Nonlinear Dyn (2024) 112:10277–10290

[Link]

RESEARCH

Analyzing specific waves and various dynamics of

multi-peakons in (3+1)-dimensional p-type equation using a
newly created methodology
Shubham Kumar Dhiman · Sachin Kumar

Received: 2 March 2024 / Accepted: 31 March 2024 / Published online: 20 April 2024
© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2024

Abstract In this article, we are proposing a newly cre- 1 Introduction

ated methodology known as the generalized exponen-
tial differential function method. By taking advantage Higher dimensional nonlinear partial differential equa-
of this method, we have constructed a trial solution tions (NLPDEs) plays a pivotal role in modeling com-
of the reduced ordinary differential equation, which plex physical phenomena across various scientific dis-
involves the ith derivative of the exponential rational ciplines. These equations often describe the evolution
function, which depends on the balancing of the equa- of fields or quantities that depend on multiple spatial
tion. We introduce the generalized exponential differ- dimensions and time. Their applications are diverse
ential function method to extract novel exact solutions and encompass areas such as fluid dynamics, quan-
for the (3+1)-dimensional p-type equation. To enhance tum mechanics, mathematical biology and other fields
the clarity of these solutions, we present 3-dimensional [1–5]. In fluid dynamics, the Navier–Stokes-equations
and contour plots illustrating the obtained solutions. represent a classic example of higher dimensional
Our visual representations reveal the presence of dis- NLPDEs governing the motion of fluids. These equa-
tinct features in the solutions, including lumps, solitons, tions are crucial for understanding phenomena like tur-
multi-peakons, and interactions between solitons and bulence and fluid instabilities. One specific subclass of
waves. These solutions have a wide range of applica- higher dimensional NLPDEs is the (3+1)-dimensional
tions, including physics, engineering, plasma physics, p-type nonlinear PDE [6]:
ocean physics, nonlinear dynamics, and so on.
u x x x y + c1 u yt + c2 (uu x ) y + c3 u x x + c4 u zz = 0, (1)
Keywords (3+1)-Dimensional p-type equation ·
Generalized exponential differential function method ·
Lumps · Solitons · Mutli-peakons where ci ’s are real coefficients. This type of equation
is characterized by its three spatial dimensions and
one temporal dimension, making it particularly rele-
vant in the study of dynamic processes over both space
and time. The (3+1)-dimensional p-type NLPDEs have
applications in several domains, including plasma
physics, where they represent the evolution of plasma
S. K. Dhiman · S. Kumar (B)
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematical Sciences,
waves and instabilities. Mohan et al. [6] developed
University of Delhi, Delhi, Delhi 110007, India a Painleve integrable generalized (3+1)-dimensional
e-mail: sachinambariya@[Link] evolution equation. They used Cole-Hopf transforma-

123
10278 S. K. Dhiman, S. Kumar

tions to generate a trilinear equation in an auxiliary highly accurate solutions for the (3+1)-dimensional p-
function, which governed higher-order rogue wave type equation in our article.
and dispersive-soliton solutions using symbolic com-
putation.. Additionally, they discussed the dispersive- • The general form of a NPDEs is:
soliton solution, utilizing Hirota’s direct techniques
to create dispersive-soliton solutions up to the third P(u, u x , u y , u z , u t , u x x , u xt , u x y . . .) = 0, (2)
order. Numerous researchers and mathematicians have
devoted considerable attention to obtaining exact ratio-
nal solutions and closed-form solutions for various using the transformation
nonlinear models of nonlinear evolution equations. To
achieve this, various powerful and efficient analyti- u(x, y, z, t) = R(ξ ), with
cal mathematical methods have been developed. These
ξ = a1 x + a2 y + a3 z + a4 t + a5 , (3)
methods include, Backlund transformation [7], Dar-
boux transformations method [8], inverse-scattering
method [9], Hirota bilinear method [10], Modified into Eq. (2), then the ordinary differential equation
generalized exponential rational function method [11], (ODE) is obtained as
auxiliary equation method [12], exp-function method
[13], Painlevé test [14,15], Modified extended tanh O(R, R  , R  , . . .) = 0. (4)
expansion method [16], Lie symmetry method [17],
Bilinear neural network method [18], New extended
direct algebraic method [19–22], modified F-expansion • We proposed a trial solution of Eq. (4) as
method [23], Sardar-subequation method [24,25],
inverse (G  /G) method [26], and so on [27–29]. These 
N  i
di
diverse approaches provide researchers with a rich R(ξ ) = F0 + Fi T (ξ )
toolkit for tackling the challenges presented by nonlin- dξ i
i=1
ear evolution equations and offer a range of strategies 
N  −i
di
for obtaining precise analytical solutions. This article + Gi T (ξ ) , (5)
dξ i
is structured into several sections. Section 2 outlines i=1
the essential aspects of the proposed new generalized
exponential differential rational function method. In where the exponential rational function defined as
Sect. 3, we applied this method to the p-type equation,
extracting various families of exact soliton solutions.
r1 exp(s1 ξ ) + r2 exp(s2 ξ )
The soliton solutions and mutli-peakons are visually T (ξ ) = . (6)
r3 exp(s3 ξ ) + r4 exp(s4 ξ )
represented through 3-dimensional and 2-dimensional
graphics reated with Wolfram Mathematica. Section 4
is dedicated to discussing the physical interpretations • By choosing the constants ri , si , (1 ≤ i ≤ 4), we
of the results obtained. Finally, Sect. 5 offers conclud- can define the function T (ξ ) and establish the spe-
ing remarks on the research findings. cific values for F0 , Fi and G i , where 1 ≤ i ≤ N .
The determination of the optimal value for N will
be obtain by the balancing principle to the ODE.
2 New generalized exponential differential • Substitute the Eq. (5) into Eq. (4) along with Eq.
rational function method (6). This substitution yields a polynomial equation.
Next, we set each coefficient in the polynomial to
By taking the advantage of the generalized exponen- zero. This process results in a system of algebraic
tial rational function method [30], we have introduce equations.
the fundamental steps of the newly created generalized • Utilize Mathematica to solve the system of equa-
exponential differential function (GEDRF) method. tions derived in step 4. After obtaining the values
These fundamental steps provide clarity and serve as of the constants, substitute them into equations (5)
a basis for applying the GEDRF method to extract and (6) to find the precise solutions for (4).

