Matrix: It is a

rectangular away of numbers arranged

and
in rows columns. We use
capital letters A, B, C and

to matrices
so on
refer
--- -

A a
a12... ain
=

a21 a22... 2n
:

-a me... me-myn

In
general ajj
will denote (i,j) entry of A

Minor element matrix:

of an in a

obtained and
It is the determinant by deleting the now

umn which lies.

in
-T
the
element
ex: -

If A =

9.1912 a,3 then minus

of a, is
92,822823
-

931832933-

R, a22
=

823

962933

Elementary transformations (or operations) on a matrix:

Interchange columns denoted

1) of any
2 cons of
by
R.<Rj orC,((j

Multiplication elements (column)

2) of the
of a row by a

scalar denoted
KR,
by R. C. ->KC,
non-zero -> or

1
 element
3) Multiplying every of a row with a non-zero

scalar and adding elements

to the
corresponding of
another denoted
row
by R. ->
R, +kR
j, c,
+
c, +
k<j
An elementary transformation is called a row

transformation on a column
transformation according as

columns.
it
applies to rows or

Rank Let A matrix. The

of a matrix: be a man

matrix A is said to rank

have
rif
exists atleast order
1) There one minor
of of
matrix A, which does not vanish.

All order (which formed

2) minors
of r+1 can be

must vanish

The rank the matrix is denoted

by SCA)
of or

rank (A).

Note:

1)
Rank of null matrix is always on

matrix it is
2) Rank
of a is 1 if a non-zero

mat six

where order
x) ((II) n
=
n is the
of
matrix

2
 A matrix order
4)
If
is a
of men then

9) A) = min(m,n)

5) f A is a matrix
of order n and A is

non-singular (i.e. (Al fo) then SCA) n

=

6) I (Al =
0, then S(A) < n

Ex: Determine
=
the
rank of following matrics i

YA = -10 6

3 6 I

51 3
-- -

1A1 =
-

1(18 -
1 + 6(3 30)+ 181
=

t0
: f(A) =
3

I
-

2)A = 123

345

-456 -

(A) = 0

:((t) - 3

Consider ad
of
?=-20
a minor 2 =

i f(t) = 2

3
 234
-

34A =

56 7 g

5
-

870
3x4
-

Rank (A) min(3,4) [3

conside the minor order

of 3

I 2 3

5 6 7
2470
=

8 T O

:. f(t) 3
=

-
-

I
4A =
2 3

2 4 6 2

I 2 3 2-
-

Her 2 f(t) 3
=

observe that order vanish

we minous
of is

Consider order 2,
minor
of
3 I 3
=
I0
32

: s(t) 2 =

Rank of matrix can be found by:

1) Minor method

2) Echelon
form of matrix

Normal canonical form

3)
form or

4
Rowechelon form of matrix: A matrix is said to be in

row echelon
form if it has the
following properties:

1 the
leading entry (first non-zero
entry) of each row

is unity

2) all the entries below this

leading entry is zero.

3) number
of zeros
appearing before the
leading entry
in each is than that the
row
greater in

previous row.

4) rows must below

zero
appear non-zero rows

Note: The echelon

number
of non-zero rows in the

called rank
form of matrix is
of A

No
- .
-

ex:
1) o I 2)00025
0056
w
·02 4oX
-
o 0 00 -0 0 0 1 1

This is not in row echelon

-
form.
380056 -
-

00042 47 I 2 p 0 This is not

O 0000X O O O o X in row

O 0000 -
O I · o. echelon
form
5
 Reduced row echelon
form (rref): A matrix is said

to be in reduced echelon form

row
if

1) matrix is in echelon
The row
form

2) The
first nonzero
entry
in each row is the
only
its column.
nonzero
entry in

ex:- i i o 00

I is
ref
· o p O in r

-
O
00 p
0-

-
-
~

2) 05 o s

isin
O 0004
ref
0 O 00 0

3 o
① isin
ref
O O O

-0001.
- -

O o o b
43
⑰ is not
O O O in
reef
O O O -

-
8 O O
O -

6
Obtain reduced row echelon form of the matrices and hence

find its rank.

