PM SHRI KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA

AMHAT SULTANPUR

CHAPTER : WORK ,ENERGY, POWER

TOPIC : WORK

CLASS : 11B

MADE BY ABHISHEK TIWARI (PGT PHYSICS)

WORK

A horse pulling a cart does work.

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A man climbing the stairs does work.
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An engine of a moving vehicle
does work.
A body dropped from a height falls
towards the earth. It indicates that
the earth exerts a force of attraction
(called gravity) on the body. The
gravitational force does work in
pulling the body towards it.
Work is said to be done scientifically when a
force applied on a body produces motion in it.
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Work done by the force is defined to be the product of component of the force
in the direction of the displacement and the magnitude of this displacement.
Work done = Component of Force x Displacement
W = (F cos θ) s = F s cos θ

W=F.s
F
s
Work done by a parallel force:
W = F s cos θ
= F s cos 0°
=Fs

Work done by an oblique force:

θ s

W = (F cos θ) s
= F s cos θ
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Force ‘F’ is resolved into two rectangular components.
F sinθ acting in the vertical direction does
not displace the body in that direction.
Therefore, work done by the component
F sinθ is zero.

Fcosθ acting in the horizontal direction

displaces the body in that direction.

F sinθ F

θ
F cosθ s

Therefore, Work done = Force component x Displacement

W = (F cosθ) s = Fs cosθ
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When is work zero?
For work to be done, both force (or component of force) and
displacement must be present in a body.

(i) If a force applied on a body

does not produce F
displacement in the body,
scientifically work is not done.

Examples:
1. A man holding a book in his hands in a stationary position does not do
any work since the weight of the book acting on him does not produce
any displacement.
2. A man trying to push a rigid and stationary wall does not do work since
the force applied by him does not move the wall. Home Next Previous
(ii) If a force applied on a body is zero, scientifically work is not done.

(Here, friction is absent and the body is under uniform motion.)

Some points about work:
1. Work is a scalar quantity; work can be positive, zero or negative.
2. Negative work does not mean it a vector quantity. Work done by friction is
negative as the displacement is opposite to the friction.
3. Dimension of work is [ML2T-2].
4. SI unit of work is ‘joule’ or ‘J’. 1 joule = 1 newton x 1 metre or 1 J = 1 Nm
1 joule is the amount of work done when 1 newton of force acting on a
body displaces it through 1 metre.
5. CGS unit of work is ‘erg’. 1 erg = 10-7 joule
6. 1 joule = 107 erg
7. 1 electron volt (eV) = 1.6 x 10-19 J
8. 1 calorie (cal) = 4.186 J
9. 1 kilowatt hour (kWh) = 3.6 x 106 J Home Next Previous
Positive, Zero and Negative Work done
1. The work done is positive if the force (or component of force) acts on a
body in the direction of its motion. (0º ≤ θ < 90º)
W = Fs cos θ
W = Fs cos 0º F s
W = Fs (cos 0º = 1)

2. The work done is zero if the force acts on a body in the direction
perpendicular to its motion. (θ = 90º)
F
W = Fs cos θ
W = Fs cos 90º 90º
W=0 (cos 90º = 0) s

3. The work done is negative if the force acts on a body in the direction
opposite to its motion. (90º < θ ≤ 180º)
W = Fs cos θ 180º
W = Fs cos 180º f
s
W = - Fs (cos 180º = -1)
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Examples:
1. Work done by gravitational force on a satellite is zero because the force
acts perpendicular to the direction of motion of the satellite.

Earth

Satellite’s Orbit

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2. Similarly, work done by the sun on the earth is zero.

Sun

F2
F1

Elliptical Orbit

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3. When we throw a ball vertically upwards,
the work done by our force is positive
whereas the work done by the
gravitational force is negative since it
acts in the direction opposite to the
motion of the ball.

4. When the ball falls back, the work done

by the gravitational force is positive
since it acts along the direction of
motion of the ball.

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 PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS
Que 1. A coolie carries a heavy load on his head
and walks on a level road with uniform speed.
According to physics,is he doing any work on the
road?
Que 2. A man tries to push a wall for 5 minutes
with a force of 200N but the wall does not move.
How much work is done by him on the wall?
Que 3. A body is dropped from a certain height.
What is the work done by gravity when it falls
through a distance h?
Que 4. A person carries a bag up a
staircase of height h. What is the work
done on the bag?

Que 5. A body moving in a circular path

under the action of a centripetal force. What
is the work done by the centripetal force?
SOLUTION [Link] applies an upward force on the
load(to balance its weight) the angle between force
(upward) and displacement (horixzontal) is 90 degree.
so W=Fscos90=0
but in daily life,he is working hard because his muscles
consume energy,though no mechanical work is done on
the load.

