THIAGARAJAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, MADURAI – 15

(A Govt. Aided Autonomous Institution Affiliated to Anna University)

Department of Mathematics

21CB120 - INTRODUCTORY TOPICS IN STATISTICS, PROBABILITY AND CALCULUS

CO WISE QUESTION BANK

CO1: Understand the types of data by graphical representation and Frequency curves, central
tendency and dispersion, Scatter diagram
**Remember**
1. Define Statistics.
2. State any two main objectives of Statistics.
3. What are the two major divisions of Statistics?
4. What is the importance of Statistics in scientific research?
5. Mention two areas in Engineering where Statistics is applied.
6. State any two uses of Statistics in the field of Medicine.
7. Differentiate between internal data and external data.
8. What is primary data? Give one example.
9. What is secondary data? Give one example.
10. Write two methods of collecting primary data.
11. Distinguish between primary and secondary data (any two points).
12. Define population and sample.
13. What is meant by a representative sample?
14. Why is sampling used in Statistics? (Give two reasons.)
15. Mention any two graphical methods of representing data.
**Understand**
1. Compute mean, median, mode and standard deviation for the following data:
Age 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60
f 50 51 47 60 62
2. Find the mean and S.D. of the entire data when grouped together.
Sample A B C
Size 20 30 50
Mean 145 120 132
S.D. 5 8 7
3. Draw Histogram and frequency polygon for the following frequency distribution.
Age 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90
f 50 51 47 60 62 62 50 47
4. Compute the mean and standard deviation for the following data:
Size of item 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Frequency 3 6 9 13 8 5 4
5. The following are the number of transistors failing a quality check per hour during 72
observed hours of production:
246812185461
018234125118
219142568171
491824118553
091971887772
712735885990
 Group these data into a frequency distribution showing how often each of the values
occurs and draw a histogram and polygon.
6. Compute mean, median, mode, lower quartile, upper quartile, inter-quartile, quartile
deviation and standard deviation for the following data:
Age 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90
f 50 51 47 60 62 62 50 47
7. Compute the geometric mean and harmonic mean for the following frequency
distribution:
Age 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50
f 14 17 12 16 13
8. Compute the median, quartiles and the quartile coefficient of skewness from the
following data:
Weight 70-80 80-90 90-100 100-110 110-120 120-130
No. of persons 112 118 135 142 150 145
9. Compute the mean, standard deviation and coefficient of variation from the following
data:
Weight 70-80 80-90 90-100 100-110 110-120 120-130
No. of persons 12 18 35 42 50 45
10. Compute the mean deviation about the mean, median and mode from the following
data:
Weight 70-80 80-90 90-100 100-110 110-120 120-130
No. of persons 12 18 35 42 50 45
11. The first four moments about the working mean 28.5 ofa distribution are 0.294, 7.144,
42.409 and 454.98. Calculate the moments about the mean. Also evaluate β1, β2 and
comment upon the skewness and kurtosis of the distribution

CO2 - Apply the concept of correlation analysis and least square method in fitting regression
curves to engineering problems

**Remember**
1. Define correlation.
2. What does the correlation coefficient (r) measure?
3. What are the limits of the correlation coefficient?
4. Differentiate between positive and negative correlation.
5. Mention two methods of studying correlation.
6. Write two properties of the correlation coefficient.
7. Explain the meaning of zero correlation with an example.
8. State any two engineering applications of correlation analysis.
9. Define a regression line.
10. Write the general form of the regression equation of 𝑦on 𝑥.
11. State the two regression equations used in correlation analysis.
12. What is the principle of least squares used for in regression analysis?
13. Mention two applications of regression analysis in engineering problems.
**Apply**
1. Calculate the correlation coefficient for the following data
Statistics 78 65 36 78 25 75 82
Economics 51 53 51 47 60 62 62
2. Compute the rank correlation coefficient for the following data.
Tamil 56 61 66 72 66 77 82 87
English 50 55 60 65 50 70 75 80
 3. Calculate the rank correlation for the following data
Statistics 75 65 66 78 66 75 82 90 66 78
Economics 51 53 51 47 60 62 62 86 51 47
4. Calculate the rank correlation to discuss which pair of electives have nearest approach.
Elective I 60 55 75 45 69 45 72 39 35 45
Elective II 70 58 73 49 60 49 60 55 60 48
Elective III 55 61 68 40 58 60 50 38 50 60
5. Obtain both the regression lines for the following data
Science 78 65 36 98 25 22
Arts 84 53 51 91 60 33

