BLOCK WORKS

RISK ASSESSMENT

Disclaimer: The hazard identification and risk assessment provided here are for research and
educational purposes only. For a comprehensive risk assessment, it is advised to conduct a site
inspection. Utilizing OSHPEDIA's assessment resources can streamline and simplify your risk
assessment process, making it more efficient and easier to navigate. However, it is crucial to
Prepared by: Vinistal L
acknowledge that OSHPEDIA is not responsible for any unnoticed hazards or their potential
negative impacts on worksites.

[Link]
Risk Assessment

RISK MATRIX

PROBABILITY

1 2 3 4 5

1 1 2 3 4 5

Severity 2 2 4 6 8 10

3 3 6 9 12 15

4 4 8 12 16 20

5 5 10 15 20 25

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Risk Assessment

Risk Ratings Mitigation Strategies

• Monitor the situation to ensure risks remain negligible.

• Implement routine inspections and audits to maintain control.
1-4 Negligible
• Provide basic awareness training to staff.
• Document and communicate lessons learned to prevent escalation.
• Apply administrative controls such as revised work procedures or checklists.
• Increase staff training to raise awareness of minor risks.
5-9 Low-impact
• Establish periodic monitoring and assessments to ensure risks remain low.
• Reinforce the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) as necessary.
• Implement engineering controls (e.g., improved ventilation, machinery safeguards).
• Update standard operating procedures (SOPs) to address specific risk factors.
10-12 Considerable • Conduct regular safety drills and emergency response training.
• Increase the use of PPE and enforce compliance with safety regulations.
• Schedule frequent inspections and safety audits.

• Introduce high-level engineering controls (e.g., safety interlocks, automatic shutdown systems).
• Enforce strict operational controls and supervision of high-risk activities.
13-16 Critical
• Implement emergency response plans, including evacuation procedures.
• Increase resource allocation for regular monitoring and response readiness.

• Suspend activities immediately until thorough risk evaluations are completed.

• Redesign or substitute hazardous processes or equipment to eliminate the risk.
• Develop and practice detailed emergency response and crisis management plans.
17-25 Calamitous
• Engage external safety experts for risk mitigation consultation.
• Ensure strict compliance with regulatory standards and laws, with penalties for violations.
• Allocate extensive resources for continuous monitoring, risk management, and recovery measures.

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Risk Assessment

Activity

Material-Related Hazards (Block

Specific Hazard Heavy Blocks Hazard Category
Works)

Probability Handling heavy blocks during block work can result in improper lifting techniques or unstable stacking.
Risk
Severity This can lead to worker injuries, musculoskeletal strains, falling materials, and site hazards.

Residual
Initial Initial Initial Risk Residual Residual
Existing Control Measures Recommended Control Measures Risk
Probability Severity Rating Probability Severity
Rating

• Use mechanical lifting equipment (e.g., forklifts, cranes, or

• Avoid manual handling of heavy
block lifters) to move and position heavy blocks.
blocks whenever possible.
• Ensure stable stacking and secure storage of blocks to
• Eliminate stacking heavy blocks at
prevent tipping or falling.
unsafe heights.
• Provide platforms or scaffolding with guardrails for safe
• Use lighter, safer-to-handle blocks
handling at heights.
where feasible.
• Install protective barriers to isolate the work area from other
• Replace traditional blocks with
site activities.
prefabricated panels or modular 4 4 16 2 4 8
• Perform regular inspections of storage and work areas to
systems to reduce handling.
identify and mitigate hazards.
• Develop safe handling procedures for
• Limit worker exposure time to reduce fatigue and injury risks.
lifting, carrying, and positioning
• Use back-support belts for workers involved in manual lifting
blocks.
to reduce strain.
• Train workers on proper lifting
• Provide workers with PPE such as gloves, safety boots, and
techniques and block handling
helmets to protect against injuries from falling blocks or
practices.
handling sharp edges.

Responsible
PPE Required Hard Hat, Safety Goggles, Face Shield, Reflective Vest, Safety Shoe, Hand Gloves
Person

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Risk Assessment

Activity

Material-Related Hazards (Block

Specific Hazard Improper Handling (Falling Blocks) Hazard Category
Works)

Probability Improper handling of blocks can result in falling materials due to poor grip, unstable stacking, or incorrect lifting techniques.
Risk
Severity This can cause worker injuries, damage to surrounding structures, and potential site delays.