- -

1 A = I 23

I 4 2

-
2 6 5-

R ->
R, -

R,
I -

I 2 3

-
O 2 -
I

2 6 5
-
-

R, R3 2Rp
-> -

- -

I 2 3

- O 2
-
I

O 2 ~
-
-

Ry ->
Rz R2
-

- -

I 2 3

-
B 2 -
I

-
O O 0-

7
 R, ->
R,
-

R2
I -

I O 4

~
O 2 -
I

-
O O 0.

R, +
+ Re
-
-

I O 4

is
2
reefofeven
~ O I -

O O 0-
-

.
rank (A) =
2

2)A
=-- -
2 -

G 12 6

5105
- -

R. -> -1
XR,
-
-

- 2 7

-
6 12 G

-
5 10 5-

Rc -
R,-6R,- -

I 2 I

a
O O O

5 10 5
-
-

8
 R. ->
Rz -

5R,
- -

7 2 I

-
o O O is reef of given
O O 0. matrix.
-

... rank (A) = 1

3) A =
-1 3 4 3

3 912 3

-
I 3 41-

Rz +
Rc 3R,,Ry +
R, R,
-
-

- -

7 34 3

-
O 00 -
6

-00 O -

&

R, -+
Rz R 2 6x 0
-
- =
-

-
-
6x 2 =

& 34 3 .:x
-
=

N
O 00 -
f

O O O 0-
-

R2- IX 2
-

-
&

1343

-
O 00 I

-
O 00 0-

9
 R, R.
-
-

3R2
- -

I 3 4 O

is
reef of given
~
O 0 0 I

-O O O 0. matrix.

.. rank (t) = 2

the echelon the matrices and

obtain
form of hence

find its rank.

