GUJARAT STATE FERTILIZERS & CHEMICALS LTD

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SAFETY MANAGEMEooNT
POOlSPAPER-1 01

Rajesh Sanaria, Mo. 9974705655

POlS 2013-14
 Safety Management PDIS - 101·

Explain the concept of safety and problem of industrial accident (5) 2013

Safety means reducing risks at acceptable leve~risk can't be reduce to zero level
some risk is there in spite of a" safety precautions so far no full proof safety system
is developed so as a compromise formula, we have to accept safety ala level which
/
is generally acceptable ..

The word "SAFETY" can also be better explained in the following way

>- S= science of safety for self, health and environment

>- A= art of science for accident prevention
>- F= full proof system
>- E= engineering controls
>- T= training
>- Y= yawl to save humidity

The main problems of industrial accident are as below (2012)

(1) problem which leads to an accident

(2) .Problem which can prevent accident
(3) Predictable accidents
(4) Unpredictable accidents

80% accidents are predictable and they can be prevented by advanced planning
and safety

20 % accidents. are unpredictable and they are difficult to prevent however they can
be prevented either by chance or luck

Q-2 Why accident should be prevented (5) 2013 OR Short note. Reason
for Accident Prevention. (5) 2011

Ans. A" accident must be prevented as they cause human sufferings

~ .People consider damaged to health or self more seriously than damage to
wealth
~ Cost of accident, loss of profit etc .. are also powerful economical reasons to
prevent accidents.
>- Accidents create legal problems
>- Legal provisions invite prosecution and punishment to avoid imprisonment mind
in case of serious accidents
>- One will prefer to prevent an accidents to many accidents may destabilize.
>- Workers trust in safety policy of the company which in long run creates shortage
of skilled and capable workers.
>- For all the presence accident should be prevented at all costs.

Q-3 Explain factors impending safety (5) 2013,2012

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There are various factors which call for the action oriented safety governance. But
certain elements are impending or rather imminent. They must form an integral part
of the functions like inspections, audits, surveys, training, technology, process,
operation, engineering and maintenance procedures. The regular Management
Information exercises must offer higher thrust on such aspects. The responsibility
matrix for compliance of correcting such factors must be clearly indicated in the key
performance areas of managerial staff. All types of approved recommendations
must evolve a time bound action plan. They must also be regularly monitored and
status reviewed regularly all the points have been duly complied with.

Such factors which directly or indirectly contributes to safety problems few areas
under

(1) Physical factors

(2) Psychological factors
(3) Physico psycho factors
(4) Wrong design of work place
(5) Wrong design of work
(6) Improper design of work flow
(7) Improper design of work practices
(8) Management or workers not properly motivated
(9) Lack of understanding of the behavioral problems
(10) Misconceptions about accidents and accident proneness

Q-4 Explain five "E"s of accident prevention 2013, 2012

Safety or accident prevention can be achieved by the following five e methods

(1) Education and training:

~ This has long term and permanent effect
~ This is most powerful remedies for concept of the workers
~ It helps in finding out unsafe conditional also.

The workers saf~ty training prog. Include-

~ Safety rules and safe procedures
~ Training of specialized job
~ Job safety analysis
~ Safety instruction for variety of jobs
(2) Engineering control:
~ Poor illumination and ventilation unguarded machinery
~ Mechanical, Electrical, physical and chemical hazard
~ Dangerous locations or situations etc. are unsafe conditions
~ Which can be eliminated in the design stage or subsequent engineering
revision and control
~ This is the first and most effective remedy.

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 Safety Management PDIS - 101

(3) Enforcement:
>- All statuary safety provisions should be followed
>- for our own safety and safety of hazards
>- Self initiations for full compliance is necessary
>- Qtherwise govt. authorities may take actions
>- .. Other safety rules for our plant should also be framed and followed
>-Willful neglect disobey of safety rules or orders should be dealt with strictly

(4) Enthusiasm: .
.>- Like a catalyst it adds to safety awareness and motivation.
>- It should come from the top management to the lowest workers.
>-It will keep the workers safety conscious.
>- It can be developed and maintained by proper safety attitude competition
prizes awards publicity incentives etc.

(5) Example setting:

>- The top executives manager and supervisors should set an example to
others by the self enforcement of the safety rules.
>- Others will follow them this is a chain reaction to increase and maintain
safety.

0-5 Role of psychological factor in accident causation (5) 2012

Ans. The purpose of Psychological is done because of following reasons:

• ·It helps to devise methods to find out possibilities of accidents

• It helps to find out causes of accidents
• It helps to find out ways and means to prevent accidents.

Following factors affecting the accidents.

1. Attitude
2. Aptitude J
3. Frustration
4. Conflict
5. Morale
6. Fatigue
7. Boredom
8. Monotony

Q-6. Explain the following terms and explain role of psychological factors in
accident causation. 2013

Attitudes-

>- It means the way that we think and feel about certain things.
>- It means how we think about certain things.
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~ It means predispositions about certain things of people.

~ It is a frame of reference which affects our opinion.
~ Youth is an attitude of mind it is a kind of mental set.

Aptitude:-

~ it means interest or ability or fitness for certain skill or actions.

~ Workers need proper and positive aptitude towards work and safety.
~ if the workers don't have interest in safety they may cause an accident.
Itclassifies into five categories
(1) Mental abilities
(2) Machine or men related skill
(3) Visual skill or deep vision
(4) Specialized aptitude or skill or skills and specialized area
(5) Psychomotor abilities (muscular abilities)

Frustration :-

~ It means defeat disappointment because of failure.

~ Interruption in achieving goal.
~ It is a feeling burnout of continues failure.
~ It means inability to change situation in our all own favor.
~ It affects our thinking power alterness and theirby causes accident.

Fatigue:-

~ It means abnormal tiredness

~ It means reduction in ability to work
~ It means decrease in the capacity of the workers to the work or loss of is
efficiency
~ It decrease which will,ingne.$s to work
~ his interest in work reduce.

It is a psychological phenomenon. It is measured through ERGOGRAPH study.

Bordum :-

~ It is a psychological feeling like mental dullness.

~ It is created by doing job which does not have a work challenges.
~ It is affects his thinking power and alertness.
~ It creates higher changes of accidents.
~ Board persons required change from his routine work environment or routine
company of fixed members.
~ Repetition of same type of work for long time.
~ Spirit is willing to work but muscles refuse to work.

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Monotony:-

~ It means doing a job repetitively for a long time

~ It is a mental phenomenon.
~ It is felt during the middle period of work and disappearing anticipation of the
end period.

Q-7 Explain various element of management. or POSDCORB theory (5) 2013

}> P= planning
I
}> O=organizing
t· >. S= staffing.
}> D=directing
}> CO= controlling

}> R=reporting
~ B= budgeting
Planning:-
}> Means pre thinking of the resources, timelimit within which the job is
completed
}> The probable difficulties and their solutions during the work.

Organizing:-
}> Means systematic utilizations of available resources in proper manner.
}> The person who organizes different resources is called d an organizer.

}> The role of organiier is to get the best result in minimum time.

In the most economical way .

•
}>

Staffing:-
}> Means selecting rite person for right job .
}> The process of selecting a person on merit who is capable to discharges

functions assigned to a particular job.

Directing:-
}> Means giving advice, instructions. .
}> Directions or orders in management directions always come from the top
officer to middle level and lower level officerand staff.
}> The flow of information Is always from bottom to top

~., F.1?[Link] directions is from top to bottom.

}> In management giving and taking direction is continue process
Conttolling:- . .
~ Means checking the performance of different resources.
}> Control is requiring for the quality output and discipline.
}> It classified in two categories (1) internal, (2) external
Reporting:-
}> Means give a report to· the higher officer about the work done out of the
totally job assigned.
}> It also includes the reasons for not completing certain jobs.
}> Normally reporting from the lower level to the higher level.
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~ It is one of the methods of controlling.

Budgeting:-
~ Means estimations of income and expenditures for particular periods.
~ It also means balancing the income and expenditure.
~ Where the expenditure is more than income we have either to raise income
or reduce expenditure

Q-8 Define the following term (5) 2013,2012

Hazard :-

Hazard means a situation which can cause an injury to worker, injury to his health
or damage" to animals, plant, and environment.

Accident :-

An accident is an unplanned event or it's sequence caused by unsafe condition or

unsafe act and may result in immediate or delayed undesirable effect
or.
Accident is a unplanned event that interrupt the completion of activity that may
cause damage to person, property or environment.
Incident :-

An Unplanned event or series of event that has or could have caused injury to
people or damage to asset or damage to environment and loss of reputation.
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Near Miss :-
4
It Means any unplanned, sudden event that could have caused injury to man,
material or environment or could "have involved a loss of contaminate possibly 4
giving rise to adverse effect but not result at in such accident
•
Risk :-
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Risk is the combination. of the probability of occurrence and it's severity of
consequence

MAH:- (Major Hazard Installation)

It means isolated storage and industrial activity at a dite handling of hazardous

chemicals equal to or in excess of the threshold quantities specified in Sched. 2&3 .
. .
Q-9 Unsafe Act and Unsafe Condition 2012

Ans. Unsafe Act :-

~ Means either a positive act or failure to perform an act which a prudent man
should not have done which result in hazard, accident or injury.
~ The unsafe act might be deliberate or committed due to absence of
knowledge, human error or mistake etc.
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» The unsafe act may be the sole accident cause or one of the several cause
» Example standing under suspended load; design mistake; removes of safe
guard etc.

Unsafe Condition:-

» it means existence of a mechanical, physical, chemical or environmental

condition, situation or state of affairs which may cause hazard or accident.
» The unsafe condition might be the result of any unsafe act or accidental
failure of the safe condition.
» The unsafe condition may be the sole accident cause or one of several
causes.
» Example wrong design, no guard on machinery, no provision of safety
· device .