Residual
Initial Initial Initial Risk Residual Residual
Existing Control Measures Recommended Control Measures Risk
Probability Severity Rating Probability Severity
Rating

• Use mechanical aids like forklifts or block clamps for lifting

• Avoid manual handling of blocks in
and moving blocks.
unstable or elevated positions.
• Ensure stable stacking of blocks with proper supports to
• Eliminate stacking blocks at heights
prevent tipping or falling.
where they could fall during handling.
• Install guardrails and barriers around work areas to protect
• Use prefabricated or lightweight
workers from falling blocks.
blocks to reduce handling risks.
• Provide secure storage solutions for blocks to prevent
• Replace manual handling with
accidental movement.
mechanical solutions wherever 4 4 16 2 4 8
• Implement and enforce proper handling procedures for
possible.
moving, stacking, and positioning blocks.
• Train workers on safe handling
• Limit the number of blocks handled at a time to ensure better
practices to minimize the risk of falling
control.
blocks.
• Provide workers with hard hats, safety boots, and gloves to
• Conduct regular inspections of
protect against injuries from falling blocks.
stacking and handling equipment for
• Use visibility-enhancing gear to ensure workers are aware of
stability and safety.
ongoing handling operations.

Responsible
PPE Required Hard Hat, Ear Plugs, Safety Goggles, Reflective Vest, Safety Shoe, Hand Gloves
Person

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Risk Assessment

Activity

Equipment Related Hazards (Block

Specific Hazard Malfunctioning equipment or tools Hazard Category
Works)

Probability Malfunctioning equipment or tools can occur due to poor maintenance, wear and tear, or manufacturing defects.
Risk
Severity This can lead to worker injuries, project delays, and reduced efficiency during block work.

Residual
Initial Initial Initial Risk Residual Residual
Existing Control Measures Recommended Control Measures Risk
Probability Severity Rating Probability Severity
Rating

• Conduct regular maintenance and inspection of equipment

• Avoid using faulty or outdated and tools to ensure proper functioning.
equipment on-site. • Install protective guards or safety mechanisms on tools to
• Remove broken or unsafe tools from reduce the risk of injury.
the work area immediately. • Provide appropriate storage for equipment to prevent
• Replace manual tools with safer, damage or malfunction.
ergonomically designed alternatives. • Use vibration-dampening handles on tools to minimize
• Use modern equipment with built-in strain and improve control.
3 4 12 1 4 4
safety features and fail-safes. • Establish a system for tagging and isolating defective tools
• Develop and enforce a preventative until repairs are made.
maintenance schedule for all tools • Limit access to equipment to trained and authorized
and equipment. personnel only.
• Train workers to identify and report • PPE (Personal Protective Equipment).
signs of malfunctioning equipment • Provide gloves, goggles, hard hats, and steel-toed boots to
immediately. protect workers from potential injuries caused by
malfunctioning tools.

Responsible
PPE Required Hard Hat, Safety Goggles, Reflective Vest, Safety Shoe, N95/Facemask
Person

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Risk Assessment

Activity

Improper use of tools like hammers,

Specific Hazard Hazard Category Equipment Related Hazards
chisels, or block cutters

Probability Improper use of tools like hammers, chisels, or block cutters can occur due to lack of training or failure to follow safety guidelines.
Risk
Severity This can lead to worker injuries, damaged tools, and compromised work quality.

Residual
Initial Initial Initial Risk Residual Residual
Existing Control Measures Recommended Control Measures Risk
Probability Severity Rating Probability Severity
Rating

• Avoid manual use of tools by using • Ensure all tools are maintained in good working condition
mechanized alternatives wherever and inspected regularly.
feasible. • Provide tools with protective guards or shields to reduce the
• Eliminate the use of damaged or risk of injury.
unsafe tools from the worksite. • Use tool-specific storage to prevent accidental damage or
• Replace traditional hammers and misuse.
chisels with safer, ergonomically • Equip workstations with clamps or supports to secure blocks
designed tools. during cutting or chiseling.
4 4 16 2 4 8
• Use power tools with built-in safety • Conduct regular safety briefings to highlight common hazards
features instead of manual block and prevention measures.
cutters. • Monitor tool usage to ensure compliance with safety
• Establish and enforce proper tool standards.
usage guidelines for workers. • Provide safety goggles, gloves, and hard hats to protect
• Train workers on the safe use and workers from flying debris or tool-related injuries.
handling of hammers, chisels, and • Ensure workers wear steel-toed boots to prevent injuries
block cutters. from dropped tools or blocks.

Responsible
PPE Required Hard Hat, Safety Goggles, Reflective Vest, Safety Shoe, Hand Gloves, N95/Facemask
Person

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Risk Assessment

Activity

Specific Hazard Rotating Wheels – Block Cutting Hazard Category Equipment Related Hazards

Probability Rotating wheels during block cutting can pose a hazard if not properly guarded or maintained.
Risk
Severity This can lead to worker injuries, including cuts or amputations, and equipment damage.

