SUBJECT NAME: ROAD SAFETY ENGINEERING (BCV755A)

MODULE:1
Syllabus: Accident Investigations and Risk Management: Collection Of Accident
Data, Assessment Of Road Safety, Methods To Identify And Prioritize Hazardous
Locations And Elements, Determine Possible Causes Of Crashes, Crash Reduction
Capabilities And Countermeasures, Effectiveness Of Safety Design Features,
Accident Reconstruction, Condition And Collision Diagram.

Prepared by, Prof. Gowtham B, Department of Civil Engineering, Sai Vidya Institute of
Technology, Bengaluru

Introduction:
The accident studies pertain to the road accidents that occur from time to time on an existing
road system, though road accidents cannot be totally prevented, the rate can be decreased
substantially by suitable traffic engineering and management measures.

Objectives of Accident studies,

Collection Of Accident Data:

Collection of accident is the first step in the accident studies, the details to be collected are
briefly mentioned below,
Methods for collection of accident data,

Collecting accident data is crucial for analyzing road safety, designing improvements, and
forming policies. Below are the main methods for collection of accident data:

🚨 1. Police Records

 Description: Accidents reported to and recorded by local police departments.

 Details Captured: Time, location, vehicle type, driver info, road condition, cause,
injuries, fatalities.
 Advantages: Official, standardized, and legally recognized.
 Limitations: Underreporting of minor accidents.

🏥 2. Hospital & Medical Records

 Description: Data from emergency rooms and trauma centers.

 Details Captured: Nature and severity of injuries, treatment, patient demographics.
 Advantages: Captures unreported accidents; useful for injury severity analysis.
 Limitations: May lack accident location and context.

📋 3. Insurance Company Reports

 Description: Claims submitted for damages or medical treatment.

 Details Captured: Vehicle damage, cost, nature of impact.
 Advantages: Includes both minor and major accidents.
 Limitations: Data access is often private/confidential.

💼 4. On-site Investigations

 Description: Detailed examination at the accident location by traffic engineers or

researchers.
  Details Captured: Road geometry, skid marks, vehicle final positions, environmental
conditions.
 Advantages: Accurate and comprehensive.
 Limitations: Time-sensitive; resource-intensive.

📱 5. Surveys & Interviews

 Description: Questionnaires or verbal interviews with drivers, victims, or witnesses.

 Details Captured: Human factors, perception, pre-accident behavior.
 Advantages: Provides subjective insights.
 Limitations: Recall bias; limited sample size.

📷 6. CCTV / Video Surveillance

 Description: Traffic camera or surveillance footage from accident-prone areas.

 Details Captured: Real-time visuals of accident sequence.
 Advantages: Verifiable evidence; helps analyze crash dynamics.
 Limitations: Limited coverage; privacy concerns.

📊 7. Automatic Traffic Recorders (ATRs) & IoT Sensors

 Description: Smart sensors embedded in road infrastructure or vehicles.

 Details Captured: Speed, traffic volume, impact forces.
 Advantages: Continuous monitoring; no human bias.
 Limitations: High cost; data integration challenges.

🛰 8. GPS & Telematics Data

 Description: From fleet management systems, apps, or black boxes.

 Details Captured: Vehicle speed, location, sudden stops, crash detection.
 Advantages: Precise and real-time.
 Limitations: Privacy and data ownership issues.

📚 9. Academic and Government Research Databases

 Examples:
o India: MoRTH accident database, IRAD (Integrated Road Accident
Database)
o US: NHTSA’s FARS (Fatality Analysis Reporting System)
Assessment of Road Safety:
Road safety refers to the measures, practices, and strategies designed to prevent road users—
such as drivers, passengers, pedestrians, and cyclists—from being killed or seriously injured
in traffic accidents. It involves the safe design and operation of roads, vehicles, and traffic
systems, as well as the enforcement of laws and promotion of responsible user behavior. The
following flow chart depict how to conduct Road Safety Assessment.

Step 1: Define Objectives and Scope

Objective: Determine why and where the road safety assessment is being done.
 Scope: Is it a full corridor, a junction, a rural road, or an urban street?
 Purpose:
o Reduce fatalities and serious injuries.
o Evaluate post-construction performance.
o Improve pedestrian or cyclist safety.
o Conduct feasibility for road widening or signal changes.
Example: Assess the safety of a national highway stretch between two towns due to rising
crash rates.