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Analyzing specific waves and various dynamics 10279

3 Application of the GEDRF method −a2 a4 c1 − a32 c4 + 4a2 a13

c3 = .
a12
In this part, we examine various exact-soliton solutions
for a nonlinear system, as outlined in Eq. (1), utiliz- Accordingly, the recasting of Eq. (8) results in
ing the above discussed GEDRF method. First, we are
using the following transformation R(ξ ) = F2 sin2 (ξ ) + F0 . (11)

u(x, y, z, t) = R(ξ ), with Thus, the newly created solution of p-type equation is
ξ = a1 x + a2 y + a3 z + a4 t + a5 . (7) as follows

On plugging Eq. (7) into (1), one can get u(x, y, z, t) = F2 sin2 (a1 x + a2 y + a3 z + a4 t + a5 )
+ F0 (12)
a12 c3 R  (ξ ) + a2 a1 c2 R(ξ )R  (ξ ) + a2 a4 c1 R  (ξ )
Case 1.2:
+ a32 c4 R  (ξ ) + a2 a1 c2 R  (ξ )2 + a2 a13 R (4) (ξ ) = 0.
(8)
F2 = 0; G 1 = 0; G 2 = 0; c2 = 0;
To determine the value of N , the balancing principle −a2 a4 c1 − a32 c4 + a2 a13
c3 = .
is applied to the term R (4) and R  2 in the given ODE a12
(8). This application results in the equation N + 4 =
2(N + 1), leading to the solution N = 2. Substituting Hence, the solution of Eq. (8) is formulated as
this value into Eq. (5), the trial solution is expressed as:
R(ξ ) = F1 cos(ξ ) + F0 . (13)
 2  
d 2 T (ξ ) dT (ξ )
R(ξ ) = F2 + F1 Thus, the newly created solution of p-type equation is
dξ 2 dξ
G2 G1 as follows
+ 2 +  dT (ξ )  + F0 . (9)
2 d T (ξ )
dξ 2 dξ u(x, y, z, t) = F1 cos (a1 x + a2 y + a3 z + a4 t + a5 )
+ F0 . (14)
By substituting this trial solution into the ODE (8) and
employing the steps of the GEDRF method, multiple Case 1.3:
families of solution sets are obtained. Utilizing com-
putational software Mathematica, we can explore and F0 , F1 , F2 = 0; G 1 = 0; G 2 = 0; a1 = 0;
derive exact solitary wave solutions for the given ODE
a32 c4
(8). a4 = − ; c1 = 0; a2 = 0.
a2 c1

Accordingly, the desired solution of ODE (8) is

3.1 Family of solutions
R(ξ ) = F2 sin2 (ξ ) + F1 cos(ξ ) + F0 + G 2 csc2 (ξ ).
Set 1: For [r1 , r2 , r3 , r4 ] = [1, −1, i, i] and [s1 , s2 , s3 ,
(15)
s4 ] = [i, −i, 0, 0] , Eq. (6) yields
Thus, the newly created solution of p-type equation is
T (ξ ) = sin(ξ ). (10) as follows
 
Considering Eqs. (10) and (9), the solution set of Eq. a32 c4 t
(8) can be derived as: u(x, y, z, t) = F2 sin −
2
+ a2 y + a3 z + a5
a2 c1
Case 1.1:  
a32 c4 t
+ F1 cos − + a2 y + a3 z + a5
F1 = 0; G 1 = 0; G 2 = 0; c2 = 0; a2 c1

123
10280 S. K. Dhiman, S. Kumar

   
a 2 c4 t a32 c4 t
+ G 2 csc 2
− 3 + a2 y + a3 z + a5 − G 1 csc − +a2 y +a3 z +a5
a2 c1 a2 c1
 
+ F0 . (16) a32 c4 t
+ G 2 sec −
2
+a2 y +a3 z + a5
a2 c1
Set 2: For [r1 , r2 , r3 , r4 ] = [i, −i, i, i] and [s1 , s2 , s3 ,
s4 ] = [1, −1, 0, 0] , Eq. (6) yields + F0 . (21)