Residual
Initial Initial Initial Risk Residual Residual
Existing Control Measures Recommended Control Measures Risk
Probability Severity Rating Probability Severity
Rating

• Equip block-cutting machines with guards or shields to

• Avoid manual block cutting by using cover rotating wheels and prevent accidental contact.
alternative methods, such as pre-cut • Use emergency stop buttons and fail-safe mechanisms
blocks. on block cutters.
• Eliminate the use of unsafe or poorly • Secure blocks firmly with clamps or supports to avoid
maintained block cutters. movement during cutting.
• Replace older block-cutting machines • Install proper dust extraction systems to reduce visibility
with newer models that have 4 5 20 issues and inhalation risks. 2 4 8
enhanced safety features. • Conduct regular maintenance and inspections to ensure
• Use wet cutting equipment to machines are in proper working condition.
minimize dust and improve safety. • Keep the cutting area free of clutter to avoid distractions
• Provide comprehensive training on the and improve safety.
safe operation of block-cutting • Provide workers with gloves, safety goggles, face
machines. shields, and hard hats to protect against flying debris.
• Provide dust masks or respirators.

Responsible
PPE Required Hard Hat, Safety Goggles, Reflective Vest, Safety Shoe, N95/Facemask
Person

Activity

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Risk Assessment

Absence/Failure of Fall Prevention

Specific Hazard Hazard Category Work at height
systems

Probability High probability of a fall from height due to the absence or failure of a fall prevention system.
Risk
Severity A fall from height may lead to minor to major injuries, including cuts, amputations, bone fractures, or even fatalities.

Residual
Initial Initial Initial Risk Residual Residual
Existing Control Measures Recommended Control Measures Risk
Probability Severity Rating Probability Severity
Rating

• Approved method statement for

• Use MEWPs or scissor lifts instead of scaffolds when
scaffold erection and dismantling
possible.
• Implemented safe operating
• Install fully planked scaffolding with complete guardrail
procedures for scaffold work and
systems
height safety
• Implement comprehensive edge protection (guardrails,
• Deployed certified and competent
mid-rails, toe boards)
scaffold team
• Provide debris netting or catch platforms beneath work
• Established scaffold tag tracking
areas
system 4 5 20 2 5 10
• Create safe access routes (integrated ladders, stairways,
• Implemented permit system for height
or lifts)
work authorization
• Utilize shock-absorbing lanyards and personal fall arrest
• Perform thorough Inspections before
systems
work begins
• Equip scaffolds with secure anchor points for fall protection
• Minimize time spent working at
• Train workers in rescue operations and emergency
heights
procedures
• Provide secure access points
• Limit scaffold access to authorized, trained personnel only
(stairways and ladders)

Responsible
PPE Required Hard Hat, Safety Goggles, Safety Shoe, Cotton Gloves, Reflective Vest
Person

Activity

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Risk Assessment

Specific Hazard Absence/Failure of Fall Protection Hazard Category Work at height

Probability High probability of a fall from height due to the absence or failure of a fall protection system or unprotected edges
Risk
Severity A fall from height may lead to minor to major injuries, including cuts, amputations, bone fractures, or even fatalities.

Residual
Initial Initial Initial Risk Residual Residual
Existing Control Measures • Recommended Control Measures Risk
Probability Severity Rating Probability Severity
Rating

• Approved method statement for • Design scaffolds and platforms with built-in edge protection
scaffold erection and dismantling • Install continuous guardrails on all open edges, including
• Implemented safe operating roofs and platforms
procedures for scaffold work and • Implement daily checks to verify edge protection is in place.
height safety • Add toe boards to guardrails to prevent falling debris.
• Deployed certified and competent • Install mesh fencing or barriers around elevated edges.
scaffold team • Mark edges with warning lines or high-visibility paint.
• Established scaffold tag tracking • Enforce no-entry policies for areas with unprotected edges.
system • Use personal fall arrest systems (PFAS).
4 5 20 2 5 10
• Implemented permit system for height • Implement double fall protection (e.g., harnesses and
work authorization guardrails)
• Perform thorough risk assessments • Ensure rescue plans are in place for fall incidents.
and Inspections before work begins. • Encourage workers to report defective edge protection
• Regular Inspection and maintenance immediately.
of fall protection systems • Restricted access to unprotected edges until protection is
implemented installed.
• Provide fall protection training to all • Conduct post-fall investigations to address protection
workers. failures.

