change of a quantity y with respect to another quantity x. It
is also termed the differential coefficient of y with respect to x. Differentiation is the process of
finding the derivative of a function.
THERE ARE ALSO RULES TO BE APPLIED TO TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS SUCH AS
EXPONENTIAL AND TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS.
THEOREM 1 – THE CONSTANT RULE
THE DERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION IS 0. THAT IS, IF A IS A REAL NUMBER.
d/dx [a] = 0
book example
THEOREM 2 – THE POWER RULE
THE EXPONENT n OF THE POWER THE COEFFICIENT THEN COPY THE BASE x, AND THEN
SUPPLY THE NEW EXPONENT n-1.
BOOK EXAMPLE
THEOREM 3 – THE CONSTANT MULTIPLE RULE
IF f IS A DIFFERENTIABLE FUNCTION AND a IS A REAL NUMBER, THEN THE DERIVATIVE
OF THE FUNCTION af IS
d/dx [af(x)] = af’(x) book example
TO FIND THE DERIVATIVES OF A FRACTION INVOLVING VARIABLES, REWRITE THE
FUNCTION USING NEGATIVE EXPONENTS AND THE POWER RULE.
EXAMPLE;
Y= 1/ 4x4 = d/dy = ¼ [1/x4]
= ¼ [x-4]
Cancelation
= ¼ [-4][x-5]
= x-5 -> -1/x5
REFERENCES:
1. CK-12 FOUNDATION
2. [Link]
3. [Link]
4. [Link]
5. Book;: Basic Calculus
DOT 3
DERIVATIVE OF A SUM AND DIFFERENCE
If the function is sum or difference of two functions, then the derivative of the functions
is the sum or difference of the individual functions
LET f AND g BE DIFFERENTIABLE FUNCTIONS, THEN THE SUM OR THE DIFFERENCE OF f
AND g IS ALSO DFFERENTIABLE.
THE DERIVATIVES OF SUM OF f AND g IS GIVEN BY
d/dx [f(x) + g(x)] = f’(x) + g’(x)
THE DERIVATIVE OF THE DIFFERENCE OF f AND g IS GIVEN BY
d/dx {f(x) – g(x)} = f’(x) – g’(x)
If f(x)=u(x)±v(x), then;
f'(x)=u'(x)±v'(x)
EXAMPLE:
Given function is: f(x) = 6x2 + 4x
This is of the form f(x) = u(x) + v(x)
So by applying the sum rule of derivatives, we get,
f’(x) = d/dx (6x2) + d/dx(4x)
= 6(2x) + 4(1)
= 12x + 4 Therefore, f’(x) = 12x + 4
Given function is: f(x) = 4x2 - 6x - 4
This is of the form f(x) = u(x) - v(x) – w(x)
So by applying the difference rule of derivatives, we get,
f’(x) = d/dx (4x2) + d/dx(6x) + d/dx(4)
= solve mo nalang
= Therefore, f’(x) =
IF THE GIVEN FUNCTION IS A FRACTION THAT HAS A VARIABLE AS ITS DENOMINATOR,
THEN WE MUST solve them separately by the given denominator.
EXAMPLE:
EXAMPLE SA PAPER
REFERENCES:
1. PAULS ONLINE MATH NOTES
2. [Link]
3. [Link]
4. Htttps://[Link]
5. Book;: Basic Calculus
DOT 4
DERIVATIVE OF A PRODUCT AND QUOTIENT
The Product Rule
ddx(f(x)⋅g(x))=f′(x)⋅g(x)+f(x)⋅g′(x)
OR
d/dx uv = udv + vdu
The derivative of a product is not the product of the derivatives.
IN SOVING DERIVATIVES OF A PRODUCT, WE MUST MULTIPLY
THE GIVEN U TO THE DERIVATE OF V + THE GIVEN V
MULTIPLIED BY THE DERIVATIVE OF U.
EXAMPLE:
EXAMPLE SA PAPER
The Quotient Rule
The derivative of a quotient is not the derivative of the numerator divided by the
derivative of the denominator. The video below shows this with an example.
Instead, we have
The Quotient Rule
ddx(f(x)g(x))=g(x)f′(x)−f(x)g′(x)(g(x))2.
Or
d/dx u/v = vdu – udv / v2
The derivative of the quotient is not the quotient of the derivatives.
Example sa paper
REFERENCES:
1. [Link]
2. [Link]
3. [Link]
4. [Link]
5. [Link]
6. Book;: Basic Calculus
7. UNIVERSITY AT TEXAS AT AUSTIN