T (ξ ) = cos (ξ ) . (17) Case 2.3:

With reference to Eqs. (17) and (9), the solution sets F0 = 0; F1 = 0, F2 = 0; G 1 = 0; G 2 = 0; a1 = 0;

for Eq. (8) can be determine as follows: a32 c4
Case 2.1: a4 = − .
a2 c1

F2 = 0; G 1 = 0; G 2 = 0; c2 = 0; Therefore, the solution of Eq. (8) can be recast as

−a12 c3 − a32 c4 + a2 a13
a4 = . R(ξ ) = −F1 sin(ξ ) + F2 cos2 (ξ ) + F0 + G 2 sec2 (ξ ).
a2 c1
(22)
Therefore, the solution of Eq. (8) can be recast as
So, the newly created solution of p-type equation is as
R(ξ ) = F0 − F1 sin(ξ ). (18) follows:
 
So, the newly created solution of p-type equation is as a32 c4 t
follows: u(x, y, z, t) = −F1 sin − +a2 y +a3 z + a5
a2 c1
  
t −a12 c3 −a32 c4 +a2 a13 a32 c4 t
u(x, y, z, t) = F0 − F1 sin + F2 cos −
2
+a2 y +a3 z + a5
a2 c1 a2 c1
 
+a1 x + a2 y + a3 z + a5 ) . (19) a32 c4 t
+ G 2 sec −
2
+ a2 y +a3 z +a5
a2 c1
Case 2.2:
+ F0 . (23)
F0 = 0; F1 = 0, F2 = 0; G 1 = 0; G 2 = 0;
Set 3: For [r1 , r2 , r3 , r4 ] = [1, −1, i, i] and [s1 , s2 , s3 ,
a 2 c4 s4 ] = [i, −i, i, −i] Eq. (6) convert into
a1 = 0; a4 = − 3 .
a2 c1
T (ξ ) = tan(ξ ). (24)
Therefore, the solution of Eq. (8) can be recast as

R(ξ ) = −F1 sin(ξ ) + F2 cos2 (ξ ) + F0 Substituting Eq. (24) into (9), yields the corresponding
solution set for Eq. (8):
− G 1 csc(ξ ) + G 2 sec2 (ξ ). (20) Case 3.1:

So, the newly created solution of p-type equation is as F0 = 0; F1 = 0, F2 = 0; G 1 = 0; G 2 = 0;

follows:
a32 c4
  a1 = 0; a4 = − .
a32 c4 t a2 c1
u(x, y, z, t) = −F1 sin − +a2 y +a3 z + a5
a2 c1
  Thus, the solution of Eq. (8) is represented as
a 2c t
4
+ F2 cos2 − 3 +a2 y +a3 z + a5
a2 c1 R(ξ ) = F1 sec2 (ξ ) + 4F2 tan2 (ξ ) sec4 (ξ ) + F0

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Analyzing specific waves and various dynamics 10281

1 Case 3.3:
+ G 1 cos2 (ξ ) + G 2 cos4 (ξ ) cot 2 (ξ ). (25)
4
F0 = 0; F1 = 0; F2 = 0; G 1 = 0; G 2 = 0;
As a result, the p-type equation has the following exact
a32 c4
solution c3 = − ; a2 = 0.
a12
 
a32 c4 t
u(x, y, z, t) = F1 sec −2
+a2 y +a3 z + a5 Thus, the solution of Eq. (8) is represented as
a2 c1
 
a32 c4 t R(ξ ) = F0 + G 1 cos2 (ξ ). (29)
+ G 1 cos −
2
+ a2 y +a3 z +a5
a2 c1
  As a result, the newly created solution of p-type equa-
a32 c4 t tion is as follows
+ 4F2 tan −
2
+ a2 y +a3 z +a5
a2 c1
  u(x, y, z, t) = G 1 cos2 (a4 t + a1 x + a3 z + a5 ) + F0 .
a32 c4 t
sec −
4
+a2 y +a3 z + a5 (30)
a2 c1
 
1 a 2c t
4 Set 4: For [r1 , r2 , r3 , r4 ] = [i, i, 1, −1] and [s1 , s2 , s3 ,
+ G 2 cos4 − 3 +a2 y +a3 z +a5 s4 ] = [i, −i, i, −i] equation (6) gives
4 a2 c1
 
a32 c4 t T (ξ ) = cot (ξ ) . (31)
cot −
2
+ a2 y + a3 z + a5
a2 c1
+ F0 . (26) Incorporating Eq. (31) into Eq. (9) provides the solution
sets for Eq. (8):
Case 4.1:
Case 3.2:
F0 = 0; F1 = 0, F2 = 0; G 1 = 0; G 2 = 0;
F0 = 0; F1 = 0, F2 = 0; G 1 = 0; G 2 = 0; a32 c4
a 2 c4 a1 = 0; a4 = − .
c3 = − 3 2 ; a2 = 0. a2 c1
a1
Employing the aforementioned constants in the expres-
Thus, the solution of Eq. (8) is represented as sion given by (9), we obtain a solution for the equation
(8)