Responsible
PPE Required Hard Hat, Reflective Vest, Full Body Harness, Safety Shoe, Safety Goggles
Person

Activity

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Risk Assessment

Specific Hazard Incomplete/Unstable platforms Hazard Category Work at height

Probability The risk of scaffold collapse is high when platforms are unstable, poorly assembled, or lack inspections.
Risk
Severity Such incidents often result in severe injuries, fatalities, significant damage, or work stoppage

Residual
Initial Initial Initial Risk Residual Residual
Existing Control Measures Recommended Control Measures Risk
Probability Severity Rating Probability Severity
Rating

• Enforced Inspection of platforms

before each use to verify stability and • Use non-slip / Firm surfaces on platforms to prevent
completeness. accidental slips.
• Restricted access to platforms until • Design platforms to be stable and complete before use.
they are fully stable and secure. • Ensure platforms are securely anchored and leveled.
• Trained workers on the risks and • Establish procedures for securing and stabilizing platforms
safety measures related to platform before work begins.
instability. • Install guardrails and toe boards on all platform edges.
• Enforced regular checks for platform 4 5 20 • Ensure platforms have adequate weight-bearing capacity 2 5 10
wear, damage, or instability. and don't overload.
• Installed warning signs on incomplete • Use safety nets or barriers beneath platforms to catch falling
or unstable platforms. workers or materials.
• Competent and certified scaffolders • Provide fall protection systems (harnesses, lanyards) for
and scaffold inspectors deployed. workers on platforms.
• Ensure Tie-Tubes / Tie off with • Avoid using platforms in adverse weather conditions that may
adjacent permanent structure if affect stability.
necessary

Responsible
PPE Required Hard Hat, Safety Goggles, Reflective Vest, Full Body Harness, Safety Shoe
Person

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Risk Assessment

Activity

Specific Hazard Overloading in scaffolds Hazard Category Work at height

Probability The probability of overloading scaffolds increases with inadequate training, poor supervision, or failure to adhere to load limits
Risk
Severity The severity of overloading can lead to scaffold failure, resulting in serious injuries, fatalities, or significant property damage.

Residual
Initial Initial Initial Risk Residual Residual
Existing Control Measures Recommended Control Measures Risk
Probability Severity Rating Probability Severity
Rating

• Implemented safe operating

procedures for scaffold work and
• Prohibit storage of excess materials or equipment on
height safety
scaffolds.
• Deployed certified and competent
• Regularly inspect scaffolds for signs of overloading or
scaffold team
structural damage and also to ensure loads remain within
• Established scaffold tag tracking
limits.
system
• Design scaffolds to handle expected loads safely.
• Implemented permit system for height
• Clearly label scaffolds with maximum load capacities.
work authorization
4 5 20 • Train workers on safe loading practices for scaffolds. 2 4 8
• Perform thorough risk assessments
• Distribute loads evenly to prevent imbalance or tipping.
and Inspections before work begins
• Avoid using scaffolds for tasks requiring heavy equipment.
• Limit access to scaffolds to prevent
• Ensure weight-bearing components are secure and properly
overcrowding.
installed.
• Prohibited modifications to scaffolds
• Establish a load management plan before beginning work.
that could compromise their load
• Enforce strict adherence to manufacturer specifications for
capacity.
load limits.
• Use warning signs to highlight areas
at risk of overloading.

Responsible
PPE Required Hard Hat, Safety Goggles, Full Body Harness, Reflective Vest, Safety Shoe
Person

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Risk Assessment

Activity

Specific Hazard Unsecured tools and Materials Hazard Category Work at height

Probability Unsecured materials can fall from any height, and the severity increases with greater height.
Risk
Severity Falling tools or materials can cause injuries or fatalities.

Residual
Initial Initial Initial Risk Residual Residual
Existing Control Measures Recommended Control Measures Risk
Probability Severity Rating Probability Severity
Rating

• Store tools and materials securely to prevent movement or

• Provided tool belts, holsters, or falling.
pouches to keep tools secured to • Secure loose materials with ropes, nets, or containment
workers. barriers.
• Prohibited stacking materials on • Install toe boards or edge protection on platforms to prevent
scaffold edges or unstable surfaces. items from falling.
• Limited the quantity of tools and • Train workers on proper handling and storage of tools and
materials on elevated platforms to materials at height.
3 4 12 2 4 8
avoid clutter. • Remove unused tools or materials from scaffolds
• Prohibited throwing or tossing tools or immediately after work.
materials between workers. • Use containers or toolboxes with locking mechanisms for
• Implemented housekeeping policies small items.
to keep work areas organized and • Inspect scaffolds and platforms daily for signs of unsecured
hazard-free. tools or materials.
• Prohibited work under scaffolds. • Use warning signs or barriers below work areas to alert
workers of potential falling objects.