Test 40 70 50 60 80 50 90 40 60 60
scores
Sales 22.5 36.0 44.5 35.0 34.5 27.0 25.5 23.0 24.5 30.0
6. Calculate the regression line of sales on test scores and estimate the most probable
weekly sales volume if a test score is 75.
7. Obtain the regression lines y on x and x on y
Statistics 78 65 36 98 25 75 82 90 62 39
Economics 84 53 51 91 60 68 62 86 58 47
Find the statistics marks when economics is 80.
8. Variance of x=25. Regression equations: 3x+2y-26=0 and x+y-51=0. Find the (i) mean values
of x and y (ii) the standard deviation of x and y (iii) the correlation coefficient between x and
y.
9. The following data regarding the height(s) and weight(s) of 100 students are given as
∑x=15000, ∑x2=2272500, ∑y=6800, ∑y2=463025 and ∑xy=1022250. Obtain the regression
lines.
10. The following data regarding the height(s) and weight(s) of 100 students. Mean
height=68inches; mean weight=75kgs; correlation coefficient=0.5; the standard deviation of
x=2.5inches and y=20kgs. Estimate the height of a student whose weight is 68kgs.
11. Fit the parabola for the following data
Statistics 7.5 8.2 9.0 6.2 3.9
Economics 6.8 6.2 8.6 5.8 4.7
12. Fit the straight line and second degree parabola for the following data
Statistics 7 6 5 4 3
Economics 1 2 3 4 5

CO3: Apply Bayes theorem to invert conditional probabilities

**Remember**
1. Define a random experiment. Give one example.
2. What is a sample space? Illustrate with an example.
3. Define an event in probability theory.
4. Define mutually exclusive events with an example.
5. What are equally likely outcomes? Give an example.
6. Define exhaustive events.
7. Give two examples of random experiments used in engineering or science.
8. Define conditional probability of an event 𝐴given 𝐵.
9. State Bayes’ Theorem.
10. Write any two practical applications of Bayes’ Theorem in science or engineering.

**Apply**
1. It is observed that 50% of mails are spam. There is a software that filters spam mail
before reaching the inbox. It accuracy for detecting a spam mail is 99% and chances of
tagging a non-spam mail as spam mail is 5%. If a certain mail is tagged as spam find
the probability that it is not a spam mail.
2. A manufacturing firm employs three analytical plans for the design and development of
a particular product. For cost reasons, all three are used at varying times. In fact, plans
1, 2, and 3 are used for 30%, 20%, and 50% of the products, respectively. The defect
rate is different for the three procedures as follows: P(D|P1) = 0.01, P(D|P2) = 0.03,
P(D|P3) = 0.02, where P(D|Pj) is the probability of a defective product, given plan j. If a
random product was observed and found to be defective, which plan was most likely used
and thus responsible?
3. The contents of bags I, II and III are as follows: 3 White, 2 Black and 3 Red; 4 White, 2
Black and 2 Red; 4 White, 5 Black and 6 Red balls. One bag is chosen at random and two
balls are drawn from it. They happen to be white and red. What is the probability that
they come from bags I, II or III?
4. The changes of X, Y, Z becoming managers of a certain company are 4:2:3. The
probabilities that bonus scheme will be introduced if X, Y, Z become managers are 0.3,
0.5 and 0.8 respectively. If the bonus scheme has been introduced, what is the
probability that X is appointed as the manager?
5. The contents of urns I, II and III are as follows: 2 White, 3 Black and 5 Red; 5 White, 3
Black and 2 Red; 4 White, 2 Black and 3 Red balls. One urn is chosen at random and two
balls are drawn from it. They happen to be white and black. Compute the probability that
they come from urn II.
6. In a certain assembly plant, three machines, B1, B2, and B3, make 30%, 45%, and 25%,
respectively, of the products. It is known from past experience that 2%, 3%, and 2% of
the products made by each machine, respectively, are defective. Now, suppose that a
finished product is randomly selected. Compute the probability that it is defective.
7. In a certain city, sports bikes are being targeted by thieves. Assume that the
probability of a sports bike being stolen is 0.09 while the probability is only 0.5 for a
regular bike. Taking, as an approximation for all bikes in that area, the nationwide
proportion 0.19 of sports bikes. Compute (a) the probability that a bike will be stolen (b)
the probability that a stolen bike is a sports bike.
8. One box contains six red balls and four green balls, and a second box contains seven red
balls and three green balls. A ball is randomly chosen from the first box and placed in
the second box. Then a ball is randomly selected from the second box and placed in the
first box. Compute the probability that a red ball is selected from the first box and a red
ball is selected from the second box (b) At the conclusion of the selection process,
compute the probability that the numbers of red and green balls in the first box are
identical to the numbers at the beginning.
9. Three machines M1, M2 and M3 produce identical items. Of their respective output 5%,
4% and 3% of items are faulty. On a certain day, M1 has produced 25% of the total
output, M2 has produced 30% and M3 the remainder. An item selected at random is
found to be faulty. What are the chances that it was produced by the machine with the
highest output?
10. In a bolt factory. there are four machines A, B, C, D manufacturing 20%, 15%, 25% and
40% of the total output respectively. Of their outputs 5%, 4%, 3% and 2% in the same
order are defective bolts. A bolt is chosen at random from the factory's production and
is found defective. What is the probability that the bolt was manufactured by machine A
or machine D?
CO4: Determine mass and density functions for discrete and continuous distributions