SOLUTION 2. Since there is no displacement of the wall,

W=0

SOLUTION 3 . force due to gravity F = mg (downward) ,

displacement h= (downward)
angle = 0 degree
so W= FSCOS0 = mgh
Solution 4. Force applied = mg(upward to balance
weight)
Displacement = h(upward)
Angle = 0

W= mgh

Solution 5. centripetal force acts towards the

centre,while displacement is tangential . So,
angle =90 degree.
W= F S COS 90 = 0
Work done by a variable force
More commonly, force is variable in
F(x)
practice.
Area = ΔA = F(x) Δx = ΔW
The displacement covered by the F(x)const
body from xi to xf can be considered
to be made up of infinite number of
infinitesimally small Δx.
Work
Force F(x) may be considered to be
constant over this Δx.
O xxi Δx xxf
Then, the work done is x
ΔW = F(x) Δx
The total work done is obtained by adding the rectangular areas of the strips
shown under the curve.
xf
W≈ ∑ F(x) Δx
xi
If the displacements are allowed to approach zero, then the summation
approaches a definite value equal to the area under the curve.
Then, the work done is
Thus, for a varying force, the work done
lim
xf x f
can be expressed as a definite integral
W=
Δx→0 x
∑ F(x) Δx or W =  F(x) Δx
of force over displacement.
i xi Home Next Previous
ENERGY
Energy is the ability to do work.
or
The amount of energy possessed by a body is equal to the amount of
work it can do when its energy is released.

1. Energy is a scalar quantity.

2. SI unit of energy is ‘joule’ or ‘J’.
3. CGS unit of energy is ‘erg’.
1 joule = 107 erg or 1 erg = 10-7 joule

Different Forms of Energy

1. Mechanical energy ---> Potential energy and Kinetic energy
2. Heat energy 3. Light energy
4. Sound energy 5. Chemical energy
6. Electrical energy 7. Magnetic energy
8. Nuclear energy

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KINETIC ENERGY
Kinetic energy is defined as the energy of a body by virtue of its motion.
It is the measure of work a body can do by virtue of its motion.
i.e. Every moving body possesses kinetic energy.
Example:
A moving cricket ball possesses kinetic energy.

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Formula for Kinetic Energy
Suppose a body of mass ‘m’ moving with a velocity ‘u’ is acted upon by a
force ‘F’ for time ‘t’. Let ‘v’ be the final velocity and ‘s’ be the displacement
of the body at the end of the time.
The work done by the force in displacing the body is given by
Work done = Force x Displacement
W=Fxs
= ma x s
= m (as) ……………..(1)
We know that v2 = u2 + 2as
or as = ½(v2 – u2)

Substituting for as in (1)

W = m x ½(v2 – u2)
W = ½m(v2 – u2)
This work done is possessed by the body in the form of kinetic energy.
Therefore, KE = ½m(v2 – u2)
If the body is initially at rest and its final velocity is ‘v’, then KE = ½mv2
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Note:
1. Kinetic energy is
i) directly proportional to the mass of the body, and
ii) directly proportional to the square of velocity of the body.
If mass is doubled, KE is doubled and if the mass is halved, KE is also
halved.
If velocity is doubled, KE increases four times and if the mass is halved,
KE reduces to ¼ of its original value.
2. Kinetic energy is always positive.
Why?

Mass is always positive. Even if the velocity is negative, square of

velocity will be positive. Therefore, kinetic energy is always positive.
3. Kinetic energy is a scalar quantity.
4. The term ‘speed’ can be used in place of ‘velocity’ in the formula for
kinetic energy.

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WORK – ENERGY THEOREM
Suppose a body of mass ‘m’ moving with a velocity ‘u’ is acted upon by a
force ‘F’ for time ‘t’. Let ‘v’ be the final velocity and ‘s’ be the displacement
of the body at the end of the time.
We know that v2 – u2 = 2as
Multiplying both the sides by m/2, we have
½mv2 – ½mu2 = mas
½mv2 – ½mu2 = F s
½mv2 – ½mu2 = W
Kf – Ki = W
The change in kinetic energy of a body is equal to the work done on it by
the net force.
The above equation can be generalised for 3-dimensions by employing
vectors.
v2 – u2 = 2as becomes v2 – u2 = 2 a . s (since v . v = v2 and u . u = u2)
Multiplying both the sides by m/2, we have
½mv2 – ½mu2 = m a . s
½mv2 – ½mu2 = F . s
Kf – Ki = W
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