🔹 Step 2: Collect Relevant Data

Collect accurate and recent data related to road use, crash occurrences, and road
environment.
1. Crash/Accident Data
 Source: Police, hospitals, insurance, Integrated Road Accident Database (IRAD –
India).
 Fields: Date, time, type of accident, location (GPS or chainage), weather, fatalities,
injuries.
2. Traffic Data
 Volume (AADT – Annual Average Daily Traffic).
 Speed studies (average speed, 85th percentile speed).
 Vehicle mix (2W, 4W, buses, trucks).
3. Road Inventory
 Road width, number of lanes, shoulder condition, pavement condition.
 Signage, markings, lighting, intersections, curves, visibility.
 Nearby land use (schools, shops, bus stops).
4. Human Factors
 Driver behavior: speeding, drunk driving, distraction.
 Pedestrian movements.
 Helmet/seatbelt usage rates.
Tools: Traffic counters, GPS mapping, drone surveys, field notes.

🔹 Step 3: Analyze Risk Factors

Goal: Identify hazardous conditions or risky behaviors contributing to accidents.
 Blackspot Identification: Locations with high crash density or crash severity index.
 Crash Pattern Analysis:
o Repeated types (e.g., rear-end, side-impact, pedestrian hits).
o Time pattern (e.g., night crashes due to poor lighting).
 Design Deficiencies: Poor horizontal alignment, steep slopes, inadequate shoulder
width, wrong signage.
Tools: GIS, crash plotting software, Excel heat maps, iRAP ViDA.

🔹 Step 4: Conduct Road Safety Audit (RSA)

A systematic and formal safety review done by an independent, qualified team at different
stages:
 Planning/Design Stage: Ensure safety is built into drawings.
 Construction Stage: Check temporary traffic control and safety during work zones.
 Pre-opening Stage: Evaluate final road conditions before opening.
 Post-opening Stage: Assess real-world performance.
Checklist Items:
 Are signs visible at night?
 Is the road shoulder stable?
 Are pedestrian crossings adequate?
Standard: IRC SP 88-2019 (Road Safety Audit Manual – India)

🔹 Step 5: Conduct Road Safety Inspection (RSI)

An on-site field visit to visually assess the condition of an existing road from a safety
perspective.
 Visual checks (no need for crash data).
 Focuses on:
o Pavement defects
 oFaded signs/markings
oObstructions near the carriageway (trees, poles)
oWrongly placed bus stops
oPoor drainage causing waterlogging
Frequency: Can be done periodically (monthly/quarterly).

🔹 Step 6: Use Technology for Advanced Assessment

Technology helps in quantifying risks and predicting unsafe conditions.
Tools:
 CCTV & Drone Video Analytics:
o Study near misses, red-light violations, pedestrian behavior.
 Crash Simulation Models:
o Software like VISSIM, SIDRA, PTV for dynamic modeling.
 GIS Mapping:
o Visualizing crash hotspots and traffic patterns.
 iRAP Star Rating System:
o Roads are rated from 1 to 5 stars based on risk exposure.
Use Case: Use drone footage to observe pedestrian conflict zones at a busy junction.

🔹 Step 7: Rate Safety Performance

Based on collected data, audits, and observations, assign a safety score or rating.
Common Performance Indicators:
 Crash rate per million vehicle-km
 Fatality and injury rate
 Helmet/seatbelt usage rate
 Response time to accidents
 iRAP star rating (1 star = very dangerous, 5 stars = very safe)
Outcome: Helps compare safety levels of different roads or the effect of implemented
measures.

🔹 Step 8: Recommend Improvements

Based on identified risks and safety rating:
A. Engineering Measures
 Speed calming: rumble strips, speed humps, roundabouts.
 Signage upgrades, pedestrian footpaths, lighting.
 Guardrails, medians, shoulder strengthening.
B. Enforcement
 Install speed/red-light cameras.
 Conduct regular drunk driving checks.
 Deploy traffic police at blackspots.
C. Education
 Campaigns for helmet/seatbelt use.
 School zone awareness programs.
D. Emergency Response
 Improve ambulance access routes.
 GPS tracking for emergency services.
Key performance indicators used in road safety assessment AND ITS
influence road safety planning and policy development

Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) in road safety are essential tools used to assess the effectiveness
of traffic management systems and safety interventions. These indicators provide measurable values
that help authorities monitor progress, identify problem areas, and guide policy decisions. By
evaluating various aspects of road safety performance, KPIs contribute to data-driven planning and
continuous improvement in reducing road traffic injuries and fatalities.
1. Fatality Rate: One of the most widely used KPIs is the number of fatalities per 100,000
population or per billion vehicle kilometers traveled (VKT). It reflects the severity of traffic collisions
and helps in international comparisons. A declining fatality rate is a strong sign of improved road
safety.
2. Serious Injury Rate: This measure the number of people seriously injured in road traffic
accidents, often standardized per 100,000 population or per billion VKT. Unlike fatalities, serious
injuries may not always be reported consistently, but thi
3. Crash Frequency and Rate: This includes total road crashes over a specific period or within a
certain area. It can be used to identify crash-prone locations, commonly referred to as “black spots.”
Crash rate per VKT helps adjust for variations in traffic volume.
4. Road User Behavior Indicators: These include rates of seatbelt use, helmet use, compliance with
speed limits, and levels of drunk or distracted driving. Data is collected through field surveys,
roadside checks, and enforcement statistics. These indicators assess how well road users adhere to
safety norms.
5. Emergency Response Time: This KPI measures the time taken for emergency services to arrive at
accident scenes. Faster response times can significantly reduce fatalities and the severity of injuries,
especially in critical trauma cases.
6. Road Infrastructure Safety Rating: Through tools like the International Road Assessment
Programme (iRAP), roads are rated based on their safety features. This indicator highlights the need
for infrastructure improvements in high-risk areas.
7. Number of Road Safety Inspections and Audits: This measures how often safety assessments
are conducted on roads, especially during the design and post-construction phases. It reflects the
proactive efforts of authorities in identifying and mitigating risks.
Influence on Road Safety Planning and Policy Development: KPIs directly influence road safety
planning by highlighting trends and identifying priority areas for intervention. For example, if the
fatality rate remains high despite reduced crash numbers, it may suggest that crashes are more severe,
prompting the need for better vehicle safety standards or medical response systems.
Policymakers rely on KPIs to evaluate the success of existing strategies and to justify new policies.
For instance, a low rate of seatbelt usage could lead to targeted enforcement campaigns or legislation
mandating stricter penalties. Additionally, international road safety goals, such as those set by the UN
Decade of Action for Road Safety, often require countries to track KPIs to ensure accountability and
progress.
KPIs provide a structured approach to assessing and improving road safety. They enable
evidence-based decision-making, enhance transparency, and guide the development of
policies that save lives and prevent injuries on the roads.
Determine Possible Causes Of Crashes:

Methods To Identify And Prioritize Hazardous Locations And

Elements:

1. Crash Frequency Method

  What it does: Identifies locations based on the number of crashes in a given period
(typically 3–5 years).
 Identification Criteria: Locations with crash counts above a predefined threshold are
considered hazardous.
 Limitation: Doesn’t consider exposure (traffic volume) or crash severity.
 Prioritization: Sites with the highest number of crashes are given priority.

2. Crash Rate Method (Exposure-Based)

 What it does: Normalizes crash frequency by traffic volume and road length.
 Formula:

 Benefit: Allows fair comparison between roads with different traffic volumes.
 Prioritization: Locations with unusually high crash rates are prioritized even if total
crashes are low.

3. Crash Severity Index Method

 What it does: Assigns weights to crashes based on severity (e.g., fatal = 5, serious =
3, minor = 1).
 Formula:

 Benefit: Highlights locations with more serious crashes.

 Prioritization: Sites with higher severity index scores are ranked higher.

4. Crash Cost Analysis

 What it does: Calculates economic losses associated with crashes (injuries, fatalities,
property damage).
 Application: Helps in cost-benefit analysis for proposed safety improvements.
 Prioritization: Locations causing higher societal costs are treated with urgency.

5. Statistical Models (Poisson, Negative Binomial, Empirical Bayes)

 What they do:

o Use mathematical models to predict expected crashes based on road
characteristics.
o Compare observed vs. expected crash values.
 Empirical Bayes: Combines historical data with predictions for better accuracy.
  Prioritization: Locations with the largest positive difference (Observed > Expected)
are critical.

6. Road Safety Audits (RSA)

 What it does: Independent safety review of existing/planned roads by a

multidisciplinary team.
 Focus: Not just crash data, but also geometric design, visibility, signage, etc.
 Prioritization: Based on identified safety concerns and expert judgment.

7. Traffic Conflict Technique (TCT)

 What it does: Observes near-miss situations as a proxy for potential crashes.