. Q-10 Write down AXioms of industrial safety as explain by H W Heinrich 2013, 2012

Ans. 1) The occurrence of an injury invariably results from a completed sequence of

factors-the last one of these being the accident itself

2) The unsafe acts of persons are responsible for a majority of accidents.

3) The persons who suffers a disabling injury caused by an unsafe act, in the
average case has had over 300 narrow escapes from serious injury as a
result of committing the very same unsafe act.

4) The severity of an injury is largely fortuitous-the occurrence of the accident

that results in injury is largely preventable.

5) The four basic motives of reasons for the occurrence of unsafe acts provide
· a guide to the selection of appropriate corrective measures.

6) Four basic methods are available for preventing accidents. These are
Engineering revision, Persuasion J and appeal, personnel adjustment and
discipline.

7) Methods of most value in accident prevention are analogous with the

methods required for control of the quality, cost and quantity of production.

8) Management has the best opportunity and ability to initiate the work of
prevention, therefore it should assume the responsibility.

9) The supervisor or foreman is the key man in individual accident prevention.

· His application of the supervision for the control of work performance is the
factor of greatest influence in successful accident prevention.

10) The humanitarian incentive for preventing accidental injury is supplemented

by two powerful economic factors

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i) The safe establishment is efficiency productive and the unsafe

co
establishment is inefficient.

Ii) The direct employer's cost of industrial injuries for compensation claims
and for medical treatment is about one-fifth of the total cost which the
employer must pay.

0-11 Explain Five Fundamental of accident prevention. 2013,2012

Ans. The five basic fundamental steps accident prevention suggested by heinrich are as
under

1. Organization
2. Fact Finding
3. Analysis of Fact Found
4. Selection of Remedy
5. Application of remedy

1. Organization:-
~ The safety organization, management or at list the planned procedure
[Link] it represents is the vehicle, the mechanism by means of which
interest is kept a live and the safety programmed is design as directed
and controlled.
~ The actual work of prevention is done by safety manager or safety officer
and the line and staff supervisor with the active support of the top
management
2. Fact Finding :-
~ The knowledge of probable or potential hazard is derived from surveys,
inspection, safety audits, observations, review or records and
investiqation. -.- _
~ Fact include the past, prevent & future fact which have cause and which
can cause accidence. .
~ Past cause is known by accident records and inquiry, "future cause is
known by HOZOP saf~ty audit, inspection etc.
3. Analysis of Facf Found:-·· '. . .
~ The third" step to accident prevention is analysis of the fact found this is
define as the work of drawing conclusions from assemble data. -Such
analysis is done by a
i. Analysis of past experience
ii. Survey and inspection
iii. Enquiry and Judgment
iv. After finding potential hazards cross analysis of records must be
made to select most important hazards or targets.
4. Selection Of Remedy :-
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-e- , }> While it is analyzed to indicate which is the proxy mate or main cause that
need to. be corrected than it suggest the fourth steps of selection of
remedy for. the analyzed hazard the four basic remedy are as under
L Engineering Control
ii. Instructions Training and Appeal
iii. Personnel Adjustment
iv.· Discipline
5. Application of remedy :-
}> . In the final steps in accident prevention is application of the selected
remedy.
}> Application of selected safety measure should be immediate and long
term.
}> Existing unsafe condition and actions should be corrected at once while
at the same time long term program should be started to include
. procedures and techniques device to anticipate and prevent situation of
the similar nature.
}> Application of remedy is the dynamic part of the accident prevention

Q-12 Explain B.B.S Programmed and its 'significance (4) 2013

It is a psychological approach to improve worker's behavior for the purpose of

reducing accident.

}> The behavior approach to safety gives good results in long run improving
working condition, working hours, rest interval etc. and also brings better safety.
}> . In' order to study the B B S the company should form a team of experience
. officers
>- They will conduct the study to find out which are the wrong behavior or difficult
behavior.
. '.
>- The. team suggests remedies' to how to improve behavior of workers to control
. the accident.

Q-13 Explain role of supervisors, workers trade unions in safety. (5) 2013, 2012 J

Ans. Role of worker:-

1. To check all guards, fencing, safety device and equipment before and after
starting of work and end of work.
2. Follow the safe methods of working.
3. Use nad ask for safety guards and PPEs.
4. TO keep and maintain good house keeping at work site.
5. To participate in safety committee meeting
6. To know about immediate danger to his work place.
7. Avoid hurry, short cuts, speed and over confidence.
8. To keep equipments/machines in safe working conditions.
9. They should provide guidance to the new workers.
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10. Suggest their views to keep safety of his department.

Rot of Supervisor

1. Assure quality of production within specified time limit and cost.

2 upervise safe working condition at all the time.
~ is attitude is the example for other workers, his attitude towards safety should
be proper.
4. T provide training to the worker at workplace.
5. gular maintenance of machines and equipment to avoid stoppage of
production
6. T carry out job safety analysis
7. To ensure safety by SOPs, safety behavior and work attitude.
8. ; onitor and maintain good housekeeping.
9 Report all accidents and taking corrective actions to avoid recurrence, .
10 Provide proper PPEs based on its proper requirement.
11. Understand workers difficulty and listen to their problems
12. T carry out legal compliance related to his work area.

Role of Trade Unions.

1. Checking and demanding for safe working conditions, safe equipments and to
Pi ovide safe working environment.
D.:.manding for providing continuous training regarding use of PPEs, and
devices for working condition.
lead for onsite emergency plan
4. Checking for odd shifts, working hours, welfare facility and work load etc.
5. To participant in safety programme, safety campaign, seminar and motivational
programme actively.'
6. Pa icipant in safety committee meeting.
7. Assisting management in identifying occupational hazards.
8. Controlling hazards on the spot as far as possible and assisting management in
~ e implementing of control measures.

Q-14 Expl in Frank Bird's Domino Theory.(5) 2013

. '

Ans. In 1969 Frank Bird has analyzed 1753498 accidents reported by 297 companies of
Amenca. His conclusion is shown as below.

-\----- •. Serious or disabling injury

~~--- •. Minor Injuries .. .

----'0;-- •.Property damage accidents

-------\'-- •. Incidents with no visible injury or damage

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Inference of this 1-10-30-600 ratio is that no injury accidents, with 10 minor and 1
major injury accident, provide a much larger basis for many opportunities to prevent
any injury accident. Out of total 641 events, only 10 may result in minor injuries and
only 1 in major injury. But this can happen at any time not necessarily at the end.

Heinrich's theory of domino sequence is updated by Frank Bird. Jr. to explain the
circumstances that lead to injury in the chronicle order of five dominos:

Lack of control is the first domino and refers· fourth function of the management. It
involves accident investigation, facility inspection,. job analysis, personal
communication, selection and training. etc. This first domino may fall due to
inadequate standards, programmes and follow up.

Basic causes are 1) Personal factor - lack of knowledge or skill, improper

motivation and physical or mental problems 2) Job factors, inadequate work
standards, design, maintenance etc. These basic causes are origin of sub
standards acts and conditions and failure to identify them permits the second
dominos to fall.

Immediate cause are only symptoms of the underlying problem. They are
substandard practices or conditions that could cause the forth domino to fall. These
causes should be identified, classified and removed by appropriate measures.

Accident or incident is the result of unsafe acts or unsafe conditions. This point is
the contact stage.

Injury includes traumatic injury, diseases and adverse mental or systematic effects
resulting from workplace exposure. Damage includes all types of property damage
including fire. The severity of losses involving physicalharm and property damage
can be minimized by prompt reparative action.
. --.
Q-15 Give you views on statement. " As the place of industry in society has
become inevitable, safety industry is also inevitable. (5) 2013

Ans. (a) Industry .

Industrial .evolu!iQn has totally changed the world scenario and today we depend
heavily on industries for improving the quality of life. Starting from core group units
to bulk manufacturing industries and consumer product outlets industries operate
through out the length and breadth of the country. Gujarat has already occupied an
enviable status in the industrial map of India. We have a multiplicity of factories -
mega chemical works in different industrial zones, SEZ establishments (giant oil
refining and petrochemical units), large, medium and small scale units etc., Many

•
more are likely to come up. In nut shell the industrial growth hold the key for the
nation's prosperity, development and self- reliance.

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 Safety Management PDIS - 101

(b) Safety

Along with the fast track growth of industries, the challenges on safety also have
multiplied. Different types of industries carry different hazards and consequential
risks. The hazards and accident potential vary from physical, mechanical, electrical,
chemical and various other types of allied factors. The prevention tasks are difficult
but inevitable. A sincere and committed approach from all concerned is vital for
achieving the goal of high quality safety standards. Relaxation or negligence on the
part of industries to fulfill the above objective shall not be tolerated by own
employees, statutory bodies, neighboring society or public at large.

Incidents like FJixborough, Sevso, Chernobyl, Mexico, Bhopal have thrown open lot
of challenges to the next generation industrialists, considering the heavy damage a
single accident can cause - whether in the manufacturing unit, storage/ transfer
area, utility sections or during transportation by any mode ( road, rail, sea etc., )

An accident free plant only will be considered as a productive plant considering the
damage any untoward incident caused by any type of failures - human or
machinery/ equipment! toolsl tackles/ material handling equipment or transportation
vehicle.

Q-16 Explain MBO (Management by Objective) (5) 2013,2012

Ans. In management system the integrates many key managerial activities in a

systematic manner, consciously directed towards the effective and efficient
achievement of organizational and individual.

