INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH

·ENVIRONMENT: Refers to immediate and distance surrounding of man which comprises

Abiotic,biotic, and cultural environment.
TYPES
a) Physical Environment(A-biotic)
b) Biological Environment(Biotic)
c) Social/cultural Environment)1
·HEALTH: According to WHO Refers to a complete state of physical,mental and social well-being of
an individual not merely absence of disease or infirmity.
·ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH: is the branch of public health that dea with the control of all factors in
man physical environment which exercise or may exercise deleterious effect to his physical
development health and survival.
COMPONENTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
a. Waste management
b. Food hygiene and safety
c. Vector/Pest control
d. Pollution control
e. Water resources management
f. Occupational health and safety
g. Air quality control
h. School sanitation
i. Health education and promotion
j. Environmental impact assessment
k. Control of border frontiers
OBJECTIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
·To enhance environmental beauty
·To prevent the spread of disease
To prevent accident and injury
·To prevent pollution of environmental media
To enhance health and comfortable living
WASTE:Can be described as unwanted, discarded or useless material that is no longer useful to its
original purpose but canbe useful when recycled.
WASTE MANAGEMENT:is the process of safe handling of waste in a good manner from site
generation to final disposal site.
TYPES OF WASTE
Solid waste
Liquid
Gaseous
SOLID -LIQUID GASSEOUS
[Link] [Link] sewage [Link]
[Link] [Link] sewage [Link]
[Link] [Link] H2o [Link]
SOURCES OF VARIOUS TYPES OF WASTE
SOURCES OF SOLID WASTE (REFUSE)
a) Domestic source
b) Agricultural source
c) Industrial source
d) Municipal source
e) Hospital source
METHOD OF SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL IN THE COMMUNITY
a) Burning
b) Composting
c) Sanitary land fill
d) Control tipping
e) Incineration
WASTE WATER
Waste water: is any water that has been contaminated by human use.
OR
Waste water is used water from any combination of domestic,industrial,commercial or agricultural
activities, surface runoff or storm water and any sewer inflow or sewer infiltration.
TYPES OF WASTE WATER
·Grey water(sullage)
·Black water(sewage)
Grey water: this is wastewater that originates from non-toilet and food fixture such as,birth room
sink,laundry machine,spas, and bathtubs and so on
Black water: this is waste water originated from toilets mixed with excreter and faeces
SOURCE OF LUQUID WASTE
f) Domestic source [Link] room sewage,kitchen,sink.
g) Agricultural source [Link]
h) Industrial source e.g .industrial discharge as sewage
i) Municipal source
SOURCE OF GASSEOUSE WASTE
i. Bush burning
ii. Automobiles engine
iii. Wind storm
iv. Harmattan
COMMUNITY SEWAGE DISPOSAL MECHANISM (METHOD OF LIQUID WASTE DISPOSAL)
a) Pit latrine
b) Ventilated Improve pit latrine
c) Water closet(water system)
d)Aqua privy
e) Trench latrine
f) Open defecation etc
PUBLIC HEALTH IMPORTANCE OF WASTE
It favors flies infestation
It attract rodent and vermin's
Possibility of Land and Water pollution is very high
It can lead to fire hazard (Outbreak)
DISSEASES ASSOCIATE WITH WASTE
·Malaria
·Cholera
Typhoid
Infective hepatitis
Poliomyelitis
·Ascariasis
·Lung cancer
·Pneumonia
·Dysentery
VECTORS/PESTS CONTROL: Refers to a living creatures, mostly arthropod which are capable of
transmitting disease to man. Whereas Pests is define as any animal either vertebrate in case of
rodents or invertebrates in case of arthropods which is capable of causing
annoyance,disturbance,discomfort as well as transmittingdisease to man. A pest can be seen as a
living creature that is disturbing or worry-some to man.
MEDICAL IMPORTANCE OF PEST/VECTORS
1. Transmission of disease to man either biologically or mechanically.
2. Annoyance thus causes poor relaxation poor sleeping and fatigue.
3. Bite and sting which causes irritation,pain,shock,boil or lesion
4. Destruction of man food
5. Destruction of properties e.g household
PESTS/VECTORS OF MEDICAL IMPORTANCE
a) Rodents:-musmuscullus, (house mouse) Rattus rattus(black rat)
b) Mosquitoes of various species
c) Common houseflies of various species
d) Black flies of various species
e) Bed bug of various species
f) Cockroaches of various species
g) Mite and tick
h) Human lice e.g body,head and public lice.