4)A =
- 2 3 O

2 4 3 2

3 2 I 3

6 8 T 5
-
-

R, +
P2-2R, , Pg +
Rg-3R,, Ry
->

Rp-6R,
- -

I 2 3 p

a
O O -

3 2

O
-
4 S
=
3

-O -
4 -
1 5-

R-tR3- -

I 23 O

~
O - 4 -
83

O O -
3 2

-
O -
4 -

I 5-

10
 R, R4
=>

- -

I 2 3 O

- O -
4 -
S 3

0 -
4 -
11 5

O O -
3 2.
-

Ry ->
Rz R2
-

- -

1230

w 0 -
4 -
83

O 0 -32

-O O -

32-

Rp ->
Rp -

B2
-
~

I 2 3 O

- O -
4-8 3

O 0 -32

O O O 0-
-

&- -
-
- XRc,Rz -
-

XR,
-
-

I 2 30

echelon
~ O I 2
is now
-

matrix
O O 7
I form of
-
O O O O
-

.
rank (A) = 3

11
 -

I T
56A =
O 2 3 4

is
2 3 5

4 S
-

<> Ra
R

- -

2 3 5 4

~ O 2 3 4

↓ g 12
-
13 ·-

Rz ->
Ry
-

2R,
~ -

2 3 5 4

N
O 23 4

O 23 4
-
-

R. ->
Rz
-

R2
-
-

2 3 54

- O 23 4

O
-
O 00

R. ->
tR,,Rz +
R,
- -

1 3le 5)
n 2

3/2
N 2
O I

O O O 0.
-

12
 . rank (A) = 2

Find
6) the value
of b in the matrix. 54

O 32

-b 13
10-

that its rank is

given 2

rank (A) <order

Sol;- Since
of matrix
lAl
=>
=

I 5 4

0 3 2 = O

b 13 10

1(30 - 26) -

5(0 -
2b) + 4(0 -

36) 0
=

4
+lob -
leb =
0

4 - 2b 0=b =
2
=

OR

R3 ->
R,
-

bR/
-
-

~ I 5 4 I

O 3 2

013 - 5b 10 4b-
=
13 -
56 -

3x 0 =

13 -
56 = 3x

R +
R, f(13 5b)R, :x
1(13 5 b)
-
-
= -
-

13
 - &

5b)
I 5 4 10 4b
2(13
- -
-

O 3 2 30 - 126 -
26+10b

·ze
~ 3
O
-

Ez
-

Since rank (A) = 2

2b
42b O - 4 0
=
= -

ib 2
=

1) Find value
of K such that
following matrix A

may
have rank
equal to 2

- -

I I I
7 7

I 2 4 12

I 4 10
k-
- -

Sot: R Ry + Ry R,
->
R, R,,
- -

-
~

7 I I I
-
O I 3 k- 1

-039 ( -1=

Ry +
Rz 3R2 -

-
-

I S I
-

O I 3 k -
1

-
D O O 1 -
1 - 3k + 3-

14
 Since rank (A) = 2
=
x -
3k + 2 0
=

x -

21 -
k+ 2 0
=

x(x -
2) - 1(k -
2) 0
=

.k
1,2
=

-2> 5

I
Obtain matrix
s) meet of the 4

3456 and itsrank

4 B 6 T

-9 10 1 12-

Sol:
Rc -> Pr R,
-

- -

- 2 3 4 5

I I I I

45 b T

-
9 10 1 ( 12 -

R-t R,
- -

- I I I I

2 34 5

456 T

-
910 11 12-

R + Rc 2R,,Rz -
+
Rz -

4R,,R,
-
R,- 9R,

15
 F
-

I 7 I
7

O I 2 3

~
O I 2 3

( 3
O 2 -

R, ->
Rz Rc,Rx
-
-
Rx -

R2
- -

- I I I

O 12 3

O O O O

O O oO
-

1, ->R, -

R2
->
-

I 8 -
I -
2

-
O I 2 3

O 00 O

-
O O O O
-

:rank(t) =
2

16
xercise;
E

the echelon the matrices and

obtain
form of hence

find its rank.

- ~

17 A =
- 2 O I 2)A =
in +
4

2 -

1 I O 243 4

3 -
3 I I I 2 3 4

- I - 1 -
I I -- 2 6 - 7
- -

Andi rank (A) = 2 Ans:rank (A) = 3

-
-

34 A = 2 -

I -

3-1 4) A =
to -
3 -
I 2 3- 1 I O I 7

I O I I 31 O 2

C
-
I 7 -
1- -
I 1 -
20 -

Ans: -
rank (A) = 3 Ans: rank (t)=
- 2

- -
-

53A =
1 2 32 6 A = 21 6

2 35 I 2 1 O I

- 345- 3 O I 3

Ans: rank (t) -

= 2
-
5 1 1 4 -

Ans: -
rank (A) = 3

17
system of linear equations:
A linear unknowns is
set
of in
equations in a

as
follows:

3
ad+ acct.... +
anun b, =

12nt....
bz
+
a,x, +
an

- . . - - ~ ⑧ ~
-
=
ax,+ amet..-
+
and on bo

where
as and his are constants

all
If b, 62, . . .

be are
zero, the
system is
said to be homogeneous.
values all
The set
of a,e, . . .
on
which
satisfy
the
equations simultaneously is called solution
of
system of equations.
can written
The above system be in matrix folm:
A
-
- ..
- -

a,, a,..- a,n x, by

xz =
be
a21322..- a2x
: i
:
-

am, ame... omn--an-nxy-br

my n mx

i.e. AX = B
-S
myn
I
uxl
mx

18
 20]
Ax = is the matrix representation of homogeneous
system of equations where [0] is the null matrix

add Hu
of mx1.
x, =xz xz
=
xn 0 is
=
=

=...

always a solution
of homogeneous system of equations
and is called trivial solution. atleast
I one
up
(i =
1, 2, n) is non-zero then it is called a
...

non-trivial solution. If B is not a zero matrix,

is not all
that
6,..... bm are zero, then the
system is called non-homogeneous linear system

of equations.

consistency of system of linear equations:

A linear equations is said

system of to be consistint
if
it has atleast one solution.
A
system equations is inconsistent if it has no
of
solution.