Responsible
PPE Required Hard Hat, Safety Goggles, Reflective Vest, Full Body Harness, Safety Shoe
Person

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Risk Assessment

Activity

Specific Hazard Unstable walls or block Hazard Category Structural Hazards

Probability Unstable walls or block structures can collapse due to poor construction practices or improper support during work.
Risk
Severity This can lead to worker injuries, fatalities, and damage to materials and equipment.

Residual
Initial Initial Initial Risk Residual Residual
Existing Control Measures Recommended Control Measures Risk
Probability Severity Rating Probability Severity
Rating

• Avoid working near unstable walls or

block structures until stabilization is • Install proper shoring or bracing to support walls during
complete. construction and prevent collapse.
• Eliminate any unnecessary weight or • Use structural reinforcement methods to enhance the stability
load on walls during construction or of block walls.
block placement. • Conduct regular inspections to ensure wall integrity and
• Use temporary supports, braces, or address weaknesses immediately.
scaffolding to stabilize walls and block • Apply the principle of incremental loading to avoid
structures. overloading walls during construction.
4 5 20 2 5 10
• Replace traditional block walls with • Develop and enforce guidelines for safe working distances
prefabricated or reinforced from unstable structures.
alternatives where feasible. • Ensure workers are trained in identifying hazards related to
• Provide workers with hard hats, safety unstable structures and know emergency procedures.
boots, and high-visibility clothing to • Restrict access to areas where walls or structures are
protect from falling debris or collapse. unstable until deemed safe by a qualified person.
• Ensure workers wear gloves and • Establish a system for reporting and addressing any signs of
harnesses where required to prevent instability in walls or structures.
accidents while working at heights.

Responsible
PPE Required Hard Hat, Safety Goggles, Reflective Vest, Safety Shoe, N95/Facemask, Hand Gloves
Person

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Risk Assessment

Activity

Specific Hazard Manual Handling Hazard Category Operational Hazards

Probability Unstable walls or block structures can collapse due to poor construction practices or improper support during work.
Risk
Severity This can lead to worker injuries, fatalities, and damage to materials and equipment.

Residual
Initial Initial Initial Risk Residual Residual
Existing Control Measures Recommended Control Measures Risk
Probability Severity Rating Probability Severity
Rating

• Eliminate manual handling of heavy • Provide trolleys, conveyors, or other equipment to assist with
blocks by using mechanical aids such as moving blocks.
cranes, forklifts, or block lifters. • Design workstations with adjustable heights to minimize
• Avoid stacking blocks at heights that bending and lifting.
require manual lifting or handling. • Use lifting aids like hoists or mechanical lifts to move heavy
• Replace traditional block handling with blocks safely.
pre-cut or lighter materials to reduce • Install proper storage systems to keep blocks at waist height
manual handling needs. to reduce lifting strain.
4 4 16 2 4 8
• Provide workers with gloves to improve • Develop and enforce safe lifting procedures, including team
grip and reduce hand injuries. lifting where necessary.
• Ensure workers wear back-support belts • Train workers in proper lifting techniques to reduce the risk of
when handling heavy blocks or performing injuries such as strains and sprains.
repetitive lifting tasks. • Limit the number of blocks a worker must handle at one time.
• Provide safety boots with proper ankle • Schedule regular breaks to prevent fatigue and overexertion.
support to protect from foot injuries during • Use automated or semi-automated tools to reduce manual
manual handling. labor.

Responsible
PPE Required Hard Hat, Safety Goggles, Reflective Vest, Hand Gloves, Safety Shoe, N95/Facemask
Person

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Risk Assessment

Activity

Specific Hazard Unsafe Block stacks Hazard Category Operational Hazards

Probability Unsafe block stacks can occur due to improper stacking, uneven surfaces, or failure to secure the blocks properly.
Risk
Severity This can lead to blocks falling, causing injuries to workers and damage to surrounding structures or equipment.

Residual
Initial Initial Initial Risk Residual Residual
Existing Control Measures Recommended Control Measures Risk
Probability Severity Rating Probability Severity
Rating

• Avoid stacking blocks in unstable or

unsafe locations. • Stack blocks on flat, level surfaces to ensure stability.
• Eliminate the practice of over-stacking • Use stacking supports, braces, or ties to secure blocks in
blocks beyond safe limits. place and prevent shifting.
• Use block stacking systems or racks • Ensure proper spacing between blocks to reduce the risk of
designed to ensure stability and toppling.
prevent collapse. • Implement barriers or guardrails around stacked blocks to
• Replace manual stacking with prevent accidental displacement.
4 5 20 2 5 10
mechanical handling systems where • Establish and enforce safe stacking procedures, including
possible. limits on height and weight distribution.
• Provide hard hats, safety boots, and • Train workers on correct stacking methods to prevent
gloves to protect workers from falling instability.
blocks or debris. • Conduct regular inspections of block stacks to identify and
• Ensure workers use high-visibility address any signs of instability.
clothing to stay visible near block • Limit access to areas with unsafe block stacks until stabilized.
stacks.

