TOPIC 1 : DATABASE CONCEPTS
Data Raw facts and constitutes building block of information
Information Produced by processing data
Used to reveal meaning of data
Accurate, relevant, timely information (key to good decision making = key to organizational
survival in global environment)
Data Transformation process (applying knowledge Information
by selecting, organizing and manipulating)
D
Database A shared, integrated computer structure that stores End User data and Metadata
an organized collection of structured information, or data, typically stored electronically in a
computer system.
End user data
Raw facts of interest to the end user
This is the actual information you care about, like names, numbers, or anything you want to
keep track of (e.g., a list of your friends' phone numbers).
Metadata
Data about data
Description of the data characteristics n set of relationship that link the data found within the
database
Database Management Collection of programs that manages database structure and control access to data ( only
System (DBMS) certain can access)
Makes data management more e icient and e ective
Process of managing data for proper generation, storage n retrieval
Possible to share data among multiple users or app
Role/advantages of DBMS DBMS is intermediary between users n database
Database structure stored as file collection
Can only access files through the DBMS
DBMS enables data to be shares
DBMS integrates many users’views of the data
Advantages of DBMS Improved data sharing
Improved data security
Better data integration
Minimize data inconsistency
Improved data access
Types of Databases [Link]fied by number of users
Single user:
Support only one user at a time (Desktop = running on a personal computer)
Multi user:
Support multiple user at same time ( Workgroup = supports a small group of users or a single
department <50
Enterprise = supports a large group of users of entire organization >50
[Link]fied by database location
Centralized = supports data located at a single site
Distributed = Supports data distribute across several sites
[Link]fied by expected type n extent of use
Operational database = aka Online transaction processing database, transactional database
or production database
Analytical database = 2 main components, data warehouse n Online analytical processing
= Stores data used to generate information required to make
tactical/strategic decision
**slides 16,17,18,19
Why database design Defines the database’s expected use
important? Avoid redundant data
Poorly designed database leads to bad decision lead to failure of organization
Well designed database facilitates data management n generates accurate n valuable
information
Manual File systems Collection of file folders kept in file cabinet
Arrangement within folder based on data’s expected use
System adequate for small amounts of data with few reporting requirements
Finding n using data of file folders became time consuming n cumbersome
** slides 22,23,24,25
Problem with file system Requires extensive programming = time-consuming
Data Processing Cannot perform ad-hoc queries = need to write program even the simplest record
System administration can be complex n di icult = as number of files expand
Di icult to make changes to existing file structure = require modification in all programs that
use I that data file
Security features likely to be inadequate
Structural dependence= access to file depends on its structure
Data dependence = changes in data storage characteristics a ect the application program’s
ability to access the data
Data redundancy Same data are stored unnecessarily at di erent places
-Data redundancy results in data inconsistency
- Data inconsistency = data that lack of data integrity
-Data anomalies develop when required changes in redundant data are not made successfully
Data Anomalies Abnormal condition occur due to data redundancy that force field value changes in many
di erent locations
Types of data anomalies:
-Update
-Insertion anomalies
-Deletion anomalies