Silent features of MBO:

.-. Early emphasis: Peter Drucker acted as a catalyst by emphasizing that

objective must be sent in~1I areas where performance affects the health of
enterprise.
• Emphasis on performance appraisal: Me Aregon suggested that
subordinates assume the responsibility} of setting short term objectives for
themselves and review them with their supervisors. Performance is then
evaluated against that objectives. This approach encourages self-appraisal
of subordinates.
• Emphasis on short term safety objectives and safety motivation.
• Inclusion of strategic safety planning in the safety MBO process.
• Process of Safety MBO.
• Preliminary setting of safety objectives at the top.
• Clarification of organizational safety roles.
• Setting of subordinates safety objectives
• Recyclinq safety objectives

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.. ~--~----------------~~----~--------------------------------------------
 Safety Management PD IS - 101

Inference of this 1-10-30-600 ratio is that no injury accidents, with 10 minor and 1
major injury accident, provide a much larger basis for many opportunities to prevent
any injury accident. Out of total 641 events, only 10 may result in minor injuries and
only 1 in major injury. But this can happen at any time not necessarily at the end.

Heinrich's theory of domino sequence is updated by Frank Bird. Jr. to explain the
circumstances that lead to injury in the chronicle order of five dominos:

Lack of control is the first domino and refers fourth function of the management. It
involves accident investigation, facility inspection job analysis, personal
communication, selection and training etc. This first domino may fall due to
inadequate standards, programmes and follow up.

Basic causes are 1) Personal factor - lack of knowledge or skill, improper

motivation and physical or mental problems 2) Job factors, inadequate work
standards, design, maintenance etc. These basic causes are origin of sub
standards acts and conditions and failure to identify them permits the second
dominos to fall.

Immediate cause are only symptoms of the underlying problem. They are
substandard practices or conditions that could cause the forth domino to fall. These
causes should be identified, classified and removed by appropriate measures.

Accident or incident is the result of unsafe acts or unsafe conditions. This point is
the contact stage.

Injury includes traumatic injury, diseases and adverse mental or systematic effects
resulting from workplace exposure. Damage includes all types of property damage
including fire. The severity of losses involving physicalharm and property damage
can be minimized by prompt reparative action.

Q-15 Give you views on statement. " As the place of industry in society has
become inevitable, safety industry is also inevitable. (5) 2013

Ans. (a)Industry·

Industrial .evolution has totally changed the world scenario and today we depend
heavily on industries for improving the quality of life. Starting from core group units
to bulk manufacturing industries and consumer product outlets industries operate
throughout the length and breadth of the country. Gujarat has already occupied ail
enviable status in the industrial map of India. We have a multiplicity of factories -
mega chemical works in different industrial zones, SEZ establishments (giant oil
refining and petrochemical units), large, medium and small scale units etc., Many
more are likely to come up. In nut shell the industrial growth hold the key for the

• nation's prosperity, development and self- reliance.

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Benefits of safety MBO

• Better safety managing.

• Clarifies safety organization
• Personal safety commitment.
• Development of effective controls for safety.

0-17 Explain safety policy. (5) 2013

Ails.· As per the statutory requirement under sections 7A(3) and 41 8(2) of Factories Act,
it is mandatory to formulate safety policy in industry. The first step or objective of
any safety management is to formulate its clear safety policy in consultation with top
management. It is written statement of commitment towards safety. It should be
signed by the occupier. It should reflect the effective date of issue. The policy shall
be circulated to top, middle and supervisor level as well as to all contractors and its
workers and stock holders. It is also display at the entrance of the factory.

Guidelines on the basic contents to appear on Safety Policy.

Declared intention & commitment of the top management to health, safety and
environment and compliance of all the relevant statutes.

Organizational set up to carry out the declared policy assigning the

responsibilities at different levels and

Arrangements for making the policy effective.

In particular the policy shall specify the following:-

- Arrangements for particlpatlon

. . of workers
Intention of taking into account the health- & safety performance of
individuals at different levels while considering their career development

Fixing accountability for safety by contractors, sub contractors,

transporters or any other service providers enterlnq the factory.

Providing a resume of the Health & Safety performance of the factory in

its annual reports.

Adoption of relevant techniques and methodologies such as Audits, Risk

Assessment etc. followed by compliance of all remedial measures

• Stating its intention to integrate Health, Safety in all decision making processes
including those dealing with procurement of plants, equipments, machineries
and materials as well as selection, recruitment & placement of personnel.

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• Arrangements for communicating, educating and training/retraining of

employees/contractors/other service providers at different levels and the-
neighboring public wherever required.

• A copy of the OH & S policy issued by the occupier shall be made available to
the DISH and other officials of his dept. having direct jurisdiction of the factory.
•
f
• The policy shall be made widely notified & known by:-
C
(i). Providing copies to all workers including trainees, contractor/ transport
f
personnel and all other service providers, suppliers, customers, neighboring
industries etc.

(ii). Displaying copies at conspicuous locations and

~. .
f

• The -occupier shall revise the Policy as often as may be appropriate, but shall •
4
necessarily be revised under following contexts:-
4
(a) Whenever any expansion/addition/alteration is made that may have specific
implications on the Safety and Health aspects of personnel at work
•
f
(b) Whenever new substance (s) or articles are introduced in the manufacturing
process having implications on the Health & Safety of personnel likely to be f
exposed to them. f
Q-18 Role and responsibility of safety officer. (5) 2013,2012 4
Ans. TO advice the concerned departments in planning and organizing
safety measures for the effective control of accidents and injuries.
necessary •
• To advise on the safety aspects on all jobs and to carry out detailed job safety
studies of specifically chosen and critical activities.

• To check an~. ~valuate the compliance on the recommendations to prevent J

recurrence of incidents.

To advice the purchase and store wings in ensuring the supply of best quality
PPE.

To advice on matters related to the execution of plant safety inspections.

• To carry out own independent inspections about the physical conditions of the
work place, practices and procedures followed by workers and to extend advice
on corrective measures to be adopted .

To render advice related to reporting and investigation of accidents and-

occupational illnesses/ diseases.
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 Safety Management PDIS -101

• To undertake specific in depth investigation studies on selected accidents

especially those which are very serious (fatal, disability cases, fires, mishaps,
dangerous occurrences as defined under statutes. etc., ).

• To advice on the preparation / preservation of records on accidents/ dangerous

occurrences, occupational diseases etc.,

• To promote the setting up of safety committees and function as convener,

member secretary/ coordinator etc.,

• To organize campaigns and other promotional activities in association with

concerned departments.

• Design, formulate, organize and conduct training programs on safety for all
employees in consultation with training departments as applicable.

Q-19 Explain role of safety committee (5) 2013,2012

Ans. Section 41 G of the Factories Act and Rule 68 F of GFR provides the constitution of
the safety committee in the factory where 250 or more workers are employeed.

Composition of the committee:

A senior officer of the company from Production or Maintenance Group shall be

the chairman of the committee. Safety officer or Medical officer shall work as
Secretary of the committee. Employer shall nominate member from Production,
maintenance and purchase department. Workers representative shall be elect~d by
the workers: There will be a equal number of representatives from employees and
workers.

Tenure of safety committee shall be for he period of two years. It shall meet as
often as necessary but at leas,t, once in every three month. The minutes of the
meeting shall be recorded and produced to the Factory Inspector on demand.

Function of Safety Cormittee:

• Assisting and co-operating with the management in achieving the aim? and
objectives outlined in the Health and safety policy.
• Dealing with all matters concerning health,safety and environment and to arrive at
practicable solution to problems encountered.
• Creating safety awareness amongst the workers. ..
• Carrying out health snd safety surveys and identifying cause of accidents.
• Looking into any complaint of an imminent danger to the safety and health of the
worker and suggesting corrective measures
• Reviewing the implementation of the recommendations made by it earlier.

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Q-20 Explain Barriers in communication. (5) 2013,2012

Ans. There are many hurdles in effective communications. Following factors are known
barrier in communications.

1. All people do not remain present. .

2. Some people are present but not attentive or interested.
3. Some people present but can not read or hear properly.
4. Different age groups have different respectively
5. Speakers voice is not clear orislow
6. Some people think that they know everything.

Q-21 Explain [Link] terms with respect to principle of management (5) 2013

Ans. Authority: It means legal or delegated power or right to give order to a person.

Responsibility:- It is the obligation of a subordinates to perform the duty as

required by his superior.

Span of Management: It refers to the number of subordinates a manager or

supervisor can supervise effectively because of his
limitation of time, capacity, ability, nature of work etc.

Power:- It includes all authority. Authority is always given by a 'superior to a

subordinate. Power can reside within the person also.

Delegation:-It means conferring authority from one. executive or organization unit

to another in order to accomplish particular assignment.

Q-22 Explain X & Y Theory of Motivation (5) 2013

Ans. Theory 'Y' is more·useful to develop safety culture by motivation .

Theory X . Theory Y
Normal, conventiona] or old views Modern [Link] views regarding
regarding human behavior- human behavior -
1. An average worker has inherent 1. An average worker does not.
dislike of work
. he can. •
.
. and will avoid it if inherently dislike the work.

2. An average worker prefers

.,.,<1.
"> '

direction, wishes to avoid 2. An average worker learns not [Link]

'responsibility, has relatively little accept, but also to sick responsibility
ambition and wants security above under proper conditions.
all.
3. Self-control and self-directive are
3. Workers must be corrected, preferred by the workers to achieve
controlled, directed, threatened or
objectives.
punished to achieve objectives.

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'" ~Q~23 Explain Human factor in safety. (5) 2013

,Ans: lndividual differences among employees are an ongoing challenge to managers.

Although differences are. often obvious and constant, some factors are common to
all, an important factor that managers and safety professionals must accept while
dealing with different work groups.

Attitudes refer to internal predispositions to behavior; as such they are difficult to be

observed and measured. This distinction is vitally important since measurement of
behaviors lays the groundwork for effective safety management.