Responsible
PPE Required Hard Hat, Safety Goggles, N95/Facemask, Safety Shoe, Reflective Vest
Person

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Risk Assessment

Activity

Specific Hazard Unskilled Workers Hazard Category Operational Hazards

Probability Unskilled workers can result from inadequate training or lack of experience in block laying techniques.
Risk
Severity This can lead to poor workmanship, increased risk of accidents, and delayed project timelines.

Residual
Initial Initial Initial Risk Residual Residual
Existing Control Measures Recommended Control Measures Risk
Probability Severity Rating Probability Severity
Rating

• Avoid assigning unskilled or • Provide clear and easy-to-follow guidelines or templates

inexperienced workers to tasks for block laying techniques.
involving block laying until properly
• Use tools or equipment designed to assist in block laying,
trained.
reducing reliance on skill and experience.
• Eliminate the use of outdated or
unsafe techniques by introducing • Install safety features, like braces or supports, to reduce
standardized methods. the impact of mistakes during block laying.
• Replace manual block laying • Develop and enforce a training program to ensure
techniques with machine-assisted 4 5 20 workers are proficient in block laying techniques. 2 5 10
methods where appropriate. • Implement a mentorship or buddy system where skilled
• Use experienced workers to mentor workers assist less experienced ones.
and guide less experienced workers
• Regularly assess workers’ skill levels and provide
during tasks.
refresher courses as needed.
• Provide gloves, safety goggles, and
hard hats to protect workers from • Monitor workers closely during block laying tasks
injury while performing block laying • Ensure workers wear proper footwear for stability and
tasks. protection from falling blocks.

Responsible
PPE Required Hard Hat, Safety Goggles, Reflective Vest, Safety Shoe, Hand Gloves, N95/Facemask
Person

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 Risk Assessment

Activity

Fatigue or Overexertion During Prolonged

Specific Hazard Hazard Category Operational Hazards
Work

Probability Fatigue or overexertion can occur during prolonged work due to insufficient rest or improper work-rest schedules.
Risk
Severity This can lead to reduced focus, higher risk of accidents, and worker injuries.

Residual
Initial Initial Initial Risk Residual Residual
Existing Control Measures Recommended Control Measures Risk
Probability Severity Rating Probability Severity
Rating

• Design workstations with appropriate heights to

• Avoid scheduling long shifts without
minimize repetitive strain.
adequate rest periods.
• Provide ergonomic tools and lifting aids to reduce
• Eliminate unnecessary manual
effort and strain on workers.
handling tasks.
• Implement task rotation to prevent workers from
• Replace manual labor with
performing the same physically demanding tasks for
mechanized equipment.
extended periods.
• Use lighter blocks or prefabricated
4 4 16 • Establish and enforce work/rest schedules, ensuring 2 4 8
components to ease the physical load
adequate breaks and recovery time.
on workers.
• Set limits on the amount of heavy lifting.
• Provide workers with supportive
• Conduct regular monitoring to identify signs of fatigue
footwear, gloves, and knee protection
or overexertion and intervene when necessary.
to reduce fatigue-related discomfort.
• Encourage workers to report any signs of fatigue.
• Ensure workers use back support
• Provide hydration stations to reduce the risk of
belts when handling heavy blocks.
dehydration during extended work hours.

Responsible
PPE Required Hard Hat, Safety Goggles, Reflective Vest, Safety Shoe, Hand Gloves, N95/Facemask
Person

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 Risk Assessment

Activity

Environmental Hazards (Block

Specific Hazard Dust and Particulates Hazard Category
Works)

Probability Dust and particulate exposure occur during activities such as cutting, grinding, drilling, or material handling without adequate controls.

Risk
Exposure can result in respiratory issues, lung diseases (e.g., silicosis or asbestosis), or long-term health complications depending on
Severity
the material and exposure duration.

Residual
Initial Initial Initial Risk Residual Residual
Existing Control Measures Recommended Control Measures Risk
Probability Severity Rating Probability Severity
Rating

• Replace dusty materials with less • Remove the process or material generating dust.
hazardous or dust-free alternatives • Use alternative non-dust-producing methods or
• Substitute manual cutting or grinding materials (e.g., liquid-based processes instead of dry).
with prefabricated or pre-cut materials • Install local exhaust ventilation (LEV) systems near dust
if possible. sources.
• Limit access to high-dust areas to • Use water suppression systems to reduce airborne dust
essential personnel only. during cutting or grinding.
4 4 16 2 4 8
• Schedule high-dust tasks when fewer • Enclose or isolate dust-generating equipment or
workers are present. processes.
• Conduct regular training on dust • Implement conveyor covers, hoods, or other
hazards and safe work practices. containment systems.
• Develop and enforce dust control • Maintain equipment regularly to prevent dust leaks or
work procedures. emissions.
• • Wet sweeping or vacuum systems should be used.