**Remember**

1. Differentiate between discrete and continuous probability distributions.

2. Define a probability mass function (p.m.f.) and a probability density function (p.d.f.).
3. What are the two parameters that characterize a probability distribution?
4. Define the expected value (mean) of a probability distribution.
5. Define the variance of a random variable.
6. State the probability mass function of the Binomial distribution.
7. Write the mean and variance of the Binomial distribution.
8. State the probability mass function of the Poisson distribution.
9. Write the mean and variance of the Poisson distribution.
10. Give the p.m.f. of the Geometric distribution and mention its mean.
11. Write the probability density function (p.d.f.) of the Uniform distribution over [𝑎, 𝑏].
12. Write the p.d.f. and mean of the Exponential distribution.
13. State the p.d.f. of the Normal distribution and mention its key parameters.
14. Write any two properties of the Normal distribution.
15. Write the applications of Chi-square, t, and F distributions in statistical inference.

**Apply**
1. The probability distribution of X, the number of imperfections per 10 meters of a synthetic
fabric in continuous rolls of uniform width, is given by
x 0 1 2 3 4
f(x) 0.41 0.37 0.16 0.05 0.01
Construct the cumulative distribution function of X. Also, find P[1<X<4], P[X>2], P[X>1
/ 1<X<4], Mean of X, Variance of X, S.D. of X, E[X 2 +3X+ 4], Variance of [3X+4]. Use
CDF, find P[1 < X < 2], P[2 ≤ X ≤ 4], P[1 ≤ X < 4], P[1 < X ≤ 3].
0, 𝑥 < 0
2. If F(x)= {
1 − (1 + 𝑥)𝑒 −𝑥 , 𝑥 ≥ 0
Find i) the density of X ii) Mean of X iii) Variance of X.
3. The probability that a pen manufactured by a company will be defective is 0.1. If 12 such
pens are manufactured, find the probability that (i) exactly two will be defective (ii) at
least two will be defective (iii) none will be defective (iv) between 4 and 8 will be
defective. [Use Binomial, Poisson distribution and Geometric]
4. Six dice are thrown 529 times. How many times do you expect at least 4 dice show a 3
or 6? [Use Binomial, Poisson distribution and Geometric]
5. If X has an exponential distribution with mean 2. Find P[X < 1 / X < 2].
6. The probability of a man hitting a target is 0.25. If he fires 7 times, what is the
probability of his hitting the target at least twice? How many times must he fire so that
the probability of hitting the target at least once is greater than 2/3? [Use Binomial and
Poisson distribution]
7. For some computers, the time period between charges of the battery is normally
distributed with a mean of 50 hours and a standard deviation of 15 hours. Rohan has one
of these computers and needs to know the probability that the time period will be (i)
greater than 10 hours (ii) less than 30 hours (iii) between 50 and 70 hours.
8. In a test on 200 electric bulbs, it was found that the life of a particular make was normally
distributed with an average life 140 hours and Standard deviation of 30 hours. Estimate
the number of bulbs likely to burn for (a) more than 150 hours (b) less than 100 hours
(c) more than 120 hours and less than 160 hours.
9. From a random sample of 10 pigs fed on diet A, the increases in weight in a certain period
were IO, 6, 16, 17, 13, 12, 8, 14, 15, 9 lbs. For another random sample of 12 pigs fed
 on diet B, the increases in the same period were 7, 13, 22, 15, 12, 14, 18, 8, 21, 23, IO,
17 lbs. Test whether diets A and B differ significantly as regards their effect on increases
in weight?
10. Two horses A and B were tested according to time (in seconds) to run on a particular
track with the following results:
Horse A 28 30 32 33 33 29 34
Horse B 29 30 30 24 27 29
Obtain the estimates of the variances of the population and test whether the two
populations have the same means and variances.
11. The theory predicts that the proportion of beans in the four groups A, B, C and D should
be 9:3:3:1. In an experiment among 1300 beans, the numbers in the four groups were
999,313,450 and 220. Does the experimental result support the theory.
12. The following table gives the classification of 100 workers according to gender and the
nature of work. Compute the nature of work is independent of the gender of the worker.
Skilled Unskilled
Male 40 20

Female 10 30

13. In experiments on pea breeding, the following frequencies of seeds were obtained:
Round yellow Wrinkled yellow Round green Wrinkled green
215 201 110 42
Theory predicts that the frequencies should be in proportions 9 : 3 : 2 : 1. Examine the
correspondence between theory and experiment.