Rank matrix conclude the system

of helps us to
if is

consistent or inconsistent.
The system of equations represented by matrix
equation
consistent rains (A) rank ([A: BT)
Ax = B is if =

-[Link]...ain:b,
- .

where (A:B] =

92122... Oan: b2

a ... Sun: Yu-

called
is augmented matrix.

19
 the system of equations is inconsistent
if

rank (A) + rank (CA: B]]

conditions solution:
for 3
types of

is unique solution: rank (A) = ranb/<A:B]) = r =

m, n
being
unknowns
no of

solutions: rank (A) rank ([A: B])

2)
Infinite = = r <h

3)
No solution: rank (A) + rank (SA:B]]

Gause-elimination method solve

to
system of equations(x)
is consider, Augmented matrix: 2A:B]

2) Obtain now echelon

form CA:B] (upper triangular form
of
called
if we obtain
reef of SA:B], then method is
Gaust-Jordan method) elementary operations
by employing now

and
3) Determine rank
of A rank
of [A:B]

4)
If rank (A) = rank (CA:BT), then system is consistent

I have solution(s). Otherwise, system is inconsistent

ranksAS=[Link])
5 =n
(no of unknown the
en

20
6) rank (A) ranb(SA:BY) (no of unknown) the
If then
= In

has
system infinite solutions

In thiscase we choose n-r

free variables

Here r is rank (A) (or rank (SA:B]l(

Ax B =

consistent I has a son or volms) In consistent (has no soln

if (A) rank([A:B]) (sayr) rank (A) Frank (SA:B]]

rank =
if

Unique soln
Infinite solus
and
if
r =
n, no of unknowns if r<n, g unknowing
of n-r

free variables.
Geometric explanation:

ax +
a,zy b,
= ->
0 Geometrically & and @

0 represent straight lines

a,x +
qzy bz
=
+

⑭ O
② Q

solve unique solu

infinite no solution

Method solution system

*
of finding to the
of equations
reduced echelor
form (diagonal matrix form) is
using
row

called Gauss-Jordan method

21
Text
for consistency of the
given system of equations
and solve by Gauss elimination
x + + z 6
y
=

x 5
y + z2 =
-

3x + + z 8
y
=

soli - For the given system

-

A=
-
-

I 7 B =

I -
I 2 5
I

-
3 1. -8 -

[A:B] .. I I I s
·
is the
augmented matrix

I -
I 2 i5

-
3 - is

R. R R,,R,
R,-R,
-> - +

F
[A:B] N I 7 I i6

0 -
2 1: -
1

o-2 2 10
- -

Ry -> Rz Rz
-

[A:B] I I 1: 6-
0-2 1: -
1
->
100 -
3:- 9-

22
 .
rank (A) =
rank((A: B]) =
3

Alson, 10 of unknownt 3
=

. The
given system of equations is consistent and
will have unique solution.

*
can be written as

x +
y
+ z =
6 -
0
-

zy
+ z =
- 1 +
0
-
32 =
-
9 +
8 - 2 = 3

85 2y + 3 15
2y=-45(y=
-
-
=
=
2

0 = x + 23 +
6
=
=>
(x 6
= -
5 1
=

14
24 x
4y + 7z
- =

3x +
8y -
22 13
=

+ 26z 5
7x -

8y =

Dol: (A:B] =
- -

4 7: 14-
3 8- 2:13

-> -

826:5-

&-> R, -

3R,,Ry +
Ry- [R,
-
-

-- 47:14

2A:B] =
020 - 23:- 29

-
O 20
-

23: -

93-

23
 Rz +
Pz -

R2
-

[A:B] 1
= -
47:14
O 20 - 23:- 29

-
O O 0:= 64-

rank (A) =2, rank (A: B] = 3

Here rank (A) I rank ([A:B]]

Hence the
system is inconsistent (no solution.