Responsible
PPE Required Hard Hat, Safety Goggles, Earmuffs, Reflective Vest, Safety Shoe, Hand Gloves, N95/Facemask
Person

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Risk Assessment

Activity

Environmental Hazards (Block

Specific Hazard Noise Pollution Hazard Category
Works)

Probability Noise occurs in environments with heavy machinery, power tools, or high-speed industrial processes.

Risk
Prolonged exposure can lead to hearing loss, fatigue, stress, and reduced communication, potentially causing accidents or long-term
Severity
health issues.

Residual
Initial Initial Initial Risk Residual Residual
Existing Control Measures Recommended Control Measures Risk
Probability Severity Rating Probability Severity
Rating

• Remove or discontinue noisy • Replace manual operations with automated, quieter

equipment or processes altogether. alternatives.
• Use alternative materials or methods • Replace noisy equipment with quieter models or
that generate less noise (e.g., welding technologies.
instead of riveting). • Install sound barriers or acoustic enclosures around noisy
• Schedule noisy tasks during times equipment.
when fewer workers are present. 3 5 15 • Use vibration dampeners to reduce noise from machinery. 2 5 10
• Post warning signs to indicate high- • Maintain equipment regularly to prevent noise from wear
noise areas. and tear.
• Conduct regular training on noise • Use silencers or mufflers on engines, compressors, or
hazards and safe work practices. exhaust systems.
• Implement rotation schedules to limit • Design the layout to separate noisy areas from quiet
individual worker exposure. zones.

Responsible
PPE Required Hard Hat, Safety Goggles, Ear Plugs, Earmuffs, Reflective Vest, Safety Shoe, Hand Gloves
Person

Activity

Page 19 of 24 [Link] - AN OSH ENCYLOPEDIA RISK ASSESSMENT

Risk Assessment

Environmental Hazards (Block

Specific Hazard Poor illumination Hazard Category
Works)

Probability Poor lighting often results from inadequate lighting systems or failure to address dark areas.
Risk
Severity Poor lighting can lead to accidents causing trips, falls, or collisions, resulting in serious injuries.

Residual
Initial Initial Initial Risk Residual Residual
Existing Control Measures Recommended Control Measures Risk
Probability Severity Rating Probability Severity
Rating

• Redesign workspaces to maximize the use of natural

• Schedule tasks requiring precision or light.
focus during daylight or in well-lit hours.
• Relocate tasks to well-lit areas where possible.
• Perform regular inspections of lighting
systems to identify and fix dim or faulty • Replace outdated or inefficient lighting with high-
fixtures. intensity LED lights.
• Train workers to recognize and report poor • Use daylight-mimicking bulbs to improve visibility and
lighting conditions. reduce eye strain.
3 4 12 1 4 4
• Provide guidelines for proper placement • Install fixed lighting systems in all critical work areas.
and use of temporary lighting. • Use portable floodlights for temporary tasks in poorly lit
• Establish emergency protocols for lighting areas.
failures, including backup lighting sources.
• Position lighting to minimize glare, shadows, and dark
• Implement motion-activated lights to
spots.
ensure adequate illumination only when
needed. • Add reflective surfaces or coatings to improve light
distribution

Responsible
PPE Required Hard Hat, Safety Goggles, Reflective Vest, Safety Shoe, Hand Gloves
Person

Page 20 of 24 [Link] - AN OSH ENCYLOPEDIA RISK ASSESSMENT

Risk Assessment

Activity

Environmental Hazards (Block

Specific Hazard Extreme Weather Hazard Category
Works)

Probability Extreme weather events are unpredictable but may occur more frequently during certain seasons or in specific geographic areas.
Risk
Severity The severity of extreme weather can cause health issues (e.g., heat stroke, hypothermia), equipment damage, or work delays.