Although attitudes are difficult to change directly, changing behavior is not that
difficult. (e.g., people's attitudes toward seat belts. As the behavior of wearing belts
have changed over the years, the attitudes towards wearing them have not
changed in many cases).

Q~24 Explain" Planning for safety and various safety plans. (5) 2013,2012

Ans. Planning: This encompasses the

(i) Setting up of goals! objectives
(ii) Formulation Safety Policy.
" (iii) Program evolution.
(iv) Budgeting

:
(v) Setting up of systems, standards, procedures etc.,
Industry specific safety planning also includes design, site identification, layout,
plant! storage areas, effluent disposal facilities, utilities" unit operations,
. maintenance! service aspects, administrative back up etc., to name a few.

~ .•.. It is nothing but a long-time mission based master plan and formulated! issued by
the top level management:
Few examples of strategic plan with reference to HSE.
(i) Behavioral improvement. J
(ii) Setting up personal code of conduct.
(lii) Development of best safety practices (world class).
(iv) Benchmarking.
(v) Emergency! disaster management.
(vi) Community safety awareness programs.

• (vii) Product safety service.

• (Viii) Sharing of information.

•
It
(ix) lnterand intra unit cross functional audits/ inspections.
(x) Management Information System (MIS) development.

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t~~------------~----------------------------------------~
- -----------------------------------------------------------------
~~_~~,_-~F-=~- ~ Management
Safety ~~ PDIS - 101 ~ __

Q-2~ 'r te short note. ·Essential of effective [Link]) 2013

f ns. Essentials of Effective Communication:

R 'es, principles or guidelines of effective communication or the measures to

overcome its barriers are as under:

1. ~essage should be clear, complete, unambiguous and expressed properly.

2. Information should be in proper order/sequence.

3. Medium should be proper and effective.

4. Channel should be sound and undistorted.

Clarity - There should be clarity of thought.

6. Brevity - Message should be brief, precise and perfect. Meaningless words,

repetitions, and excessive details should be avoided.

Timeliness - Message should reach in time.

8. Compassion - Sender should be aware of level of understanding and

background of the receiver.

9. Integrity - Message must be consistent vwith objectives, policies and

programmes. Action and behaviour of the sender should support his
message.

10. Feedback - There should be follow up action (if necessary) to get feedback .
.
11. Careful listening by thereceiver isnecessary.

12. Strategic use of grapevine - The sender should try to fill up gaps in formal
communication by strategic use of informal channel.

13. Create a climate of faith, trust and good human relations to make the
communication effective and respectful. . . ~

14. Communication should be purposeful, at propel speed, sound and with

synchronizing.

15. Line of communication (reporting) should be clear.

16. Evaluation of communication system is useful for improvement.

Q-2 Exp ai International Labour Organisation (ILO) (5) 2013

Ans. IL was established in 1919 at Genevain Switzerland. It aims to provide better

se ice conditions and safety to worker. It has laid down labour standards in the
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form of conventions & recommendations. It tries to improve labour rights, working

hours, welfare facility, collective bargaining system,abolition of forced labour, safety
standards etc. ILO provides technical assistance to member countries. It also helps
in the area of vocational training . and rehabilitation. It. helps in formulating
employment policy, labour administration, framing new labour laws, collecting
labour statistics and social security areother areas where ILO contributes.

Q-27 Explain Management by Exception (MBE) (3) 2012

Ans. Management by Exception has been evolved as a new control technique, in view of
the enormous complexity of mordon organizations, where in there are too many
areas of variables that manager may have to focus on. However; it is presumed
that in a good, well planned and well organized company, people will normally work
as per plan, providing expected results, thus management will not haveto worry
much on a routine basis. However there will be some deviations from the plan, the
management needs to focus on these deviations: how they occur and how they can
be prevented. The manager is encouraged to find if there is a pattern in these
deviations-do they occur repeatedly, do some deviations occur in combination, thus
giving valuables clues as to what is really happening in an organization.

Q-28 Explain OHSAS-18001 Standards (5) 2013,2012

Ans. OHSAS means Occupational Health and Safety Assessment Specification. This is
an international standard given in 1999. It defines requirement related to health and
safety management system. It helps to manage operational risks, and improve
performance. It offers sound occupational health and safety programme. IT controls
risk related to occupational health and safety of workers. Benefits of this standard
are:
1. It strengthens Health, safety & Environment
2. It fulfills national and international HSE requirements
. 3. It helps in complying local legal requirements .
. OHSAS 18001· specification follows the Plan i.e. plan-do-check-review cycle. It
~mphasis on continual improvement.

Q-29 Purpose and procedure for safety budqetinq (4) 2012

Ans .. Cost data of accident is very useful. for safety budgeting Preplanning is required to
prepare the budget. During the year there should be constant monitoring over the
.. ' . : expenditure projected for safety in the budget. Safety deptt. Should always have its
annual budget prepared in advance. Safety budget keeps-
1. To provide a plan with costfor maintaining safe place of work.
2. To ascertain the needs & requirement for safety
3. To take care of safety of entire organization
4. To provide moneyfor safety training, poster, publicity, incentive scheme etc.

•• 5. To fulfill legal requirement

6. To justify safety activities
7. To give a fresh look to the budget every year.

•
8. To find out where we were worng
9. To correct past mistake.

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Q-'" 1'10 ern Concept of SHE or HSE. 2012 (4)

n. SHE OR HSE are the important concepts in the modern [Link] , SHE or EHS
ter inologies as being conceived in different industries also look for Safety with a
wider meaning of Hazard identification, Risk assessment, Control and Management
ba ed on the impact of accidents on long time health aspects of individuals and the
floral fauna of environment.

Th modern standards on quality with reference to ISO - 90001 14000 series or

OH AS 18000 and related surveillance audits are aimed at overall performance on
a" e three elements. These combination should be kept working. This realistic
one and multi disciplinary.

Q-31 E, lain. Various cost of an accident and Ice-burge. (4) 2012

A, s. F e k Bird (Jr.) explained that the cost of accidents are just like iceberg. In
the sea
rd rd
v can see only 1/3 part of the iceberg, while 2/3 part is hidden under the water.
Similarly he explained that only a small part of the cost of accident is unhidden
1J1' I major cost of the accident is hidden.

Frank Bird's iceberg theory says that hidden cost is divided in two parts.
(a Uninsured cost of property damage. This can be quantified.
(b) Uninsured miscellaneous cost. This difficult to quantify.

n idden cost: This is also called direct cost or insured cost. All medical
e enses, amount paid as compensation, legal fees etc. are unhidden cost.

idden cost: This is also called indirect cost of uninsured cost. Hidden cost are as
follows:
• Damage to reputation of the company
• Damage to property, equipmentetc.
• Damage to material, stock etc.
• Loss due to delay & 'nterruption in production
• Cost of accident investigation & report preparing
• Cost of legal cases, fees of advocates etc.
• Waste of time of co-worker and management in attending hospital, courts,
government office, discussing accidents etc.
• Cost involved in training the new worker to replace the injured workman.

0-32 Explain. Duties of Occupier under Factories Act. (4) 2012

Ans. As per GFR in chapter II, Section 7A has narrated the duty of occupier as under:
• Every occupier shall ensure that he is responsible for health, safety and welfare
of all workers while working in the factory.
• He should provide and maintain all plant and systems at work in the factory that
are safe and without risk to health.
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• All arrangement in the factory must be ensuring safety and absence of risks to
health in connection with the handling, storage and transport of articles and
substance.
• He should provide information, training and supervision to ensure the health and
safety of all workers.
• All place of factory should be safe and without risks to health.
• He should provide, maintainor monitoring of working environment that will safe
without riskto health.

Q-33 Role ofmuti-media in training. (4) 2012

Ans. A trainee tends to remember 50% of what he sees and hears and 70% of what he
sees and talks. This is possible by audio visual aid only. Television and video
.effectively reproduce actual happening. Therefore safety education and training by
safety films on TV is the most powerful method. Only difficulty is in getting safely
films or safety video cassette easily and frequently. This should be made possible if
we wish to utilise its full role in increasing safety.

Slides; filmstrips and transparencies are easily available or prepared and therefore
they should be used to die extent possible. to hold the picture to discuss and
understand it in details which is not possible with a moving film.
. .

Modern media is a closed circuit television. Travelling units are complete television
studios in themselves and have up-to-date equipment with the control room housed
in a single vehicle. There are fixed and moving cameras, telecine equipment, a
video tap recorder and monitor screens which can be installed up to 500 meter
away from the studio. Using both inside and outside cameras, extensive safety
programmes can be broadcast through the closed network. Such unit can be hired
also
~-. . -.

Q-34 Difference between Education and Training. (4) 2012

Ans.
Education Training .
Explain by way in class room. Explain by how in workshop
. Education deal with developing' Training deals with the development of
the mind, boarding knowledge skill in performance.
and understanding
Education means develop broad Training refers to the skill as applied to
knowledge in that subject. safety.
Safety education is developing Safety training for developing the
awareness to the accidents and workers skill in the. use of safe work
mental alertness. techniques and practice.

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Q:-35 Types of Training (4) 2012

Ans. Types of training are formal and informal.
Formal training may be general or specific. General training includes:
• Induction courses for new employees
• On-going safety training
• Safety representative training
• Supervisory training
• Senior / middle management training
• Director training.

Specific trc:ining includes:

• Safety system at work for particular operations
• First aid training
• Specific items of plant or equipment
• Use of personal protective equipment
• Fire precautions
• Safety inspection
• Change of job for which worker is not trained.

Informal or on the job training is practical in nature and generally takes place on job.
Such job involve individual training for the supervisor and operator.