TYPES OF VECTORS
·Mechanical vector
·Biological vectors
METHOD OF VECTORS CONTROL
1. Physical Control
2. Biological control
3. Chemical control
4. Mechanical control
5. Genetic control
6. Personal protection
PERSONAL PROTECTION
a) Use of mosquito bed net
b) Screening of house(doors/windoors)
c) Use of insect repellant
d) Wearing of protective wears
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL
a) Bush clearing
b) Removal and disposal of refuse, empty cans etc
c) Standard environmental sanitation
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
·Use of predators or natural enemies
·Use of parasite such as worm
·Planting of larbicide tree
CHEMICAL CONTROL
1. Use of contact poison, stomach poison, fumigant.
MECHANICAL CONTROL
Destruction by hand or broom
Trapping e.g break borne traps,cage trap etc
FOOD: Can be define as any substance solid, liquid or semi liquid which when ingestion provide
body energy,material for growth and mechanism for defense against infection.
FUNCTION OF FOOD
a. It provide energy
b. It provide new material for growth
c. It protect the body from diseases
d. It regulate the body temperature
e. It replace wom out tissue
TYPES OF FOOD
1. Vegetables
2. Fruits
3. Grains,beans,and Nuts
4. Meat and poultry
5. Fish and seafood
6. Dairy foods
SOURCES OF FOOD
·Plants source
·Animals source
FOOD HYGIENE: Refers to scientific rule that must be observed in
cultivation,transportation,storage,preservation,and processing of food to ensure its safety and good
quality keeping.
OBJECTIVES OF FOOD HYGIENE
To free food from pathogens
To free food from toxic chemical
To prevent food spoilage
To maintain food nutrient intact
To ensure abundant food in the society
HOW FOOD CAN BE CONTAMINATED
1) Indiscriminate use of chemical e.g insecticide,herbicide etc
2) When food is cultivated in contaminated soil/water
3) Harvesting of poisoning plant or fish for food mistakenly
4) Use of dirty .contaminated or unprotected vehicles for conveying/transporting food stuff
5) Non provision/use of protective equipment for food production
AGENTS OF FOOD CONTAMINATION
a) Microbes
b) Parasite worm
c) Insect
d) Dust and particulate matters
e) Chemicals(especially toxic)
FOOD BORNE RELATED HEALTH PROBLEM
·Bacteria and other micro-organisms infection e.g cholera,typhoid,dysentery etc
Bacteria toxin eg clostridium botulinum
Parasite worm e.g Tape worm (taenia saginata,taenia solium
·Chemical poison e.g insectide,herbicide etc
Naturalplant poison/animal eg hydrogen cynide from cassava
FOOD PRESERVATION:-Refers to a process of keeping food without spoilage or contamination
METHOD OF FOOD PRESERVATION
a) Refrigeration
b) Salting
c) Smoking
d)Drying
e) Pickling
f) Freezing
WATER (H2O/AQUA): Refers to a universal solvent that compose of two molecule of hydrogen and
one molecule of oxygen ratio 2:1 (H20)
OR Water can be define as the combination of two chemical two molecules of hydrogen and one
USES OF WATER
·Is use for drinking and cooking
·Bathing and washing of clothes
·Fire fighting
·Industrial activities
·Recreation e.g swimming,boating
·Is use for transportation
SOURCES OF WATER
1. Rain water
2. Surface water
3. Underground water
WHOLESOME WATER: Can simply be define as any water that does not possess any effect to the
users
RAW WATER: Refers to water that does not subject to any procedure to remove harmful
substances from it. And also enable causes health problems to the users.
QUALITIES OF WHOLESOME WATER (SAFE DRINKING H20)
a) It Should be colourless, testless and ourdourless
b) It must be free from suspended matters
c) It must be free from organic matters
d) It must be free from pathogenic organisms
e) It should be potable ie good and harmless
WATER PURIFICATION: Refers to the method of making raw water to be potable.
METHOD OF WATER PURIFICATION
1. Conventional/Large scale/municipal water purification method
2. Nonconventional/small scale/domestic water purification method
1. SMALL SCALE/DOMESTIC WATER PURIFICATION METHOD
a. Filtration
b. Boiling
c. Storage
d. Allumination (chlorination)
2. CONVENTIONAL/LARGE SCAL/MUNICIPAL WATER PURIFICATION METHOD
a) Screening
b) Aeration
c) Coagulation
d) Flocculation
e) Sedimentation
f) Filtration
g) Chlorination
h)PH Correction
i) Storage reservoirs
WATER RELATED DISEASES
POLLUTION: Refers to the release or introduction of any substances into the environment do to
man activities that can be injurious or detrimental to human, animals or plant health.
POLLUTION: Is the presence of substance in the environment which has harmful or poisonous
effects.
POLLUTION: Refers to contamination of air, water, or soil by substances that are harmful to living
organisms
TYPES OF POLLUTION
Air Pollution
Land Pollution
Water Pollution
AIR POLLUTION: Refers to a release of harmful substances into the atmosphere in form of
smoke,fumes,mist,smoq etc
SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION
Decomposition of organic matters
Automobile exhaust (CO,NO,SO2)
·Chlorofluorocarbon
Natural sources
EFFECT OF AIR POLLUTION
Air pollution is considered as the major environmental risk factor in the incidence and progress of
some diseases.