R(ξ ) = F1 sec2 (ξ ) + 4F2 tan2 (ξ ) sec4 (ξ ) + F0 R(ξ ) = −F1 csc2 (ξ ) + 4F2 cot 2 (ξ ) csc4 (ξ ) + F0
1 1
+ G 2 cos4 (ξ ) cot 2 (ξ ). (27) − G 1 sin2 (ξ ) + G 2 sin4 (ξ ) tan2 (ξ ). (32)
4 4

As a result, the p-type equation has the following exact Consequently, the p-type equation has the following
solution solution
 
u(x, y, z, t) = F1 sec2 (a4 t + a1 x + a3 z + a5 ) a32 c4 t
u(x, y, z, t) = −F1 csc −
2
+a2 y +a3 z +a5
a2 c1
+ 4F2 tan2 (a4 t + a1 x + a3 z + a5 )  
sec4 (a4 t + a1 x + a3 z + a5 ) a32 c4 t
− G 1 sin −
2
+a2 y +a3 z +a5
1 a2 c1
+ G 2 cos4 (a4 t +a1 x +a3 z +a5 ) cot 2  
4 a 2c t
4
(a4 t + a1 x + a3 z + a5 ) + F0 . (28) + 4F2 cot 2 − 3 +a2 y +a3 z +a5
a2 c1

123
10282 S. K. Dhiman, S. Kumar

 
a32 c4 t The solution for the p-type equation is given precisely
csc −4
+a2 y +a3 z +a5 as follows
a2 c1
 
1 a32 c4 t
+ G 2 sin −4
+a2 y +a3 z +a5 u(x, y, z, t) = F0 − G 1 sin2 (a4 t + a1 x + a3 z + a5 ) .
4 a2 c1 (37)
 
a32 c4 t
tan −
2
+a2 y +a3 z +a5 + F0 . Set 5: For [r1 , r2 , r3 , r4 ] = [1, −1, i, i] and [s1 , s2 , s3 ,
a2 c1
s4 ] = [i, −i, 0, 0] , Eq. (6) yields
(33)
T (ξ ) = sinh(ξ ). (38)
Case 4.2:
F0 = 0; F1 = 0, F2 = 0; G 2 = 0; G 1 = 0; By inserting Eq. (38) into (9), we derive sets of solu-
a32 c4 tions for (8)
c3 = − ; a2 = 0. Case 5.1:
a12

By substituting the constants as expressed in the above F2 = 0; G 1 = 0; G 2 = 0; c2 = 0;

equations into (9), a solution to the differential equation a12 (−c3 ) − a32 c4 − a13 a2
(8) emerges a4 = .
a2 c1

R(ξ ) = −F1 csc2 (ξ ) + 4F2 cot 2 (ξ ) csc4 (ξ ) + F0 The solution to the Eq. (8) is stated as follows
1
+ G 2 sin4 (ξ ) tan2 (ξ ). (34) R(ξ ) = F1 cosh(ξ ) + F0 . (39)
4

Consequently, the p-type equation has the following Thus, the newly created solution of p-type equation is
solution as follows

u(x, y, z, t) = −F1 csc2 (a4 t + a1 x + a3 z + a5 ) t a12 (−c3 ) − a32 c4 − a13 a2
u(x, y, z, t) = F1 cosh
+ 4F2 cot 2 (a4 t + a1 x + a3 z + a5 ) a2 c1

csc4 (a4 t + a1 x + a3 z + a5 ) +a1 x + a2 y + a3 z + a5 ) + F0 . (40)

1
+ G 2 sin4 (a4 t + a1 x + a3 z + a5 ) Case 5.2:
4
tan2 (a4 t + a1 x + a3 z + a5 ) + F0 .
(35) F0 = 0; F1 = 0, F2 = 0; G 1 = 0; G 2 = 0;
a32 c4
a1 = 0; a4 = − .
Case 4.3: a2 c1

F0 = 0; F1 = 0; F2 = 0; G 1 = 0; G 2 = 0; The solution to the Eq. (8) is stated as follows

a32 c4
c3 = − ; a2 = 0. R(ξ ) = F2 sinh2 (ξ ) + F1 cosh(ξ ) + F0 + G 1 sech(ξ ).
a12 (41)

By substituting the constants as expressed in the above Thus, the newly created solution of p-type equation is
equations into (9), a solution to the differential equation as follows
(8) emerges
 
a 2 c4 t
R(ξ ) = F0 − G 1 sin2 (ξ ). (36) u(x, y, z, t) = F2 sinh2 − 3 +a2 y + a3 z + a5
a2 c1

123
Analyzing specific waves and various dynamics 10283

 
a32 c4 t The solution to (8) is as follows
+ F1 cosh − +a2 y +a3 z +a5
a2 c1
  R(ξ ) = F1 sinh(ξ ) + F0 . (46)
a32 c4 t
+ G 1 sech − +a2 y +a3 z +a5
a2 c1
Hence, the exact solution for the p-type equation can
+ F0 . (42) be determine as

Case 5.3: t a12 (−c3 ) − a32 c4 − a13 a2
u(x, y, z, t) = F1 sinh
a2 c1
F0 = 0; F1 = 0, F2 = 0; G 1 = 0; G 2 = 0; +a1 x + a2 y + a3 z + a5 ) + F0 . (47)
a 2 c4
a1 = 0; a4 = − 3 .
a2 c1 Case 6.2:

The solution to the Eq. (8) is stated as follows

F0 = 0; F1 = 0, F2 = 0; G 1 = 0; G 2 = 0; a1 = 0;
a32 c4
R(ξ ) = F2 sinh2 (ξ ) + F1 cosh(ξ ) + F0 a4 = − .
a2 c1
+ G 2 csch2 (ξ ) + G 1 sech(ξ ). (43)
Subsequently, the solution of Eq. (8) read as
Thus, the newly created solution of p-type equation is
as follows R(ξ ) = F1 sinh(ξ ) + F2 cosh2 (ξ ) + F0 + G 1 csch(ξ ).
  (48)
a32 c4 t
u(x, y, z, t) = F2 sinh − 2
+a2 y +a3 z +a5
a2 c1 Consequently, the p-type equation has the following
  solution
a32 c4 t
+ F1 cosh − +a2 y +a3 z +a5  
a2 c1
  a32 c4 t
u(x, y, z, t) = F1 sinh − +a2 y +a3 z +a5
a32 c4 t a2 c1
+ G 2 csch −
2
+a2 y +a3 z +a5  
a2 c1
  a32 c4 t
+ F2 cosh −
2
+a2 y +a3 z +a5
a32 c4 t a2 c1
+ G 1 sech − +a2 y +a3 z +a5  
a2 c1
a32 c4 t
+ F0 . (44) + G 1 csch − +a2 y +a3 z +a5
a2 c1
+ F0 . (49)
Set 6: For [r1 , r2 , r3 , r4 ] = [i, −i, i, i] and [s1 , s2 , s3 ,
s4 ] = [1, −1, 0, 0] , Eq. (6) yields
Case 6.3:
T (ξ ) = cosh (ξ ) . (45)
F0 = 0; F1 = 0, F2 = 0; G 1 = 0; G 2 = 0; a1 = 0;
From Eq. (45) and (9),the solution sets for Eq. (8) are a32 c4
a4 = − .
represented as a2 c1
Case 6.1:
We recast the solution of (8) in the following manner
F2 = 0; G 1 = 0; G 2 = 0; c2 = 0;
a 2 (−c3 ) − a32 c4 − a13 a2 R(ξ ) = F1 sinh(ξ ) + F2 cosh2 (ξ ) + F0
a4 = 1 . + G 1 csch(ξ ) + G 2 sech2 (ξ ). (50)
a2 c1

123
10284 S. K. Dhiman, S. Kumar

 
Accordingly, the exact solution of the p-type equation a 2 c4 t
sech4 − 3 +a2 y +a3 z +a5
is a2 c1
 
  1 4 a32 c4 t
a32 c4 t + G 2 cosh − +a2 y +a3 z +a5
u(x, y, z, t) = F1 sinh − +a2 y +a3 z +a5 4 a2 c1
a2 c1  
  2 a32 c4 t
coth − +a2 y +a3 z +a5
a32 c4 t a2 c1
+ F2 cosh −
2
+a2 y +a3 z +a5
a2 c1 + F0 . (54)
 
a32 c4 t
+ G 1 csch − +a2 y +a3 z +a5
a2 c1
  Case 7.2:
a32 c4 t
+ G 2 sech −
2
+a2 y +a3 z +a5
a2 c1 F0 = 0; F1 = 0, F2 = 0; G 1 = 0; G 2 = 0;
+ F0 . (51) a32 c4
c3 = − ; a2 = 0.
a12
Set 7: For [r1 , r2 , r3 , r4 ] = [1, −1, 1, 1] and [s1 , s2 , s3 ,
s4 ] = [1, −1, 1, −1] Eq. (6) convert into When we insert the given constants into Eq. (9), we get
the solution to Eq. (8)
T (ξ ) = tanh(ξ ). (52)
R(ξ ) = F1 sech2 (ξ ) + 4F2 tanh2 (ξ )sech4 (ξ ) + F0
Equation (52) and (9), help us to find the solution of 1
Eq. (8): + G 2 cosh4 (ξ ) coth2 (ξ ). (55)
4
Case 7.1:
As a result, the p-type equation has the following exact
F0 = 0; F1 = 0, F2 = 0; G 1 = 0; G 2 = 0; a1 = 0; solution
a32 c4
a4 = − . u(x, y, z, t) = F1 sech2 (a4 t + a1 x + a3 z + a5 )
a2 c1
+ 4F2 tanh2 (a4 t + a1 x + a3 z + a5 )
When we insert the given constants into Eq. (9), we get
sech4 (a4 t + a1 x + a3 z + a5 )
the solution to Eq. (8) 
1
+ G 2 cosh a4 t + a1 x
4
R(ξ ) = F1 sech2 (ξ ) + 4F2 tanh2 (ξ )sech4 (ξ ) + F0 4

1
+ G 1 cosh2 (ξ ) + G 2 cosh4 (ξ ) coth2 (ξ ). + a3 z + a5 coth2
4
(53) (a4 t + a1 x + a3 z + a5 ) + F0 . (56)