Q-36 Safety suggestion scheme for accident prevention. (4) 2012

Ans. Every management should realize that the aggregate brain power and resources
fullness of its rank-and-file workman is a veritable gold mine of ideas if it can be
. tapped. A properly designed and administered suggestion system is an effective
means of tapping this latentsafety knowledge. Essentials to its successful opration
are:
• . The rnanaqement must really want suggestions from its workmen.
.• Every suggestion must be taken seriously and if itis not usable, ~n explanation
. must be made to its author as to why it is not.
• Action in each instance should be prompt, or the reason for any necessary
delay explained.
• Anonymity should be respected if desired by the marker of the suggestion.
• Rewards should be in reasonable relation to the value of the suggestion.
• If the plant is organized, the co-operation of theunion should be sought.

While by no means all suggestion systems have proved to be of value, the general
experience when the foregoing essentials are reasonably complied with appears to
have very favorable indeed.

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_Q,,37 Explain Safety bench marking for safety performance. (4) 2012, 20~1
Ans. Benchmarking has two meanings: Firstly, we set up a reference or standard for any
or target area and secondly, we measure how well any activity is done as compared
to this standard.

A benchrnarkinq ' "is normally created when there are no standards or when
standards are some how not very useful. Bench marking can be very useful in
areas where measurement is easy, like motor failure rate, safety relief or rupture
disc bursting rate etc.

Bench marking is done with reference to some other trustworthy performance data,
like motor failure rate in similar industry or similar type of personnel etc. After a
bench mark is established or chosen, it becomes "information" like any other.

Industries have been doing this on their own, but it will get a boost now due to the
requirement of mutual aid as per the latest legal provisions. Thus, industries will get
together and see which units are performing best on different safety parameters,
and will make sure the best practices are brought out and followed by all.

Q-38 Importance of MIS for SHE. (4) 2012 .

Ans. Management Information System (MIS) has become a powerful tool for industry,
trade and business in the modern world. It should be user friendly and easy to
understand. The area of Safety, Health & Environment has also been delighted by
an entry of computers and internet. The huge amount of information on accident
statistics, health data and environmental aspects can, now, be easily stored,
analysed, transmitted and used for many purposes. Software should be developed
for information in this vital area of safety, health and environment.

There should be effective MIS between Safety Department and the. top
management of the company to appraise the work being done by the Department.
Similarly it should also be developed/extended for bottom line management and the
outside authorities to provide quick and tabulated information in wide areas of
safety, health & environment.

Computer,
. .
FAX, Internet, E-Mail and V-mail system can be used to devise. various
. .
formats, tables, charts, symbols, graphs and documents to report, analyse, reply
and store the information pertaining to accidents, statutory requirements,
compliance, training proqramrnes, safety meetings, future planning, budgeting,
monitoring, work permit systems, safety appraisal reports, safety audits etc.

Q-39 Explain Heinrich Domino Theory and its ratio (5) 2012
Ans. H.W. Heinrich has studied 75000 of accident cases and made analysis that 88%
accidents are due to unsafe act, 10% due to unsafe conditions and 2% accidents
are unpreventable. Explaining the foundation of a major injury he selected 330
accidents of the same kind" and involving" the same person, 300 results in no
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injuries, 29 in minor injuries and 1 in a major lost time injury. He explains this 300~
29-1 ratio as an aid in accident prevention. When an employee, either because of
his repeated unsafe action or repeated exposure to .an unsafe mechanical
condition, suffers 300 no injury accidents, 29 minor injury like slip and fall, minor·
cut injury and 1 will cause major injury that means keeps away from working for
more than 48 hours and above.

In above ratio cases, a major injury is any case that is reported to Factory Inspector.
A minor injury is a scratch,bruise such as is commonly termed a first-aid case. A no-
injury accident is an unplanned event involving the movement of a person or an
object having the probability of causing personal injury or property damage nut not
resulted in injury. (near-miss)

Replying misunderstanding and misquotation of this ratio, he states that this ratio is
an average. Sometimes a major or serious injury occurs the very first time a person
acts unsafely or is exposed to mechanical hazard - in other cases he is no
endangered hundreds or thousand of times and may slip or fall many times before
injury is sustained.

Q-40 Leadership style in safety Management. (4) 2012

Ans. A leadership approach from management to enhance safety culture shall
encompass following attributes:-

• Earning workers' trust and confidence on all developmental programs through

effective communication.
• Focusing on safety, not just in so called "productivity" as the term was originally
confined to "production, profit and business promotion".
• Consistently acting in favor of safety when choices are thrown up. _
• lnvolvinq employees in developing & formulating all types of "Loss control"
activities.

Role, functions and attributes of a leader.

• Present managerial personnel are fully aware about the adverse consequences
of al~ activities having "safety concern".
.~.. . .

• Therefore the primary role of management is to maintain constant "contact"

approach with the shop level personnel - through talking/ communicating/
participating/ cooperating/ practicing.

• Leadership role includes ensuring on compliance of safety systems by field

personnel, rating the performance level of employees with safety
consciousness as a. key element, enforcement of progressive discipline,
counsel, investigation of incidents, facilitating resource mobilization - money,
[Link] or administrative assistance in need, upkeep/ maintenance of
equipment! facility! work place safety, etc.
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Q-41 State various safety promotional and publicity activities for indo Giving their
advantage. (8) 2012
Ans. (i) Financial Incentive:

Financial reward to the most useful suggestion or activity in safety is the

commonest method. Other financial incentives should also be given for suggestion
to solve particular safety problem of plant or process, machine or equipment etc.
Suggestion of good design for a guard or safety device should always be rewarded
by handsome amount.

(ii) Non-Financial Incentives:

Award for safety performance, trophy, memento, certificate of merit, public honour,
praise or pride, awarding special safety hat or kit or symbol of recognition, awarding
special status and duties of safety work, giving special position such as honorary
member of safety committee, raising the cadre or post, giving extra designation for
any remarkable safety contribution are all examples of non-financial incentives.

These non-financial incentives are self preservation, personal and material gain,
loyalty, responsibility, pride, conformity, rivalry, leadership, logic and humanity. If
these incentives are properly utilised they help much in accident prevention work.

Safety performance (frequency and severity rates) of different groups can be

compared for the same period. Here groups are motivated for competition. Similarly
factories can be invited for contest if district, state or nation-wide competition is
arranged. State and National Safety Councils do this. Every year safety
competitions are held among similar class of factories to boost up safety activities
arid group motivation.
~- -

In any type. of safety contest the rules of contest and comparison must be well
defined, declared beforehand and fair and reasonable to all participants. Scoring
system should be simple or easy to understand. Winners may get shield, certificate
or good prize but non-winning participants Jshould also be compensated for
encouragement. The competition movement as a whole should be encouraged as
this effort itself is most important. Competition should be fair and fine and fitting to
its noble cause.

Other promotional teaching methods for employees' participation are safety posters,
cartoons, signs and slogans, publications, booklets, bulletin boards, safety contests
and rewards, counselling of education and training, demonstration, safety meetings,
safety campaigns and stunts, first-aid training, fire brigades, safety- inventory or
questionnaire, accident investigation, inspection, job safety analysis etc.

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i
 Safety Management PDIS - 101

Explain Types of power. (4) 2012.

There are different types of power which can effluence the result of the negotiations
or create an impact on the management. However if you don't use the power, your
having power is useless. Following are different types of power. .
1. Position
2. Knowledge or Expertise'
3. Character or ethics
4. Rewards
5. Punishment .~
6. Gender
7. Powerlessness
8. Personal power or Charesma
9. Lack of interest or desire
10. Craziness

Q-43 List theories of motivation and explain anyone in brief.(4) 2012

Ans. Some motivation theories are developed to motivate people to improve their
performance which are mentioned below:
1. Maslow's Hierarchy Theory - Detail Answer mentioned at below
2. ERG Theory
3. Herzberg's and Myer's Theory
4. Peterson's Behavior Model
5. Vroom's Valance Theory
6. Goal Setting Theory

Q-44 List various theories of Accident causation and explain in brief of any one.(8) .
2012
Ans. Various theories are developed to explain the phenomena of accident causation as
unde~ . -. .
1. Heinrich's theory Detail Answer mentioned above
2. Frank Bird's Domino Theory
3. V.L. Grose Multiple causation Theory
4. System model theory . .. .
5. Ferrell's Human Factor theory .'
6. Petersen's Accident-incident causation theory
7. Epidemiological theory
8. Surry's decision theory J
9. Energy theory

Q-48 Explain Major Accident Hazard. (4) 2012

Ans.

0-45 Write the old concept of accident proneness. (4) 2012

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" "Ans. Industrial accidents are" occurred either due to unsafe condition or unsafe act.
Unsafe conditions like mechanical causes i.e. unguarded machinery, defective
equipment, dangerous situation etc, Chemical causes i.e. toxic release, exposure,
fire, explosion etc., physical causes i.e. physical work load, working hours, heat,
light, noise, vibration, dust, fumes,working environment and working conditions.

Unsafe act like physiological causes i.e. age, sex, posture, physical fitness, health,
physical fatigue etc. psychological causes like motivation, skill, training, habit,
worry, poor attitudes etc. "

An engineer or safety officer can remove unsafe conditions. Accident proneness

depend on age: sex and experience, physical condition, use of alchohol, attitude
towards organisation are main factor. Other factor such as height, weight, age,
distance, method at work, medical history, intelligence, smoking, interest, domestic
stress etc.

Some people are constitute that their nature cause them to bring about accidents
and so to injured themselves and others. Such individual is known as accident
prone or accident susceptible persons. Accident prone people are not necessary
accident repeaters. They mayor may not repeat the accident depending upon their
learning, experience, training, habits and other personal factor. Accident people do
not mean a fixed group responsible for all accidents every time. Accident proneness
is a variable qualitative factor and any man can be accident prone at any time
depending upon. personal factor. So accident proneness is a reality to some extent
and not a myth.