1. It causes respiratory disorder or infection such as influenza,asbestosis,Asthma,lung cancer etc
2. Air pollution causes damages to plant trees, flowers as a result of acid rain lead to poor
production of agricultural product
3. Air pollution causes ozone layer depletion which lead to poor photosynthesis to plants and can
causes skin cancer to man.
CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION
a. Uses of alternative fuel which are environmental friendly should be preferred and encourage e.g
kerosene should be use at homes instead of fire wood.
b. Enforcement of pollution related laws to industrialized nation federal environmental protection
agency (FEPA) to avoid indiscriminate pollution of the atmosphere
c. A forestation (planting of trees) should be encouraged to absorb the excess pollutants especially
industrial area.
d. Health educating the people on the danger of air pollution and how to avoid it.
WATER POLLUTION: Can be define as the presences of toxic or pollutants in water that degrade
the qualities of water or impair the usefulness of water
CAUSES OF WATER POLLUTION
a. Agricultural sewage discharges
b. Domestic sewage discharges
c. Industrial effluent or sewage discharges
d. Oil spillage
e. Deliberate uses of chemicals for fishing
EFFECT OF WATER POLLUTION
1. Water pollution causes infectious disease that can be spread through contaminated water. Some
of these water-bomne diseases are typhoid, cholera,paratyphoid fever,cholera,amoebiasis etc
2. It causes death of aquatic life (plants/animals)
3. It increase the cost of water treatment
4. Drinking of water or eating fish contaminated with heavy metals causes ill-health and death also
may occur.
CONTROL OF WATER POLLUTION
a. Avoid disposal of refuse into water bodies
b. Disposal of sewage in to rivers, lakes should be avoided
c. Liquid waste from industries should be treated before discharge
d. Avoid indiscriminate use of agro-chemicals such as pesticide, herbicide and insecticide etc.
LAND POLLUTION: Can be describe as the unfavorable alteration of surface the soil as a result of
man activities which degrade its quality, render it infertile and become unsuitable for plant and
animal to live.
SOURCES OF LAND POLLUTION
·Agro chemicals e.g insecticide,herbicide
·Industrial waste e.g indiscriminate discharge of industrial effluent on land
·Domestic refuse e.g [Link].
·Oil spillage e.g indiscriminate discharge of raw and used petroleum.
EFFECT OF LAND POLLUTION
·Loss of soil fertility
·Loss of bio diversities (plants and animals)
·It also lead to air and water pollution
·It predispose man to diseases
CONTROL OF LAND POLLUTION
i. Sewage should be properly treated before discharge on the land
ii Agro-chemicals should be use extra care
iii. Organic manure should be used instead of chemical fertilizer
iv. Refuse should be properly collected and dispose
HOUSE:can be define as the physical structure that man use for shelter
HOUSE:is an act of providing house or shelter.
ESSENTIAL REQUIREMENT OF GOOD HOUSE
a. Adequate lightening and ventilation
b. Adequate space for air movement
c. Adequate potable water supply
d. Provision of sanitary conveniences
e. Provision of kitchen facilities
f. Provision of first aid box
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH HAZARD:- Refers to any substance or materi environment that
possess deleterious effect to man as well as eco-system at large.
CLASSIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH HAZARD
a. Physical e.g excessive heat,radiation, excessive light,excessive cold
b. Biological hazard e.g microbe
c. Chemical hazard e.g pesticide
d. Socio-cultural(psychological)e.g working condition
METHOD OF CONTROLLING ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH HAZARD
a) Substitution
b) Segregation
c) Proper environmental sanitation
d) Through the of protective wears
e) Legislation (Enforcement of related regulation)
SANITATION: Refers to the arrangement to protect public health,especially for disposal of sewage
ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION: it involve the activities which result in pro clean environment,
adequate construction of dwellings, proper drainage, control of v pollution through adequate
disposal of refuse and sewage, and the elimination of the places of mosquitoes and vector of
communicable diseases.
CLIMATE CHANGE:-Refers to the unusual changing pattern of weather due to the man activities
GLOBAL WARMING(GREEN HOUSE EFFECT)
Plant and trees absorbed the gasses emitted in the course of natural occurring events such as
volcanic eruption, forest fire and decaying vegetables etc to generate materials necessary for their
growth and turn the byproduct oxygen to the atmosphere. But the industries and transportation
processes emit too much gas to the atmosphere which cannot be absorbed by the forest areas. The
unabsorbed gases now create an envelope round the earth and prevent the excess heat radiated
by the earth back into space as infrared rays from dissipating into the upper atmosphere. This
causes the global temperature to rise 176, technically called global [Link] global
warming can be defined as rising temnperature which may result to warm the globe.
CAUSES OF CLIMATIC CHANGE AND GLOBAL WARMING
·Burning of fossil fuels
·Industrial emission
·Automobile emission
·Bush burning
·Deforestation
EFFECTS
·Respiratory tract infection/attack
·Death
·It can lead to Ozone layer depletion
·Suffocation