As a result, the p-type equation has the following exact

Case 7.3:
solution

  a32 c4
a 2 c4 t F1 = 0; F2 = 0; G 2 = 0; c3 = − ; a2 = 0.
u(x, y, z, t) = F1 sech2 − 3 +a2 y +a3 z +a5 a12
a2 c1
 
a32 c4 t When we insert the given constants into Eq. (9), we get
+ G 1 cosh2 − +a2 y +a3 z +a5
a2 c1 the solution to Eq. (8)
 
2 a32 c4 t
+ 4F2 tanh − +a2 y +a3 z +a5 R(ξ ) = F0 + G 1 cosh2 (ξ ). (57)
a2 c1

123
Analyzing specific waves and various dynamics 10285

As a result, the newly created solution of p-type equa- Case 8.2:

tion is as follows
F0 = 0; F1 = 0, F2 = 0; G 1 = 0; G 2 = 0;
u(x, y, z, t) = G 1 cosh2 (a4 t +a1 x +a3 z +a5 )+ F0 . a32 c4
(58) c3 = − ; a2 = 0.
a12
Set 8: For [r1 , r2 , r3 , r4 ] = [1, 1, 1, −1] and [s1 , s2 , s3 ,
We can determine the solution for Eq. (8) by incorpo-
s4 ] = [1, −1, 1, −1] equation (6) gives
rating the constants in Eq. (9)

T (ξ ) = coth (ξ ) . (59)
R(ξ ) = −F1 csch2 (ξ ) + 4F2 coth2 (ξ )csch4 (ξ ) + F0
1
Placing Eq. (59) into (9) results in distinct solution sets + G 2 sinh4 (ξ ) tanh2 (ξ ). (62)
for Eq. (8): 4
Case 8.1: The solution for the p-type equation is given precisely
as follows
F0 = 0; F1 = 0, F2 = 0; G 1 = 0; G 2 = 0;
a32 c4 u(x, y, z, t) = −F1 csch2 (a4 t + a1 x + a3 z + a5 )
a1 = 0; a4 = − .
a2 c1 + 4F2 coth2 (a4 t + a1 x + a3 z + a5 )

By substituting the constants as expressed in the above csch4 (a4 t + a1 x + a3 z + a5 )

equations into (9), a solution to the differential equation 1
+ G 2 sinh4 (a4 t + a1 x + a3 z + a5 )
(8) emerges 4
tanh2 (a4 t + a1 x + a3 z + a5 ) + F0 .
R(ξ ) = −F1 csch2 (ξ ) + 4F2 coth2 (ξ )csch4 (ξ ) + F0 (63)
1
− G 1 sinh2 (ξ ) + G 2 sinh4 (ξ ) tanh2 (ξ ). Case 8.3:
4
(60)
a32 c4
F1 = 0; F2 = 0; G 2 = 0; c3 = − ; a2 = 0.
The solution for the p-type equation is given precisely a12
as follows
  We can determine the solution for Eq. (8) by incorpo-
a32 c4 t rating the constant in Eq. (9)
u(x, y, z, t) = −F1 csch −2
+a2 y +a3 z +a5
a2 c1
  R(ξ ) = F0 − G 1 sinh2 (ξ ). (64)
a32 c4 t
− G 1 sinh −
2
+a2 y +a3 z +a5
a2 c1 The solution for the p-type equation is given precisely
 
a32 c4 t as follows
+ 4F2 coth − 2
+a2 y +a3 z +a5
a2 c1
  u(x, y, z, t) = F0 − G 1 sin2 (a4 t + a1 x + a3 z + a5 )2 .
a32 c4 t (65)
csch −
4
+a2 y +a3 z +a5
a2 c1
 
1 a32 c4 t 4 Results and discussion
+ G 2 sinh − 4
+a2 y +a3 z +a5
4 a2 c1
  In this part, we visually study the solutions of the p-
a32 c4 t
tanh −
2
+a2 y +a3 z +a5 type equation. To better comprehend these solutions,
a2 c1
we carefully choose parameters within a suitable range.
+ F0 . (61) We explore the real part of the solution to understand

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10286 S. K. Dhiman, S. Kumar

Fig. 1 3D and contour plots of the Eq. (26)

Fig. 2 3D and contour plots of the Eq. (28)

how it changes along the real axis. Similarly, we exam- trates lumps for the real component with parameters
ine the imaginary part to grasp the patterns along the a2 = 2; a4 = 2i; a3 = i; a5 = 0.2; c1 = 5; c4 =
imaginary axis. Additionally, we look at the absolute 2i; F0 = 0.2; F1 = 0.01; F2 = 0.2i; G 1 = 0; G 2 =
value to identify regions of high or low magnitude. This 0.2; t = 0.02 where y ∈ [−1.4, 1.4], z ∈ [−0.1, 0.1].
helps us gain insights into the overall behavior and sta- Subplot (b) showcases peakons for the imaginary com-
bility of the solutions. ponent with parameters a2 = 2; a4 = 2i; a3 =
In Fig. 1, we have discussed the 3D and contour i; a5 = 0.2; c1 = 5; c4 = 2i; F0 = 0.2; F1 =
plots of the solution (26). Here, subplot (a) illus- 0.01; F2 = 0.2i; G 1 = 0; G 2 = 0.2; t = 0.03; where