Q-46 Define controlling and list technique of controlling safety. (5) 2011
Ans. To complete the management cycle it is important to know about the function of
controlling after knowing about planning, orqanisinq, staffing and directing.

Managerial control implies the measurement of accomplishment against the

standard arid the co~rection of deviations to assure attainment of objectives J"
according to plans.

Controlling for safety can be defined as "a process that verifies and guides activities
towards predetermined (planned) safety goals and takes necessary action, if
required, to achieve the goals."

Characteristics: Main characteristics (nature) of control are that it is (1) a system

(2) universal (3) a continuous process (4) forward" looking (5) an influence process
and (6) involving measurement.

Need (Purpose) : Its main purpose are (1) to measure progress (2) to uncover
deviations or change, delegation, mistakes, complexity etc., and (3) to indicate
corrective action.

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Importance (benefits) : It offers (1) Guide to operations (2) Policy verification (3)
Managerial accountability (4) Employee morale (5) Psychological pressure and (6)
Co-ordination in action.

Types (Kinds) : Controls are of three kinds (1) Feedback control (2) Concurrent
control and (3) Feed forward control.

Areas of Control: They are over (1) personnel (2) performance of production (with
safety) (3) Finance and (4) Morale.

Steps (Elements) of Control Process: They are (1) Establishment of standards -

qualitative and quantitative (2) Measurement of performance (3) Comparing
performance with standards (4) Analysis of Deviations arid (5) Taking corrective
action.

Requirements of Effective Control System : The; essentials are that the control
system should be (1) Simple and easily understandable (2) Flexible and not rigid
(3) Objective and need base (4) Forward looking (5) Prompt (6) Strategic point
control (7) Motivating (8) Suggestive (g)-Economical and (10) Less time
consuming.

Control Techniques: They include (1) Breakeven-analysis (2) PERT and CPM (3)
Budgetary control (4) Zero based budgeting (5) Manaqernent Information System
(MIS) and (6) Controlling or Monitoring by Safety Standards.

Q-47 Explain. Conflict and Morale

Ans. Conflict:-
• It means an opposition or obstruction between two courses one has to pursue at
the same time ..
• Conflict can be between two persons, two ideas or two instructions
• Conflicting instructions can lead to neglect of one or both by the workers and it.
may cause an accident.
• It means violent mental struggle
• It reduces productivity and production.
• Conflict arises because of jealousy, bad behavior, favoritism, working condition
or environment. etc. ". "
""

Moral:-
• It means ethical values and loyalty towards work.
• It means high value of life and team spirit of a group.
• It means an extent to which a person feels satisfied with his needs that come
from his total job situation- job satisfaction.
• High moral means high safety, high quality, higher output and better health of .
worker.

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..0.48 Short Note. Importance and limitation on the job training. (3) 2011
Ans. On-the-job training is practical in nature and generally takes place on the job. Such
Job contact sessions mayinvolve individual on one to one basis with the supervisor
training an operator for the work he has to carry out.

First the supervisors are trained for this purpose showing them the job safety or risk
analysis. Then in turn they train the employees mostly new. It imparts necessary
skill for the job involving worker to do the job systematically and safely. Injury to the
trainee or the job is possible due to normal mistake of the trainee. Therefore its
usage is limited to situations where mistakes can be tolerated, Airline pilots and
Surgeons are allowed on the job practice only after their skills have been sharply
honed using off the job simulation techniques.

Some methods used in this type of training are coaching (personal attention), job
instruction training (JIT), special assignment and job rotation ..

It is supervisor's or training instructor's responsibility to train the employees under

him for safe methods, machine guarding, identification of hazards in each step
and its remedial measure, need and use of safety equipment, avoidance of
shortcuts, hasty actions, overconfidence etc.

Q-49' Explain V.L. Grose multi causation theory. (6) 2011

Ans. As per many contributing factors combine together in random fashion, causing
accidents. Such factor should be identified. Mostly man, machine and media
interact with each other to generate causes for accident and management has to
identify them and provide necessary safety measures. ln this theory:
1. Man includes - workers, public etc.
2. Machine includes - equipment, vehicles etc.
3. Media includes - environment, weather, roadways etc.
4. Management means within which above three parameters operate i.e. to be
controlled by the ~anagement.

Characteristics of -

1. Man includes - age, sex, height, skill level, training, motivation etc.
2. Machine includes ....:.
size, weight, speed, [Link] of construction etc.
3. Media includes - pressure, temperature, content, contaminants, obstruction on
road etc.
4 .. Management includes - structure, style, policy, procedure, communication etc.

Simple example of this theory is a man slipping due to walking on a banana skin
lying on the road. Here main contributing factors are as under:
Man - A man Walking on the road.
Machine or object vehicle - Slippery Banana skin.
Media - Hard road.

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All other causes are interacting with each other to lead to the accident. Absence of
anyone cause can avoid the accident. This indicates that slippery banana should
be removed from the road or man should be more attentive for not walking on it or
the road should not be hard to cause slipping.

The application of the multiple causation theory leads us to deep causation analysis
and improved management systems are suggested to eradicate the problem from
its origin. The range and depths of the multiple causation factors provide many
details of long-run safety measures.

Q-50 Explain Safety competitions. (4) 2007

Ans. This is method of workers' participation in safety. Competitions (contests) are of two
types: (1) Individual comparison - where individual worker takes part in competition
and award is given by comparing individual performance. Examples are safety
speech or quiz, essay, poem or slogan writing, posters or cartoons etc. (2) Group
comparison - where groups take part in competition and award is given by
comparing group versus group. Examples are department wise housekeeping
competition.

Q-51 Discuss Maslow's theory of motivation with the hierarchy of needs.1S)

2011
Ans. If motivation is driven by existence of unsatisfied needs, then it is worthwhile for a
manager to understand which needs are the more important for individual
employees. In this regard Abraham Maslow developed a model in which basic, low
level needs such as physiological requirements and safety must be satisfied before
higher level needs such as self fulfillment are pursued. Maslow's hierarchy of needs
is shown in the following diagram:

Self-fulfillment needs 5 I
Esteem or Ego needs 4 I J
Social needs 3 I
Safety & Security needs 2 I
Physiological Needs 1

1. Physiological Needs: Physiological needs are those required to sustain life such
as:
• Air
• Water
• Nourishment
• Sleep
According to Maslow's theory, if such needs are not satisfied then one's
motivation will arise from the quest to satisfy them.
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2. Safety & Security needs: Once physiological needs are met, one's attention
turns to safety and security in order to be free from the threat of physical and
emotional harm. Such needs might be fulfilled by:
• Living in a safe area.
• Physical safety
• Job security
• Financial Reserves.
According to Maslow's hierarchy, if a person feels that he or she is in harm's
way, higher needs will not receive much attention.
3. Social Needs: Once a person has met the lower level physiological and safety
needs, hiqher level needs become important, the first of which are social needs.
Social needs are those related to interaction with other people and may include:
• Need for friends
• Need for belonging
• Need to give and receive love.
4. Esteem or Ego needs: Once a person feels a sense of belonging , the need to
feel important arises. Esteem needs may be classified as internal or external.
Internal esteem needs are those related to self esteem such as self respect and
achievement. External esteem needs are those such as social status and
recognition. Some esteem needs are:
• Self-respect
• Achievement
• Attention
• Recognition
• Reputation
• Social status
. 5. Self-fulfillment needs Self-fulfillment
...•..
is .the summit of Maslow's
. hierarchy of
needs. It is the quest of reaching one's full potential as a person. Unlike lower
level needs, this need is never fully satisfied; as one grows psychologically there
J are always new opportunities to continue to grow. Self fulfillment people tend
to have needs such as
• Truth
'.
• Justice
• Wisdom
• Meaning
Limitation of Maslow's Hierarchy:
While Maslow's hierarchy makes sense from an intuitive standpoint, there is little
evidence to support its hierarchical aspect. In fact, there is evidence that contradicts
the order of needs specified by the model. Maslow's hierarchy also has difficulty in
explaining cases such as the starving artist in which a person neglects lower needs
in pursuit of higher ones.

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Even though Maslow's hierarchy lacks scientific support, it is quite well known and
is the first theory of motivation to which many people are exposed.

Q-52 Short Note. C.B.T. (Competence Building Techniqujes (5) 2011

Ans. Competence is a special skill to complete with others and make your head way. It is
developed by hard and strong will power. Skill is required for the normal work. But
competence is required for achieving high goals. Article 51-A of Indian Constitution
requires all citizens to strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and
collective activity so that nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavor and
achievement.

A person needs physical fitness and knowledge for safety. Even the proper attitude
for safety is not enough. A person also needs Competence in order to do his job.
Whenever our tests or observations indicate that a person does not have the
required competence in any particular field, it is our responsibility to build it;
otherwise both the person and the organization are loosers.

Q-53 Explain Safety competitions. (4) 2007

Ans. This is method of workers' participation in safety. Competitions (contests) are of two
types: (1) Individual comparison - where individual worker takes part in competition
and award is given by comparing individual performance. Examples are safety
speech or quiz, essay, poem or slogan writing, posters or cartoons etc. (2) Group
comparison - where groups take part in competition and award is given by
comparing group versus group. Examples are department wise housekeeping
competition.

Q-54 Discuss communication with its types and barriers. (15) 2011
Ans. fCommunication means the rocess of assing infqrmation and understanding from
one person to another. It is the process of imparting ideas and making oneself
understand by others. It is fundamental and vital to all managerial functions.

Communication is very vital to a safety manager. It is need daily in his work.

