10/11/25, 12:54 PM Basic Microbiology Notes - Microbe Notes

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Basic Microbiology

Microbiology is the branch of science that deals with microscopic organisms

and their interaction with other microscopic and macroscopic organisms.

Microorganisms are tiny microscopic organisms that are too small to be seen
with naked eyes and thus, can only be seen with a microscope.
Microorganisms include microscopic organisms like bacteria, fungi, archaea,
protozoa, and viruses.
Basic microscopy deals with a diverse group of studies that help in research
related to the biochemistry, physiology, cell biology, ecology, evolution, and
clinical aspects of microorganisms, including the host response to these
agents.
Microbiology also deals with the structure, function, classification of such
organisms, along with exploiting and controlling their activities.
The concept of microbiology began with the discovery of the microscope by
Anton Von Leeuwenhoek.
On the one hand, microbes are used for their unique features which allow the
production of antibiotics, amino acids, hormones, and other therapeutic
compounds, and also the production of food and food-related products.
Microorganisms are also involved in the decomposition of components such
as lignocellulosic biomass for second-generation ethanol or biogas.
Similarly, certain genetic features and biochemical abilities of microorganisms
make them dangerous for industry (food spoilage) as well as human health.
Microbiology, initially, was only associated with pathogenic microorganisms
that result in different forms of diseases in different groups of living beings.
With the establishment of microbiology as a discipline, the application of
microorganisms in different areas has also increased.

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The use of microorganisms in food and pharmaceuticals has given rise to the
branching of microbiology into further disciplines and studies.
Thus, over the years, the branch has been classified into further groups like
agriculture microbiology, food microbiology, pharmaceutical microbiology,
systemic microbiology, etc.
The studies in microbiology have also increased due to the use of
microorganisms in different researches as these are easy to manipulate and
reproduce when compared to other living organisms.
Studies in microbiology are essential for the discovery of new and advanced
methods for the discovery of emerging microorganisms and associated
diseases and applications.
Microbiology also deals with techniques for the identification of these
microorganisms, their classification, and the life cycle.
All of this allows for a better understanding of microorganisms and their role
in maintaining the ecosystem.
Microbiology and microorganisms can be applied for the formation of new
genetically engineered microorganisms by a process like genetic
recombination.
Besides, different microorganisms have found their application in the
production of food, industrial products, and antibiotics.

37 Types of PCR with Definition, Principle, and Uses

August 12, 2025 by Anupama Sapkota

List of Types of PCR Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) PCR Allele-
specific PCR Alu PCR Assembly PCR Asymmetric PCR COLD PCR Colony PCR
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Conventional PCR Digital PCR (dPCR) Fast-cycling PCR … Read more

McFarland Standards: Principle, Preparation, Uses, Limitations

August 4, 2025 by Sagar Aryal, PhD

What is McFarland Standards? McFarland Standards are used as the reference in

order to adjust the turbidity of the liquid/ bacterial suspension in the vial or tube in
the microbiology … Read more

Marine Microorganisms (Viruses, Bacteria, Fungi, Protozoans,

Microalgae)
May 25, 2025 by Nawang Sherpa

Just like microorganisms are found everywhere inhabiting terrestrial environments

such as clouds, lands, hot springs, and the gut microbiome. Marine microorganisms
live in an aquatic environment that is the sea, … Read more

Streak Plate Method: Principle, Types & Step-by-Step Guide

April 6, 2025 by Prashant Dahal

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Streak literally means “a long, thin line”: and the streak plate method is a
microbiological culture technique where a sample is spread in a petri dish in the form
of … Read more

Classification of Bacteria: Methods and Criteria Explained

November 13, 2024 by Sagar Aryal, PhD

Bacteria are classified and identified to distinguish one organism from another and to
group similar organisms by criteria of interest to microbiologists or other scientists.
The classification of bacteria serves a variety of … Read more

Microbiological Risk Assessment: Types and Applications

October 19, 2024 by Manisha Ghimire

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10/11/25, 12:54 PM Basic Microbiology Notes - Microbe Notes

The process to understand how pathogenic organisms can get into the food and
cause health problems is called microbiological risk assessment. It involves the
studying of various parts of the … Read more

Sterilization Unveiled: Physical & Chemical Methods

September 8, 2024 by Somak Banerjee

Microorganisms play an important role in causing infection and contamination.

Therefore, Sterilization is an important technique in microbiology which helps to
remove or destroy microorganisms from materials or surfaces. Common … Read
more

Incubator Uncovered: Types, Uses & Precautions

August 26, 2024 by Anupama Sapkota

An incubator, in microbiology, is an insulated and enclosed device that provides an

optimal condition of temperature, humidity, and other environmental conditions
required for the growth of organisms. An incubator … Read more

Microbiology: History, Branches, Career Opportunities

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May 26, 2024 by Sanju Tamang

Microbiology is the branch of science that studies microorganisms which include a

diverse group of simple microscopic living organisms including bacteria, viruses,
fungi, archaea, and protozoa. This field of study … Read more

Laminar Flow Hood/Cabinet: Parts, Principle, Types, Uses

May 10, 2024 by Anupama Sapkota

A Laminar flow hood/cabinet is an enclosed workstation that is used to create a

contamination-free work environment through filters to capture all the particles
entering the cabinet. Image Source: [Link] … Read more

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Topics / Categories
Agricultural Microbiology (30)

Bacteriology (123)

Basic Microbiology (63)

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Biochemical Test (114)

Biochemistry (171)

Bioinformatics (22)

Biology (136)

Biotechnology (34)

Botany (92)

Cell Biology (107)

Culture Media (67)

Difference Between (88)

Diseases (49)

Environmental Microbiology (11)

Epidemiology (28)

Food Microbiology (52)

Genetics (80)

Human Anatomy and Physiology (75)

Immunology (115)

Instrumentation (65)

Microscopy (31)

Molecular Biology (105)

Mycology (33)

Parasitology (28)

Pharmacology (14)

Phycology (2)

Protocols (9)

Research Methodology (20)

Staining (29)

Syllabus (20)

Virology (52)

Zoology (39)

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