A.A.V. PATEL Jr.
COLLEGE
SYJC:BIOLOGY ASSIGNMENT
CHAPTER 8:RESPIRATION AND CIRCULATION.
ASSIGNMENT NO: 08 (25 MARKS)
Q.1 VERY SHORT ANSWER: (1 MARK EACH) (3 MARKS)
I. Name the process of formation of RBC in human.
Ans: Erythropoiesis
II. Name the cells that produce thrombocytes.
Ans: Megakaryocytes
III. Name the organ which prevents the entry of food onto trachea while eating.
Ans: Epiglottis
Q.2 SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS: (2 MARK EACH) (6 MARKS)
I. a)What is blood pressure?
b) Give the instrument which is used to measure the blood pressure.
Ans: a) Blood pressure: The pressure exerted by blood on the wall of the blood
vessels is called blood pressure.
b) Blood pressure is measured by the Sphygmomanometer.
II. Describe pericardium.
Ans: i) The membranous sac that encloses the heart is called pericardium.
ii) Pericardium is made up of 2 layers – outer fibrous pericardium and inner
serous pericardium.
iii) Fibrous pericardium is tough while the serous pericardium is soft and moist,
further divisible into 2 layers – parietal layer and visceral layer.
iv) Parietal and visceral layers of serous pericardium are separated by a pericardial space.
v) The pericardial space is filled with pericardial fluid.
vi) The pericardial fluid functions as a shock absorber and protects the heart from
mechanical injuries.
vii) The pericardial fluid acts as a lubricant and keep the heart moist.
III. A man’s heart rate is 68 and cardiac output is 5440 cm3. Find the stroke volume.
𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑐 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
Ans: Stroke volume = 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒
5440
= 68
∴Stroke volume = 80
Q.3 SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS: (3 MARK EACH) (12 MARKS)
I. Explain the terms:
a) Fossa ovalis b) Ligamentum arteriosum c) Chordae tendinae
1
Ans: a) Fossa ovalis: - It is an oval depression in the interatrial septum of human heart. It is a
remnant of an aperture called the foramen ovale present in the embryonic stage.
b) Ligamentum arteriosum: - It is a small ligament that connects the pulmonary aorta and the
aortic arch. It is the remnant of ductus arteriosus which is present in the early embryonic
stage.
c) Chordae tendinae: - These are inelastic fibres that attach the bicuspid and tricuspid valves
to the papillary muscles of ventricular wall. They regulate the opening and closing of these
valves.
II. Define the terms: i) Vital capacity ii) Ventilator iii) Pulse
Ans: i) Vital capacity: The maximum amount of air that can be breathed out after a maximum
inspiration. It is the sum total of TV, IRV, ERV and is 4100 to 4600 mL.
ii) Ventilator: It is a machine that supports breathing and is used during surgery, treatment for
serious lung diseases or other conditions when normal breathing fails.
iii) Pulse: It is a series of pressure waves that travel through the arteries due to ventricular
systole.
III. What is the role of
a) Papillary muscles
b) Chordae tendinae
c) Heart valves in human heart?
Ans: a) Role of Papillary muscles:
i) The papillary muscles play an important role in normal cardiac function, helping to prevent
leakage through the AV valves during systole.
ii) Papillary muscles connect the chordae tendinae to the ventricular walls.
b) Role of chordae tendinae:
i) Chordae tendinae are the inelastic fibres that attach the bicuspid and tricuspid valves and
regulate their opening and closing.
ii) They play vital role in holding the AV valves in place while the heart is pumping blood.
c) Role of heart valves:
i) Heart valves help in maintaining a unidirectional flow of blood.
ii) They also avoid back flow of blood.
IV. Give reason: Blood pressure is inversely related to the elasticity of the blood vessels.
Ans: i) When the blood gushes through the blood vessels, the walls of blood vessels can
expand a little due to their elasticity.
ii) But as the age advances, the elasticity is reduced and then the blood vessels do not expand.
iii) Hence the flowing blood gets more resistance and the blood pressure can rise.
iv) Lesser the elasticity more will be the blood pressure, whereas more the elasticity of the
vessel wall, then the pressure will not rise.
v) In this way, the blood pressure is inversely related to the elasticity of the blood vessels.
Q.4 LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS: (4 MARKS EACH) (4 MARKS)
I. Describe the steps in breathing.
OR
Interpret the given diagrams A and B. Enlist the changes occurring during inspiration and
expiration.
2
Ans:
A) Changes occurring during inspiration: -
i) The atmospheric air is taken in to the lungs.
ii) It is an active process in which the diaphragm becomes flat and goes downward, the
external intercostal muscles contract so the ribs and sternum move upward and outward.
iii) There is an increase in the thoracic volume and a decrease in pressure of thorax and the
lungs.
iv) To equalize the low pressure inside the lungs, air from the atmosphere rushes into lungs.
B) Changes occurring during expiration: -
i) The thorax contracts causing air to be exhaled.
ii) The diaphragm relaxes and is pushed upwards; it becomes dome shaped. The intercostal
muscles also relax pulling the rib cage inward and downward.
iii) There is decrease in thoracic volume and leads to increase in pressure in the thorax and
the lungs as compared to the atmospheric pressure.
iv) Hence the air from the lungs rushes out.
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