Residua
Initial Initial Initial Risk Residual Residual
Existing Control Measures Recommended Control Measures l Risk
Probability Severity Rating Probability Severity
Rating

• Avoid working outdoors during extreme weather conditions

• Provide sheltered or enclosed work
by rescheduling or relocating work.
environments (e.g., tents, covered
• Temporarily suspend activities that are highly vulnerable to
structures) to protect workers from
extreme weather (e.g., outdoor construction, roadwork).
rain, snow, or sun.
• Substitute outdoor tasks with indoor or sheltered work
• Install windbreaks or shade
when extreme weather conditions are predicted.
structures in outdoor work areas.
• Use weather-resistant equipment or materials suited for
• Use heating or cooling systems in
3 5 15 extreme conditions. 2 4 8
work areas to manage temperature
• Monitor weather forecasts and adjust work schedules
extremes.
based on predicted conditions.
• Ensure that equipment and vehicles
• Implement work/rest schedules to limit worker exposure
are equipped with climate control
during extreme conditions (e.g., heat or cold stress).
systems.
• Limit the duration of exposure for workers in extreme
• Provide workers clear guidelines for
temperatures.
working in extreme weather.
• Train workers on recognizing the symptoms of heat stress.

Responsibl
PPE Required Safety Goggles, Hard Hat, Reflective Vest, Safety Shoe, Hand Gloves
e Person

Page 21 of 24 [Link] - AN OSH ENCYLOPEDIA RISK ASSESSMENT

Risk Assessment

Activity

Specific Hazard Slip, Trip, and Fall Hazard Category Physical Hazard (Block Works)

The likelihood of slips, trips, and falls occurring increases due to factors like wet or uneven surfaces, poor lighting, and cluttered
Probability
walkways.
Risk
The severity of slip, trip, and fall incidents can range from minor bruises or sprains to more serious injuries such as fractures, head
Severity
trauma, or even fatalities.

Residua
Initial Initial Initial Risk Residual Residual
Existing Control Measures Recommended Control Measures l Risk
Probability Severity Rating Probability Severity
Rating

• Redesign workspaces to eliminate obstacles and level

uneven surfaces.
• Use non-slip surfaces and moisture- • Keep walkways clear of clutter for unobstructed paths.
resistant flooring. • Ensure proper lighting in all work areas, especially poorly lit
• Keep floors clean, dry, and clutter- zones.
free. • Use traction-enhancing floor coverings or coatings.
• Post hazard warnings and inspect • Maintain floors by repairing cracks, holes, and uneven
4 5 • 20 2 5 10
regularly. surfaces.
• Enforce slip-resistant, task-specific • Install guardrails, handrails, or safety barriers in elevated
footwear and protective gear. areas.
• Encourage alertness and minimize • Implement drainage systems to prevent wet floor
distractions while walking. conditions.
• Train employees on safe walking practices in hazardous
areas.

Responsibl
PPE Required Hard Hat, Safety Goggles, Reflective Vest, Safety Shoe, Hand Gloves, N95/Facemask
e Person

Page 22 of 24 [Link] - AN OSH ENCYLOPEDIA RISK ASSESSMENT

Risk Assessment

Activity

Specific Hazard Chemical Exposure Hazard Category Chemical Hazards (Block Works)

Probability Chemical exposure can occur during painting work due to direct contact with or inhalation of hazardous substances.
Risk
Severity This can lead to skin burns, respiratory issues, poisoning, and long-term health complications.

Residual
Initial Initial Initial Risk Residual Residual
Existing Control Measures Recommended Control Measures Risk
Probability Severity Rating Probability Severity
Rating

• Eliminate the use of highly toxic • Install and maintain ventilation systems, including
paints or chemicals by switching to exhaust fans, LEV, and air filtration units, to remove
low-VOC (volatile organic compound) fumes and improve airflow.
or water-based alternatives. • Use air scrubbers or HEPA filters to eliminate harmful
• Avoid working in confined spaces particles and chemicals.
without proper ventilation by • Enhance air circulation with fans or open windows and
conducting painting in open or well- doors.
ventilated areas. • Establish procedures for handling hazardous materials
• Replace solvents and chemicals with and ensuring ventilation before work begins.
4 5 20 2 5 10
safer, less toxic options that produce • Restrict work in poorly ventilated areas without proper
fewer fumes. airflow.
• Use airless sprayers or equipment • Train workers on fume inhalation risks, ventilation use,
designed to minimize fumes during and PPE importance.
application. • Provide NIOSH-approved respirators and task-
• Set up a work/rest schedule to limit appropriate protective gear (gloves, goggles, clothing).
workers’ exposure to fumes, allowing • Use powered air-purifying respirators (PAPR) for high-
them to take breaks in clean air risk environments.
environments. • Monitor air quality regularly using gas detectors.

Responsible
PPE Required Hard Hat, Safety Goggles, Reflective Vest, Safety Shoe, Hand Gloves, N95/Facemask
Person

Page 23 of 24 [Link] - AN OSH ENCYLOPEDIA RISK ASSESSMENT

Risk Assessment

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Page 24 of 24 [Link] - AN OSH ENCYLOPEDIA RISK ASSESSMENT