Communicatlon·canbe upwards, downwar d even horizontal. ---.....
r- ,

While it amy not be possible to improve communication overnight, barriers to good

f
.... I
communication should be recognized and removed. These include bad t
expression, faulty translation, misunderstanding while passing on a message,
.
fear,
,

inattention etc. Surprisingly, it is often assumed that "everyone knows" and

therefore there is no communication. This is called the failure to communicate. .4

~Purpose of communication
e t e people what I know
• TO tell the people what I want them to know
• To know from them what they desire to know
• To know from them what they need to know
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• To communicate new ideas

• To communicate results or decision
• To motivate them for a specific goal.

Steps for effective communication

Good. communication should be done systematically. If all steps are followed
carefully, the communication shall be done effectively and there will be no future
problems like miscommunication: .
• Develop the idea to be communicated
• Select proper method and words for communication
• Choose to communicate either by speaking, writing or signaling
• Encoding or decoding as per requirement

Types or Methods for communication

• One way communication

• Two way communication
• Open loop communication
• Close loop communication
• Written communication
• Oral communication
• Gesture communication
• Communication through modern techniques with the help of computers

Two important methods of communication are one way communication and the
other is two way communication.

A) One way communication

In this method, authority passes on the orders, directions, announcement
etc. Where there is no feedback or reactions are available. However this .
very useful when manypeople are to be informed in a short time. /

I) Means of one way commu?ication:

a) Posters .
b)· Wall frames
c) .Newspaper
d) Notice boards
e) Pamphlets
f) Hand outs
g) SMS & E-mail
h) Intercom, loud speaker
i) Films, TV, Radio or other mass media

II) Advantage of one way communication

a) Economical
b) Communicated to a large of people in a short time
c) Very useful for short message
d) No debate and no friction
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e) Very useful for. communicating timings, changes in time, cancellation of

meetings, visits etc.

III) Dis-advantage of one way communication

a) Difficult to transfer ideas effectively

b) Difficult to access whether they have understood it properly or not
c) Reaction are not known and therefore if there is mistake or
misunderstanding, there is no scope for correction

8) Two way communication

Two-way communication is done in the presence of concerned parties. IT is
therefore considered very useful in important decision- taking process.

I) Means of two-way communication:

a) Meetings
b) Group discussion
c) Across the table talks
d) Seminars
e) Conferences
f) Telephone talks
g) Internet communication through computers

II) Advantage of two way communication

a) Feed back and reactions are available
b) Results are known
c) Because of group discussions we know the ideas of others
d) Failure in implementation can be prevented .
e) Corrective measures can be taken and scheme are improved
f) We can achieve effective implementation

I~I) Dis-advantage of two way communication

a) Very time consumin-g -
b) Expensive
c) Possibilities of frictions amongst participants
d) Delay takes place, some time because of difference of options, decisions
. are delayed or postponed
e) Some timeprejudice are widened
.. .- .. . .

There are many hurdles in effective communications. Following factors are known
barrier in communications.

1. All people do not remain present.

2. Some people are present but not attentive or interested.
3. Some people present but can not read or hear properly.
4. Different age groups have different respectively
5. Speakers voice is not clear or slow
6. Some people think that they know everything.

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Q-55 Discuss advantages and disadvantages and computerized MIS. (15) 2011
Ans. Advantages of computerized information systems are -

1. Ready availability of data and ready reproduction (printed copy) of the

stored data.

2. Elimination of monotonous or exhaustive manual labour.

3. No need to keep duplicate records (copies). Reducing files and their storing
space: A shared information can be seen at many places (Le. in different
department ..•conference hal/ etc.).

4. Improved communication with neat, clean and correct copies. Electronic mail
systems can facilitate communication within and between facilities and within
short time.

5. Data standardisation and accuracy.

6. Improved analytical capabilities. Analyses not manually practical, can be easily

done by a computer. Graphs and Charts also available.

7. Cost savings by increasing employee productivity, decreasing manpower etc.

Disadvantages(limitations) of computerised nation systems are

1. According. to. circumstances, need of computers is not always justified .

.Sometimes itmay be premature or totally unjustified on economic grounds.

2. Computers' limitations should be understood. They are not designed for

automatic information generation or processing. An operator is required to make
data-entry or supply basic information (programme) to computers and his error
can give wrong or incomplete information or sometimes erase it and manual
search becomes necessary. Mistakes can become repetitive if notJcorrected in
time; .

3. . Computers can suggest references to documents. They cannot eliminate the

need to go through these documents to locate the required information.

4.· A typical virus can wash out aI/information stored in the. computer. Then
.retrieval or restoration of data becomes necessary.

5.. Manpower reduction for unemployment.

Computerized of MIS is mentioned above .

. Q-56 Discuss principles of general management by Henri Fayol of France. (15)

2011
Ans. General Principle of Management by Henry Fayol has listed below.
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1. Division of work:- Work of every person should be limited to a single [Link]

function to- do more and better work with the same effort.
2. Authority & Responslbllltyr- They go. hand in hand. Authority is the right to
give orders and power to exact obedience. Responsibility arises when authority
is given. Responsibility implies an obligation to perform duty in a satisfactory
manner.
3. Discipline:- It is the obedience to agreement between members and must
prevail throughout an organization for its smooth functioning. Clear
understanding between workers and management regarding their rules,
regulations, orders and penalties is necessary.
4. Unity ofcommand :- Every employee should receive orders from one superior
only. Dual command is a source of conflict or confusion.
5. Unity of Direction:- There should be one head and one plan for a group of
activities having the same objective to ensure unity and co-ordination in
management.
6. Loyalty to work:- Employee's personal interest should not dominate the
general i.e. management's interest. Personal interest should be sacrificed.
7. Fair Remuneration: The amount and method of payment should be just fair and
satisfactory to both employees and employers.
8. De-centralize of power:- To decrease subordinates role is centralization and
to increase it is decentralization.
9. No short cut (Scalar of chainj.- Normally a chain of authority runs from top to
bottom level, but however if it .is very long and cause delay, cross-
communication (short-cut) between two employee at lower level should be
permitted to avoid such delay.
10. Good house keeping:- There should be proper arrangement of men and
materials in required order. As there should be a place for everything and
everything should be in its proper place ...
[Link] treatment: --There should be'
. equity, justice, kindness and
. . .

impartiality in treatment to employees and a sympathetic and unbiased attitude

toward them.
12. Job Security: Provide job security and long .term service to' reduce labour turn
over. Instability hampers interest, motivation and efficiency of employees.
13. Encourage creativity: This refers to freedom to thirik .arid take decision.
Employees should be given an opportunity to take initiative to formulate and
execute plans even though some mistake may occur.
14. Unions are the strength, Don't break the. Unions: Instead of divine and rule
management should strive to install team spirit, co-operation and harmony
among workers to make management united and powerful.

Q-57 Explain need and Importance of safety in industry.(4) 2010

Ans. Everybody recognises safety need. As industry is useful to society, safety is useful
to industry. A few factors are given below:

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1: Industries are increasing to fulfil. basic human needs food, clothing, home,
employment or earning and requirements of goods, services and facilities.
This brings industrial hazards of various types viz. mechanical, electrical,
noise, vibration, chemical (fire, explosion, radiation, gas, dust, fumes,
poisoning etc.) and many visible or invisible health hazards. It is the basic
need to protect the human life and environment from all such hazards. Only
safety can do it.

2. Direct and indirect costs of accidents are tremendously increasing and causing
the great national loss. This can be prevented by safety (see Part 4, Chapter-
5).

3. Workers are our national wealth. We cannot afford to lose them. Fatal
accidents must be minimised to prevent this fatal loss.

4. Deaths and injuries extend suffering to the families and society also. This must
be prevented or curtailed by safety.

5. Social loss in the form of pain, loss of earning capacity, loss of life or limb, ill-
effects to health, diseases, increase of handicapped persons, increase of court
cases and emotional losses. due to accidents must be reduced by safe
conditions, safe practices-and training for them.

6. Productivity is linked with safely. Increasing and maintaining safety gives good
prod uctivity.

7. Humanitarian, legal, social and economic reasons for accident prevention are
also true for the need of safety.

Q-58 Short Note. Motivation for safety. (5) 2009

Ans. Appraisal, Concept & Nature: Motivation means simulation, excitement,

sensitization or encourage one's interest, keenness and determination to respond,
react or perform.
When someone has an internal drive to acquire something, it can be inferred he or
.. ' she 'is' motivated for that. It is important to realize that someone can be equally
motivated to react just the opposite way we expect. For example, to use a guard to
protect one's fingers from a saw. is perhaps indicative of motivation for safe
practices. How the desire to ignore a safety device since it might decelerate,
suspend or interrupt production could also be a "motivated" reflex .:
Hence managers, supervisors,safety professionals etc., need to consider the
concept of conflicting motivating factors - interests while attempting to understand
human actions, emotions or feelings.

Motivating is an important facet of an effective safety program. When any person is

working sincerely to bring out best results by concentrating exclusively on the job he
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is performing it is quite natural his full attention may not be directed towards all the
nuances of the safety aspects attached to the difficult task he is performing. In a
such a scenario additlonal rnotlvatlonal techniques may have to be applied to
ensure that he does not miss such important elements which may Some time
detrimental to life/limbs or assets .

. His sole attention must be directed toward the positive influence and not the
negative (also probable) side of the motivational effect. This depends on the work
scenario, attitude, behavioral pattern of the employees, motivational techniques
being applied, their effectiveness, applicability or feasibility etc., Hence the need for
applying an emulating and positive motivational technique cannot be over
emphasized considering the stakes on safety in hand.

Q-59 Explain. Statutory provision for safety officer as per factory actlGFR rules
1995.. (4) 2010
Ans. There a number of notifications under Section 40B of the Indian Factories' act
stipulating the appointment of Safety officer having adequate technical qualification
coupled with recognized diploma in industrial Safety (POlS).