3x + 2y + 32 14
=

4x +
5y + 72 35 =

3x + 4z 21
3y + =

-12
-

Sol: -
[A:B] = 3 :14

457 : 35

-
3 34:21-

R-+ R2 4R,,Ry - R 3R,

-
=

-
-

CA:B] w
I 2 3:14

0 -
-
5:- 21

o -
3 -
5:- 21
-
-

Rz -
Rz -

R2

24
 [A:B]v-
-

2 3:14

0 -
3 -
5:- 2)
->
-O O O :0

rank (A) = rank ([A:B]) =

2cb(r(n)
system consistent and will have
the is infinite
solutions. system
The has n-r = 3-2=1
free variable
(can take
arbitrary value)

* can be written as

x +
2y + 32 14 = ->
0
-

3y
-
52=-21. =
by
+ 5z = 21 + 0
Let z=K be
arbitrary
853y + 5k 21
=

255k 1
. 7
y
= -
=

2(1 5xT x 1
+ 3k
1
x =

⑥=
+ -

x + -
+ 3k 14 =

n =
-
3k
+
=)
:x k/3
= .: x =-
f10k
. x
t,
=

y= 7-5,
z = k
represent infinite

solutions, since K is
arbitrary.

25
 4) For what values simultaneous
of 1, in
the
equations
2x +
9, 3y 22
8,2x +
3y xz+
M have
+ 52 7x +
by
=
-
=
=

as unique solution 6)
no solution of infinite of solutions

- -

sol: -
[A:B] = z 35 i9

T 3 -

2:8

-
2
3X:R- 8 -

zx =

8
6
-

R- ->
Rz -

zR,,Ry +
Ry -

R, 3 -

z(z) 3-1 =

-
-
-

N 2 35:9
2
2x5
- =
-

472
15 39:
-

O
-

-
2 -

35
=-

455
x- 9
-
O O
5:M- -

Case1) Unique solution: - The

system will have
unique solution
x-570 =x#5 and value
if I may have
any
([A: BT)
I *#5 than rank (A) =
rank = 3 =

10 of
unknowns.

Case 2] No solution:
x 5 and M+9 then rank (Al-2 and
# =

rank ([A;B]) = 3.

#)([A:B])
Since SCA) the system of equations
will have no solution.

solutions:
Cases) Infinite 10 of
x 5
* = and M 9,= then rank (A)=rank/[A:B]) = 2

unknowns and will

cas of system have
infinite
26
 solutions.
of
solution the
system Gauss-Jadan
Obtain the
of given by
method

1x, 2x 4
+
-

x =

+ 1
3x xz
-

2x,
=

+ 5
3x, 2x +
xz
=

Soli- CA: B] =
T + 2 : 4
2 3 - : I

3
-
2 I :5-

R, Rx
2R,,Rz-Pz 3R,
- - -

I - 2:4

v 05 -

5:-7

-05 -
5: -

7-

R, -
Ry -

Re
-
-

--- 2 : 4
a
05 -
5:- 7

O O O = 0.
-

R
- EP2 - -

1 + 2:4
a
01 -

1:
-

7/5

000:0 -

27
 4
Ei
-

R, ->R, +
R2
-
-

T O 7 · 13/5
a
O I -1:
-

75
->
usef
-O O O · . .
-
0

rank (A) wank (1A:B]) =2<n0 unknowns (3)

=

of
:The
given system is consistent and will have

solutions
infinite 40 of
is free variable
Here, there n-r= 3-2=1

0 = x + xz 13)y- @
=

I +*
13/5 =
X=
d -

xj:
-

Y5 +
8 -71g 7

set (x = Kbe the free variable

particulaa
pot of corres.

homogeneous
system.

&za:1 -

k,8 =dz =

z
+ k

2x, +
x+ xz + xp +
dz 2
=

+ + 3
x x + xz 2xx +
2xz
=

+ +
x +
x+ x 2xp 3x 2
=

- -

Dol:
-
[A: B] =
I I I 7 1: 2

I -122:3

-
I I 123:2-

28