 Use: Proactive method where crash data is unavailable or outdated.
 Prioritization: Sites with the most frequent or severe conflicts are prioritized.

8. GIS-Based Spatial Analysis

 What it does: Uses GIS tools to map crash locations and identify clusters/hotspots.
 Methods: Heat maps, kernel density estimation, spatial autocorrelation.
 Prioritization: High-density crash zones are prioritized based on spatial intensity.

9. Public Input and Community Reports

 What it does: Collects reports from road users about dangerous or confusing road
segments.
 Use: Supplements analytical methods.
 Prioritization: Based on frequency and seriousness of complaints.

10. Composite Index or Scoring System

 What it does: Combines multiple factors (crash frequency, rate, severity, volume)
into one composite score.
 Example Scoring:
o Crash Frequency: 40%
o Crash Rate: 30%
o Severity Index: 20%
o Public Complaints: 10%
 Prioritization: Rank based on total weighted score.

Crash Reduction Capabilities and Countermeasures:

Crash reduction capability refers to the estimated percentage decrease in crashes (or crash
severity) expected after applying a specific safety countermeasure.

Example: Installing a roundabout at an intersection may reduce fatal and injury crashes by
60% compared to a stop-controlled intersection.
Crash Reduction Countermeasures/Road safety design elements,

1. Roundabouts
o Replace traditional intersections to eliminate angle and head-on collisions.
o Reduce conflict points and force lower vehicle speeds, improving safety.
2. Rumble Strips (Edge/Center Line)
o Alert inattentive or drowsy drivers when they leave their lane.
o Reduce run-off-road and head-on crashes significantly.
3. Improved Street Lighting
o Enhances nighttime visibility for drivers and pedestrians.
o Reduces crashes in poorly lit areas, especially at intersections.
4. Pedestrian Crosswalk Enhancements
o Includes markings, raised tables, and flashing beacons at crossings.
o Improves pedestrian visibility and driver compliance.
5. Speed Humps and Calming Measures
o Physically reduce vehicle speeds in residential or high-pedestrian areas.
o Lower speed leads to fewer and less severe crashes.
6. Dedicated Turn Lanes(Islands)
o Separate turning traffic from through lanes at intersections.
o Reduce rear-end and angle-type collisions by improving traffic flow.
7. Median Barriers (e.g., cable or concrete)
o Prevent vehicles from crossing into oncoming traffic lanes.
o Reduce fatal head-on collisions on divided highways.
8. Traffic Signal Upgrades
o Includes signal timing, phasing, and visibility improvements.
o Reduces intersection-related crashes and improves traffic efficiency.
9. High Friction Surface Treatment (HFST)
o Applies specialized pavement to high-risk curves or intersections.
o Improves traction, especially in wet conditions, reducing skidding crashes.
10. Guardrails and Crash Cushions
o Protect vehicles from steep drops, obstacles, or fixed objects.
o Absorb impact energy and reduce crash severity.
11. Better Signage and Pavement Markings
o Improve driver awareness with clearer visual guidance.
o Especially effective in curves, work zones, and merging areas.
12. Road Safety Audits (RSA)
o In-depth safety assessments by expert teams on existing or planned roads.
o Helps detect risks proactively and recommend targeted solutions.
13. Access Management
o Controls location and number of driveways/intersections on a corridor.
o Reduces conflict points and crash frequency on arterial roads.
14. Pedestrian Overpasses and Underpasses
o Completely separate pedestrian movement from vehicle traffic.
o Eliminate pedestrian-vehicle conflict and enhance safety.
15. Speed Cameras and Automated Enforcement
o Detect and penalize speeding or red-light violations automatically.
o Discourages risky behavior and reduces speed-related crashes.
Methods to Estimate Crash Reduction Capabilities of Countermeasures:
1. Before-and-After Studies
 Description: Compares the number of crashes at a location before and after
implementing a countermeasure.
 Approach:

2. Empirical Bayes (EB) Method

 Description: Adjusts before-and-after studies by factoring in expected crash
frequency using reference (similar) sites.
 Approach: Combines actual crash data with predicted crashes from statistical models.
3. Crash Modification Factors (CMF)
 Description: Uses known CMFs from prior research to estimate crash changes.
 Formula:

o Example:
CMF = 0.6 → 40% expected crash reduction
4. Predictive Crash Modeling (Statistical Regression)
 Description: Uses models (e.g., Poisson or Negative Binomial regression) to predict
crashes based on road features, volume, and control type.
5. Cross-sectional Studies
 Description: Compares crash rates across multiple sites, some with and some without
a specific countermeasure.
6. Meta-Analysis / Literature Review
 Description: Uses published research studies to derive average crash reduction
values.
7. Expert Judgment and Engineering Evaluation
 Description: Based on experience, crash diagrams, and field investigations.
Common Road Safety Countermeasures and Their Crash Reduction Capabilities
Countermeasure Crash Type Targeted Typical Crash Reduction
(%)
Roundabout Installation Angle, Head-on 60–80%
Rumble Strips (Center/Edge Line) Run-off-road, Head-on 20–40%
Improved Street Lighting Night-time crashes 20–40%
Installing Guardrails Run-off-road 25–45%
Speed Humps / Calming Measures Speed-related, Pedestrian 40–70%
Signalizing Intersections Right-angle, Rear-end 10–30%
Converting Signals to Roundabouts Angle, Fatal crashes 60–90%
Adding Turn Lanes at Intersections Left-turn/Rear-end 15–55%
Improved Signage and Markings All crash types 10–20%
Pedestrian Crosswalk Enhancements Pedestrian crashes 20–50%
Median Barriers (e.g., cable barriers) Cross-median, Head-on 50–90%
crashes
High Friction Surface Treatment Wet surface crashes, 30–70%
(HFST) Skidding
Access Management (e.g., driveway Rear-end, Angle crashes 15–30%
limits)

 Note: Actual reduction percentages depend on site conditions, traffic volume,

and crash history.
Effectiveness/Role Of Safety Design Features:

1. Roadway Geometry Improvements

Improving road geometry such as alignment, lane width, and shoulder space helps
enhance driver control and visibility. These adjustments reduce sharp curves and blind
spots, minimizing crash potential. Smoother transitions between road sections
improve traffic flow. Roads designed with proper curvature and grade reduce
speeding and skidding. Overall, this can reduce crashes by 30–40%.

2. Median Barriers

Median barriers are installed on divided highways to prevent vehicles from crossing
into oncoming traffic. They are especially effective in reducing head-on collisions,
which are often fatal. Types include concrete, steel, or cable barriers. These barriers
are low-maintenance and highly durable. Studies show they can reduce cross-median
crashes by up to 90%.

3. Rumble Strips

Rumble strips are grooved patterns on the road that create noise and vibration when
driven over. They alert distracted or drowsy drivers who unintentionally drift from
their lane. Typically placed on the shoulder or centerline of highways, they prevent
run-off-road and head-on crashes. These strips are cost-effective and require minimal
maintenance. Crash reductions of 20–80% have been observed.

4. Roadside Safety Treatments

Improving the roadside environment involves removing or shielding fixed objects like
trees, poles, or steep slopes. Guardrails and crash cushions absorb impact energy and
prevent rollovers. Providing a clear recovery zone allows vehicles to regain control
safely. These measures reduce the severity of run-off-road crashes. Crash reductions
range between 30% and 45%.

5. Traffic Calming Measures

Traffic calming involves physical design strategies to reduce vehicle speed in

sensitive zones. Common features include speed bumps, raised pedestrian crossings,
and road narrowings. These are vital in residential, school, and urban areas to enhance
pedestrian safety. Slower speeds result in fewer and less severe crashes. Effectiveness
shows crash reduction rates of up to 60%.

6. Pedestrian and Bicycle Facilities

Dedicated paths, sidewalks, and crossings ensure the safety of non-motorized road
users. These features separate pedestrians and cyclists from vehicular traffic, reducing
conflict points. Signalized crossings, overpasses, and warning signage further enhance
safety. Proper lighting and markings also play a role. Such facilities can reduce
crashes involving pedestrians/cyclists by up to 50%.
7. Roundabouts
Roundabouts are circular intersections that replace traditional traffic signals or stop
signs. They reduce the number and severity of conflict points, especially right-angle
and head-on collisions. Traffic moves continuously, which lowers speed and delays.
Roundabouts are especially effective in reducing fatal and injury crashes. Crash
reductions up to 90% have been reported for severe cases.

8. Access Control

Controlling access to highways and arterial roads minimizes interruptions and conflict
points. This includes limiting driveways, merging lanes, and using frontage roads.
Reducing uncontrolled access points lowers the risk of rear-end and side-impact
crashes. Access control also improves traffic flow efficiency. Studies show a 25–40%
reduction in crash frequency.