123
Analyzing specific waves and various dynamics 10287

Fig. 3 3D and contour plots of the Eq. (35)

Fig. 4 3D and contour plots of the Eq. (56)

y ∈ [−1.4, 1.4], z ∈ [−0.1, 0.1]. Subplot (c) illus- In Fig. 2, we illustrate the behavior of solution
trate solitons for the absolute value with parameters (28). Subplot (a) showcases lumps for the real com-
a2 = 1.5; a4 = 2i; a3 = i; a5 = 0.2; c1 = 5; c4 = ponent characterized by parameters a1 = 2; a4 =
2i; F0 = 1; F1 = 0.1; F2 = 0.02i; G 1 = 0.5i; G 2 = 2i; a3 = i; a5 = 0; c1 = 5; c4 = 2i; F0 =
0.02i; t = 0.03 where y ∈ [−1.8, 1.6], z ∈ [−1, 2]. 0.2; F1 = 0.01; F2 = 0; G 2 = 0; t = 0.02 where
Subplots (d-f) display the corresponding contour plots. x ∈ [−1.4, 1.4], z ∈ [−2, 2]. Subplot (b) reveals lump
solitons for the imaginary component at a1 = 2; a4 =

123
10288 S. K. Dhiman, S. Kumar

Fig. 5 3D and contour plots of the Eq. (63)

2i; a3 = i; a5 = 0; c1 = 5; c4 = 2i; F0 = 0.2; F1 = 0.2; F1 = 0.01; F2 = 0; G 2 = 0; t = 0.1 where

0.01; F2 = 0; G 1 = 0; G 2 = 0; t = 0.02 where x ∈ [−1, 1], z ∈ [−4, 2]. Subplot (b) showcases the
x ∈ [−2, 2], z ∈ [−2, 2]. Subplot (c) depicts soli- lump solitons for the imaginary component at a1 =
tons for the absolute value, characterized by param- 2; a4 = 2i; a3 = i; a5 = 0; c1 = 5; c4 = 2i; F0 =
eters a1 = 2; a4 = 2i; a3 = i; a5 = 0; c1 = 5; c4 = 0.2; F1 = 0.01; F2 = 0; G 2 = 0; t = 0.02 where x ∈
2i; F0 = 0.2; F1 = 0.01; F2 = 0; G 1 = 0; G 2 = [−1.3, 1.3], z ∈ [−4, 2]. Subplot (c) illustrates multi-
0; t = 0.02 where x ∈ [−2, 2], z ∈ [−2, 2], whereas soliton for the behavior for the absolute value with
subplot (d-f) exhibit the corresponding contour plots. parameters a1 = 2; a4 = 2i; a3 = i; a5 = 0; c1 =
Figure 3 is dedicated to the exploration of 3D and 5; c4 = 2i; F0 = 0.02; F1 = 0.1; F2 = 0; G 2 =
contour visualizations for the solution (35). Subplot 0; t = 0.02 where x ∈ [−1.2, 1.2], z ∈ [−3, 5], sub-
(a) specifically illustrates 1-peakon in the real com- plot (d-f) represents the corresponding contour plots.
ponent with parameters a1 = 2; a4 = 3i; a3 = Figure 5 delves into the 3D and contour patterns
i; a5 = 0.1; c1 = 5; c4 = 2i; F0 = 0.2; F1 = of the solution (63). Subplot (a) vividly displays soli-
0.01; F2 = 0; G 2 = 0; t = 1 where x ∈ [−1, 1], z ∈ ton interaction with waves for real component at a1 =
[−2, −4], subplot (b) exhibits 1-lump soliton for the 2; a4 = 3i; a3 = i; a5 = 0.1; c1 = 5; c4 = 2i; F0 =
imaginary component with parameters a1 = 2; a4 = 0.2; F1 = 0.01; F2 = 0; G 1 = 0; G 2 = 2; t = 0.1
2i; a3 = i; a5 = 0; c1 = 5; c4 = 2i; F0 = where x ∈ [−1, 1], z ∈ [−2, 2], subplot (b) highlights
0.2; F1 = 0.01; F2 = 0; G 2 = 0; t = 0.02 where multi-lumps soliton for the imaginary component with
x ∈ [−1.3, 1.3], z ∈ [−4, 4], subplot (c) portrays parameters a1 = 2; a4 = 2i; a3 = i; a5 = 0; c1 =
the single-soliton for the absolute value at a1 = 5; c4 = 2i; F0 = 0.2; F1 = 0.01; F2 = 0; G 1 =
2; a4 = 2i; a3 = i; a5 = 0; c1 = 5; c4 = 2i; F0 = 0; G 2 = 0; t = 0.02 where x ∈ [−1.3, 1.3], z ∈
0.2; F1 = 0.01; F2 = 0; G 2 = 0; t = 0.02 where [−4, 4], subplot (c) illustrate the multi-soliton with
x ∈ [−1.2, 1.2], z ∈ [−3, 3]. Subplot (d-f) showcase waves for the absolute value at a1 = 2; a4 = 2i; a3 =
the corresponding contour plots. i; a5 = 0; c1 = 5; c4 = 2i; F0 = 0.2; F1 =
In Fig. 4, the focus is on the 3D and contour pat- 0.01; F2 = 0; G 1 = 0; G 2 = 0; t = 0.02; where
terns of the solution (56). Subplot (a) vividly displays x ∈ [−1.3, 1.3], z ∈ [−4, 4], subplot (d-f) represents
solitons for the real component at a1 = 2; a4 = the corresponding contour plots.
2i; a3 = i; a5 = 0; c1 = 5; c4 = 2i; F0 =