CO5: Identify expected values, moments and moment generating functions

**Remember**
1. Define the expected value (or mean) of a discrete random variable.
2. Write the formula for the expected value of a function of a random variable.
3. What are the properties of expectation? (Any two)
4. Explain the importance of expected value in engineering or reliability studies.
5. Define the r-th moment of a random variable about the origin.
6. Define the moment generating function (MGF) and state its use in finding moments.
7. Write the relationship between the moment generating function and expected value.
8. If 𝑀𝑋 (𝑡)is the MGF of 𝑋, express 𝐸(𝑋)and 𝑉𝑎𝑟(𝑋)in terms of 𝑀𝑋 (𝑡).

**Understand**
1. Given X1 has mean 8 and variance 2 while X2 has mean −12.5 and variance 2.25, and
the two are independent. Compute (a) E( X1 − X2) (b) Var ( X1 − X2 ).
2. Compute the moment generating function of f(x) = 0.02, x =1,2,3 and E(X).
3. Find the moment generating function of p(x) = 2x/15, x=1,5,7. Hence Find mean.
𝑥, 0 < 𝑥 < 2
4. Find the moment generating function of f(x)= {2 − 𝑥, 2 < 𝑥 < 4
0, 𝑒𝑙𝑠𝑒𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒
5. Find the MGF, mean, and variance of an Exponential distribution with parameter 𝜆.
6. Find the mean and variance of a random variable 𝑋having the probability distribution:
X 0 1 2 3
P(X) 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.2
CO6: Find areas enclosed between two curves and volumes enclosed between surfaces using
integrals of multivariable.
**Remember**
1. Define double integral
2. Define Iterated Integral
3. State Fubini’s theorem for double integral.
4. Define: The double integral over type I region.
5. Define: The double integral over type 2 region.
6. State the properties of double integrals.
7. Recall volume formula for double integral
8. Define: Density and mass.
9. Define: Mass in terms of double integral
10. Define: Moment about i) X axis ii) Y axis
11. Give expressions for the coordinates for the Centre of mass.
12. Define: The moment of inertia of a lamina about x and y axes.
**Understand / Apply**
1. Calculate the double integral ∬𝐷 𝑥𝑦 3 𝑑𝐴, 𝐷 = {(𝑥, 𝑦)| 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2, 3 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 4}
2. Calculate the double integral ∬𝐷 (2𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝐴, 𝐷 = {(𝑥, 𝑦)| − 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1, 1 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 2}
3. Calculate the double integral ∬𝐷 (𝑥 − 3𝑦 2 )𝑑𝐴, 𝐷 = {(𝑥, 𝑦)| 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2, 1 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 2}
1 1
4. Evaluate ∫0 ∫𝑥 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 by reversing the order of integration.
1 1
5. Evaluate ∫0 ∫𝑥 2 √𝑦 sin 𝑦 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 by reversing the order of integration.
1 1
6. Evaluate the integral ∫0 ∫𝑥 sin 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 by reversing the order of integration.
1 3 2
7. Evaluate ∫0 ∫3y ex dx dy by reversing the order of integration.
2 𝑥2 𝑦−𝑥
8. Evaluate ∫0 ∫0 ∫0 (2𝑥 − 𝑦) 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
9. Use a triple integral to compute the volume of the tetrahedron T bounded by the planes
x + 2y + z = 2, x = 2y, x = 0 and z = 0.
10. Compute the mass and center of mass of a triangular lamina with vertices (0,0), (1,0)
and (0,2) if the density function is p(x, y)=1 + 3x + y.
11. Compute the mass and center of mass of the lamina that occupies the region 𝐷 =
{(𝑥, 𝑦)| 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3, 1 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 4} and has the given density function 𝜌 = 𝑘𝑦 2 .
12. The density at any point on a semicircular lamina is proportional to the distance from the
center of the circle. Find the center of mass of the lamina.
13. Find the moments of inertia Ix, Iy, and I0 of a homogeneous disk D with density
𝜌(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝜌 , center the origin, and radius a.

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