9. Signage and Road Markings

Proper signage and clear lane markings are crucial for communicating road rules to
drivers. Signs warn about curves, speed limits, pedestrian zones, and upcoming
intersections. Road markings guide vehicle movement and improve night time
visibility. Well-maintained signs and paint reduce driver confusion and reaction time.
These can lead to crash reductions of 10–30%.

10. Street Lighting

Good lighting enhances visibility for drivers, especially at intersections, curves, and
pedestrian crossings. It helps detect obstacles, road users, and signage during night
time or adverse weather. Lighting reduces accidents caused by low visibility or
surprise hazards. It is especially effective in urban areas with high pedestrian traffic.
Night-time crash reduction rates range from 20% to 50%.
 Accident Reconstruction:
Accident reconstruction is a scientific process used to analyze motor vehicle collisions,
determining the sequence of events, contributing factors, and potential causes. It involves a
systematic approach, combining data collection, analysis, and sometimes computer modeling,
to recreate the crash and understand what happened.

Objectives of Accident Reconstruction:

 Determining the cause of the accident: Identifying factors such as driver error, vehicle
malfunction, or environmental conditions.
 Establishing the sequence of events leading up to the collision: Reconstructing the actions
of the vehicles and drivers involved.
 Determining the speed and impact point of the vehicles: Understanding the dynamics of
the collision.
 Assessing the role of different contributing factors: Evaluating the impact of visibility,
road conditions, and other elements.

Accident Reconstruction Procedure:

1. Preliminary Investigation and Data Collection:

 Scene Documentation:
This involves photographing and videotaping the accident scene, including vehicle
positions, debris, and any relevant markings like skid marks.
 Vehicle Examination:
A thorough inspection of the vehicles involved is crucial, noting damage, mechanical
condition, and any pre-existing issues.
 Evidence Gathering:
Collecting physical evidence such as tire marks, fluid spills, and any damaged components
is essential.
 Document Review:
Examining police reports, witness statements, medical records, and other relevant
documentation provides valuable context.
 On-board Diagnostics:
Data from the vehicles' Event Data Recorders (EDR), also known as "black boxes," can be
downloaded to analyze vehicle speed, braking, and other parameters.
 Interviews:
Speaking with witnesses, drivers, and first responders helps to gather firsthand accounts of
the event.

2. Data Analysis and Reconstruction:

 Applying Scientific Principles:

 Accident reconstruction experts use principles of physics, engineering, and mathematics to
analyze the collected data.
 Creating Scale Diagrams:
Detailed diagrams of the accident scene, vehicle positions, and relevant measurements are
created.
 Computer Modeling and Simulation:
Sophisticated software can be used to simulate the crash, allowing experts to test different
scenarios and refine their understanding of the events.
 Testing Theories:
Various potential scenarios are tested using the collected data and analysis to determine the
most likely sequence of events.
 Determining Speed and Impact:
Accident reconstruction can determine vehicle speeds at impact, angles of collision, and the
point of initial contact.

3. Presentation and Reporting:

 Formal Report:
A comprehensive report summarizing the findings, including the methodology, analysis,
and conclusions, is prepared.
 Visual Aids:
Diagrams, animations, or 3D models of the accident can be created to help illustrate the
findings and make them more understandable.
 Expert Testimony:
Reconstruction experts may be called upon to provide expert testimony in legal
proceedings, explaining their findings and analysis to a judge or jury.

4. Recommendations & Preventive Measures

Based on the reconstruction, investigators may recommend improvements—for example,
adjustments to road design, vehicle safety features, or driver policies—to prevent future
accidents.
Question Bank for Module 1

1. Illustrate various objectives of accident studies.

2. Enumerate various data to be collected during accident study.
3. Illustrate various methods/Sources available to collect accident data.
4. Explain the steps involved in Assessment of Road safety.
5. Describe the key performance indicators used in road safety assessment. How do these
indicators influence road safety planning and policy development?
6. List and explain the major contributing factors/Causes to road traffic crashes/accidents.
7. Enumerate various Methods/Techniques to Identify and Prioritize Hazardous Locations
and Elements.
8. Explain various crash reduction counter measures/Road safety elements/Design features.
9. Enumerate various Methods to Estimate Crash Reduction Capabilities of Countermeasures.
10. Analyze the Role/Effectiveness of road safety design features in accident prevention.
11. Explain the objectives and Procedure of accident Reconstruction.
12. Explain with a neat sketch Condition and Collision diagram used in accident studies.
13. Write a note on accident report.