SCIENCE REVIEWER • V = Volume in liters (L)

Santi ni Amanda • N = Amount of Gas in moles (mol)

• T = Temperature in Kelvin (K)
Gas Laws • R = Constant (0.0821 L. atm/mole.K)
Pressure(V)
• Force exerted by gas against the walls Biomolecules
of a container • Biological molecules; substances
• Unit: atmosphere(atm), mmHg, torr, produced by cells & living organism
pascal • Smallest functioning unit: monomer
• 1 atm = 1 mmHg = 1 torr • 2 Monomer = 1 dimer
• 1 atm = 101.325 kPa • Several Monomers = 1 polymer
Volume(V)
• Space occupied by the gas
• Unit: Liter (L), Milliliter (mL)
• 1 Liter = 1000mL = 1cm³
Temperature(T)
• Kinetic energy and rate of motion of
gas particles
• Unit: Celsius (°C) & Kelvin (K)
• C -> K = + 273.15
• K -> C = - 273.15
Amount(n)
• Quantity of gas present in a container
• Unit: Gram(g), moles(mol)
• 1 mole = 6.022 x 10²³
Robert Boyle’s Law
• Pressure & Volume
• Inversely Proportional
• P1V1 = P2V2
• Example: Lungs, Syringe Carbohydrates
Jacques Charles’s Law • Also known as saccarides
• Volume & Temperature • French term: hydrate de carnone
• Directly Proportional • C6 H12 06
•
𝑽𝟏
=
𝑽𝟐 • Supply cells with “instant energy”
𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐
• Most abundant source of energy
• Example: Hot Air Balloon
• Regulation of nerve tissue and energy
Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac’s Law
source for the brain
• Pressure & Temperature
• Rich in Fiber
• Directly Proportional
𝑷𝟏 𝑷𝟐 • Monosaccarides > Disaccaride >
• = Polysaccarides
𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐
Avogadro’s Law
• Volume & Amount of Moles
• Directly Proportional Monosaccarides
•
𝑽𝟏
=
𝑽𝟐
• Simplest sugar
𝑵𝟏 𝑵𝟐
Ideal Gas Law • Glucose(dextrose),
• PV = nRT fructose/levulose(sugar),
• P = Pressure in atmospheres (atm) galactose(mlik)
 • C6 H12 O6 • Located in the nucleus of the cell
Disaccarides • CHONP
• Sucrose(sugar), • DNA & RNA: Most common
• Lactose(milk sugar)galactose + glucose • Building blocks: nucleotides A, T, U, C,
• Maltose = Glucose + Glucose G
• C12 H22 O1 • Phosphate group
Polysaccarides
• Also called glycans Chemical Reaction
• Starch • Process where properties of the
o Provide quick form of energy original substance change into a new
for the body substance with different physical and
• Cellulose chemical properties
o Gives fiber; found in plants • Two parts: reactant & product
• Glycogen Physical Change
o Used for energy storage in • Physical change in form without the
animals change in chemical properties
• Chitin Chemical Change
o Forms the exoskeleton of • Formation of new substances with
certain insects different properties
Lipids Evidences of Chemical Reaction
• Stored-energy molecules • Change of color
• Building block: fatty acids • Formation of gas
• CH3 (CH2)nCOOH • Temperature change
• Provide mechanical protection for the • Change in smell
internal organs • Formation of precipitate
• Hydrophobic Law of Conservation of Mass
• Fats • Matter is neither created nor
o Energy storage destroyed
• Waxes Rate of Reaction
o For protection • Speed of reaction
• Phospolipids • Reactions take place when particles
o Prevents accumulation of fats collide with a certain amount of
in liver energy
• Ethanol Emulsion Test • The minimum amount of energy
Proteins needed for the particles to react is
• Body-building molecules; grow called activation of energy
• Transport molecules in and out of cell Collision Theory
• Building Blocks: Amino acids • Particles described as spheres; how
• RCH (NH2) fast they move depends on energy
• Enzyme – Catalyze chemical reaction Effective Collision
• Lipase – digestion of fats • Occurs when colliding molecules
• Pepsin – breakdown of proteins posses a minimum kinetic energy
• Sucrose – digestion of sugar & starch • Reactants should be in correct
• Biuret Test orientation
Nucleic Acids Factors Affecting Rate of Reaction
• Storage, transfer, expression of • Temperature, Surface Area,
genetic information Concentration, Catalysts
Temperature
• Higher the temperature, faster rate of
reaction
Surface Area
• Smaller pieces = larger surface area
Concentration
• Higher concentration = more particles
in the same amount of space
Catalysts
• Does not produce more products;
produces the same amount faster
o Nickel
o Iron