Guidelines regarding the number of Safety officers to be deployed in any type .of
industrial installations as per Notification No. KHR -529 -FAC -1077 - 36875-M (1)
j - ----

Sr. No. of Workers in the factory No. of Safety Officers to be

No. deployed

1 1,000 to 1,500 One

2 1,501 to 3, 000 Two

3 3, 001 to 4, 500 Three

4 Above 4,500 J .Four ..

5 100 and above (MAH One

instal/ations)

Q-60 Cost of accident. (5) 2009

Ans. Accident always brings damage to person and or property. Accidents are very
costly. Its prevention is economical.

Costs of accidents are classified in following different categories:

1. Financial cost
2. Non financial cost
3. Direct cost
4. Indirect cost
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5. Hidden cost
6. Un hidden cost
7. Insured cost
B. Uninsured cost.

Financial cost: Because of accident management has to pay compensation,

hospital charges, loss of mandays, loss to property, fees paid to legal assistance,
cost of accident investigation etc.
Non financial cost: This is cost of accident which cannot be measured in terms of
money, e.g. pain & suffering, mental stress to workers, their families & to the top
officials of the management, reputation of the company also goes down because of
frequent accidents.
Direct cost - Insured cost - Unhidden cost: All financial cost explained above is
the direct and unhidden cost of accidents. Direct cost can be insured.
Indirect cost - Hidden cost -Uninsured cost
Expenses on following items are indirect cost:
1. Mandays lost of injured persons
2. Time- man hours, cost of other workers in watching the accident,in discussing
the accident or in helping the injured worker or attending the hospital.
3. Time loss by supervisors, manager in accident investigation, preparing reports
etc.
4. Damage to material, stock equipments, plants & other property.
5. Loss due to stoppage of work, cancellation of orders, contracts etc.
6. Cost of employees welfare and benefits scheme
7. Wage to be paid to the injured workmen and other co-workers attending the .
hospital
8. Bad publicity in the market _-'.
9. Expandlnq insurancecpverage.

Q-61 State the procedure of design·· and. development of an ideal training .

programme, giving various training methods. (16) 2009
Ans. Any training programme should be designed for its specific purpose. Design and
development of safety tr~ining prog'r'amme' n·eed systematic job safety or risk
analysis. Following general points are useful in designing and developing any
training programme.
1. Motivation should be the first condition of any type of training.

2. Number of lessons and content to teach should be well designed

beforehand. Steps or sequence of topics should be decided.

3. . The amount to be taught in an unit (period) should not be too large or too
small.

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4. An objective of the training should be decided and the training proc~ss

should move toward it. The training procedure should be developed.' A list of
training aids should be prepared.

5. The task to be performed should not be described only but it should be

demonstrated in actual or simulated conditions. "Doing" is important than.
mere "Hearing" or "Seeing". Practice makes perfect.

6. The demonstration (by teacher) should be followed by the learner (trainee)

as soon as possible before' he forgets it. The teacher should be given
feedback or knowledge of results.

7. uestions of learners should be properly replied and discussed at all stages

(steps).

8. mple practice opportunity should be provided and practice encouraged.

9. Frequent and accurate knowledge with examples, pictures, practical etc.,

speeds up learning rate and motivation.

10. The training should be taken to the point of goal and not be left unfinished.

11. Effectiveness of the training should be evaluated and conclusion be drawn to

4
revise (improve) the training programme and it should be followed in the next
cycle.
•
The b sic design of any training should consist: •
1 Identifying the component tasks of a final performance. •
2. Ensuring (in training) that each of these tasks is fully achieved or mastered
by the learner.
...... .
3. Arranging the training of the task components in such a way that there will be
positive transfer from learning of one to another.
J
Main design steps include (1) Setting instructional objectives (2) Determining
. programme content.. and (3) Selecting instructional techniques for off-the-job and
.on-the-job training.

The training methods have two aspects:

I. Theoretical or formal in the classroom and

2. Practical or informal in the job place.

There are two basic goals:

1. To explain the worker to know the job and to do it correctly and

2. To be certain that he knows how to do it ' correctly.

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•
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Steps: Any training method should have following steps:

1. Lay down the objective of the training programme.

2. Prepare the training programme.

3~ Brief the trainee.

4. Use audio visual aids where appropriate.

5. Review the contents and

6. Follow lip with trainees when the programme is completed.

Some common methods in use are mentioned below:

1. Lecture Method: Oldest and most basic method. Well planned lectures can
cover a large amount of information in a short time. More useful when
participants are more, or their involvement is less required.

2. Discussion Method : Useful with small number of people in a group. The

trainer acts in a limited 'way as a scene setter or referee encouraging
participants to speak out. The two way communication moves toward
objectives. Participants are more attentive, active and don't feel boredom.

3. Case-study Method : Accident case study is presented explaining how an

actual accident happened or an imaginary accident can happen. Causation
analysis and remedial measures can be discussed by questions and
answers. Good pictures are more useful to explain the situation effectively.
See Chapter-30 for accident case study.

4. Role playing method : It i~_a form of learning by doing but· ~n a simulated

situation. Trainees are given 'a situation like in case-study' method but

•• instead of just discussing it they resolve the problem by acting out the roles
of the p~ople involved. Here extrovert trainees show their skill but introvert or
. shy trainees unused to such situation get embarrassed.
I- 5.. Business Games· Method: More useful for business people and skill r ; ••

t required for safety attitude or inspection in buying/selling items which are

• more safe or with the details of safety.

• 6.

7.
Sending at training Centres: Institutes, seminars, workshops,
courses etc. utilises external resources for required training.

Job instruction training:

special

Useful to train supervisors who in turn train the

employees. Job instruction training (JTT) involves four steps (1) Preparing
the trainee (2) Demonstrating the job (3) Having the trainee performed the
job and (4) Checking frequently the trainee's performance. All new job
assignments should be preceded by on-the-job training. Each step of job
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safety analysis (JSA) is explained with hazard, safe procedure and use of
safety equipment. Use of guards and controls are also explained.

8. Programmed instructions : Programmed instructions are given in a book

form. A trainee learns it, answers the· question or solves the problem. The
.system has mechanism of learning-checking and relearning.

9. Project work : Project writing is given to trainees. They apply their

knowledge to practical situations.

10. Other methods : Job rotation, committed assignments, HRD training,

sensitivity training, creativity training, in-basket training etc. are other specific
methods.

Q-62 Discuss an ideal safety department placed in .an organization for effective
functioning and state the function of safety department. (16) 2008
Ans. Safety organisation can be defined as the structure and process by which groups of
people employees) are divided into sections or departments, each section or
department is assigned specific safety function or duty. Authority and responsibility
of everybody is clearly defined and interrelationship between them is specified for
the accomplishment of organizational safely goals.

Hierarchy of Safety Department from the Safety Board to Safety Committee, their
general and scientific functions and their division of responsibilities are described.
This constitutes a Safety Department. .Its size and function varies with the size,
nature and type of the factory with varying style of designations. There mayor may
not be Safety Board and mayor may not be Safety Director. It may be headed by a
Safety Manager or Chief Safety Officer or Safety Officer or Safety Superintendent,
and he may be directly reportable to the General Manager as a Head of the Safety
Department.

A system. of making safety rnanaqer reportable to Personnel Manager or Public

Relations Manager of Chief Engineer or Production Manager is not proper and not
desirable as it keeps his status belowtothem ..

By . qualification
(engineer with special diploma in safety), experience and
expectation of the most important responsibility of health and safety of the whole
factory and surrounding and of manifold functions is status is not at all lower than
these officers and therefore he should be positioned as independent Head of the
Safety Department directly reportable to the top executive of the company.

the Safety Department must be equipped with sufficient staff and assistants to the
Safety Manager or Officer for his many fold functions and for promotional
opportunities of the safety men at lower cadre in this I department.

Section 40B of the Factories Act 1948, creating the post of safety officer

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Rule 6: Duties of Safety Officers: The duties of & safety officer shall be to advise
and assist the factory management in the fulfillment of its obligations, statutory, or
otherwise concerning prevention of personal injuries and maintaining a safe working
environment. These duties shall include the following namely:

1. to advise the concerned departments in planning and organising measures

necessary for the effective control of personal injuries;
2. - - to advise on safety aspects in all job studies, and to carry out detailed job
safely studies of selected jobs;
3. to check and evaluate the effectiveness of the actions taken or proposed to
be taken to prevent personal injuries;
4. to advise' die purchasing of stores department in ensuring high quality and
availability of personal protective equipment;
5. to advise on matters relating to carry out plant safety inspection;
6. to carry out plant safety inspection in order to observe the physical conditions
of work and the work practices and procedures followed by workers and to
render advice on measures to be adopted for removing the unsafe physical
conditions and preventing unsafe actions by workers;
7. to render advice on matters related to reporting and investigation of industrial
accidents and diseases;
8. to investigate selected accidents;
9. to investigate the dangerous occurrences reportable under rule 103 of the
Gujarat Factories Rules, _ 1963 and in the cases of industrial diseases
contracted by any of the workers employed in a factory reportable under rule
104 of the Gujarat Factories Rules, 1963;
- -

10. to advise on the maintenance of such records, as are necessary relating to

accidents, dangerous occurrences and industrial diseases;
11. to promote setting up of safety committees and act as an adviser and
catalyst to such committee; -,-,
12. to organise an association with the concerned departments, campaigns,
competitions, contests and other activities which/will develop and maintain in
the interest of the workers in establishing and maintaining safe conditions of
work and procedure;
13. Design and conduct either independently or in collaboration with the training
departments, suitable training and educational programme for the prevention
-of personal injuries.

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