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Analyzing specific waves and various dynamics 10289

5 Conclusions Pempinelli equation: a comparative study of the Lie classi-

cal method and unified method with applications. Nonlinear
Dyn. 111, 22457–22475 (2023)
IIn conclusion, we introduced a novel powerful mathe- 4. Kumar, S., Dhiman, S.K.: Exploring cone-shaped solitons,
matical GEDRF approach and then applied it to derive breather, and lump-forms solutions using the lie symmetry
analytical solutions for a (3+1)-dimensional p-type method and unified approach to a coupled breaking soliton
equation. We have made these solutions easier to under- model. Phys. Scr. 99(2), 025243 (2024)
5. Mann, N., Rani, S., Kumar, S., Kumar, R.: Novel closed-
stand by using 3D and contour plots via symbolic form analytical solutions and modulation instability spec-
computation. These plots show interesting features in trum induced by the Salerno equation describing nonlinear
the solutions, like lumps, multi-peakons, solitons, and discrete electrical lattice via symbolic computation. Math.
interactions between solitons and waves. These solu- Comput. Simul. 219, 473–490 (2024)
6. Mohan, B., Kumar, S., Kumar, R.: Higher-order rogue waves
tions have wide-ranging applications, offering valuable and dispersive solitons of a novel P-type (3+1)-D evolution
insights into physical phenomena, engineering prob- equation in soliton theory and nonlinear waves. Nonlinear
lems, mathematical modeling, and nonlinear dynamics. Dyn. 111, 20275–20288 (2023)
These findings can have practical implications in vari- 7. Yan, X.W., Tian, S.F., Dong, M.J., Zou, L.: Bäcklund trans-
formation, rogue wave solutions and interaction phenomena
ous real-world scenarios. Looking ahead, further explo-
for a (3+1)-dimensional B-type Kadomtsev–Petviashvili–
ration of the practical applications of these solutions in Boussinesq equation. Nonlinear Dyn. 92(2), 709 (2018)
the mentioned fields presents an exciting avenue for 8. Guo, B., Ling, L., Liu, Q.P.: Nonlinear Schrödinger equa-
future research. By continuing to investigate and apply tion: generalized Darboux transformation and rogue wave
solutions. Phys. Rev. E 85(2), 026607 (2012)
these findings, we can unlock even greater potential for 9. Gardner, C.S., Greene, J.M., Kruskal, M.D., Miura, R.M.:
addressing complex problems and fostering innovation Method for solving the Korteweg–de Vries equation. Phys.
in diverse areas of study. Rev. Lett. 19(19), 1095 (1967)
10. Hietarinta, J.: Introduction to the Hirota Bilinear Method.
Acknowledgements The authors express their gratitude to the Lecture Notes in Physics, p. 495 (1997)
Editor and reviewers for their insightful and useful suggestions 11. Younas, U., Yao, F., Nasreen, N., Khan, A., Abdeljawad, T.:
for improving this work. The author, Sachin Kumar, appreciates Dynamics of M-truncated optical solitons and other solu-
the Institution of Eminence of the University of Delhi, India, tions to the fractional Kudryashov’s equation. Results Phys.
for financial assistance with this research through the Faculty 58, 107503 (2024)
Research Program Grant - IoE (Ref. No./IoE/2023-24/12/FRP). 12. Guo, S., Zhou, Y.: Auxiliary equation method for the mKdV
equation with variable coefficients. Appl. Math. Comput.
Author contributions Each author made an equal contribution 217, 1476 (2010)
to the final draft of the work. The authors would have consented 13. Ma, W.X., Huang, T., Zhang, Y.: A multiple exp-function
and approved the final work. method for nonlinear differential equations and its applica-
tion. Phys. Scr. 82(6), 065003 (2010)
Funding None. 14. Wazwaz, A.M.: New (3 + 1)-dimensional Painlevé inte-
grable fifth-order equation with third-order temporal dis-
Data availibility The data that supports the findings of the study persion. Nonlinear Dyn. 106, 891–897 (2021)
are available in the article. 15. Wazwaz, A.M.: Painlevé integrability and lump solutions for
two extended (3 + 1)- and (2 + 1)-dimensional Kadomtsev–
Petviashvili equations. Nonlinear Dyn. 111, 3623–3632
Declarations
(2023)
Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no con- 16. Younas, U., Yao, F., Ismael, H.F., Sulaiman, T.A., Murad,
flict of interest. M.A.S.: Sensitivity analysis and propagation of optical soli-
tons in dual-core fiber optics. Opt. Quantum Electron. 56,
548 (2024)
17. Liu, H., Li, J.: Lie symmetry analysis and exact solutions for
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