Atomic Struture

a. alton's Atomic Theory.

The concept of Atoms were discovered by yolton. The main points of iyalton
Atomic Theory :-
i) The smallest indivisible particle is an atom
ii) Atoms of Same element are alike atoms of different elements are
different.
iii) Atoms is the Sinallest Entity to participate in a chemical reaction.
iv) Atoms combine in simple whole number ratio to form complex aboms
which are also called as Molecules.

 Failure of Gelton Atomic Theory -

 Ciscover of Isotops and Isobars
 Themson proved "Cathode ray tube experiment that atom is divisible
 Caohode Pay Tube Experiment *

* Cathode Ray Tube

 In cathode ray tube experiment a close glass bube is taken with metal
electrodes fitted at both ends gas at low pressure is introduced
between the electrodes bet in the bube on applying high voltage.
between the electrodes a stream of particles travelling from negabive
electrode bo posivite electrode are oberowed this is called cathode
Ray Tube.

* Modification
(1) Thomson applied Fluorescent coating behind the electrodes and he
observed a glow behird the anode plate. and hence he concluded the
Cathode rays are negatively charged particles travelling from Cathode to
Aniode
(2) Ite introduced a Pedal wheel between electrode which started to Rotate
this confirmed that cathode rays have mass and momendum.
(3) He introduced a Cardboard Sheet in path of cathode rays it's shadow on
fluores cent screen confirmed that cathode rays travel in straight line
(4) He further introduced perpendicular electric and inagnetic fields. Ohis
fields caused a deflection in path of cathode ray has expected from a
negative charge.
(5) Thomson measwred the reflecting in path of Cathode rays on
introduction of prependicular electric and magnetic
field by this deflection he calculated the charge to mass ratio for cathode
rays he observed that charge to mass ratio does not depend on gas used in
the experiment or material of electrodes. Hence, he concluded the cathode
rays are made up of sub-atomic particles. which are negatively tharge. This
particles are called Electrons.

$ Thomson Model
→ Watermelon model or

plum pudding model.

(1) Based on this, Cathode ray bube experiment Thomnon presented a model
of atom according to which atom is a positivelycharged sphere in which
negatively charged electrons are embitted throughout.
$ Fuilure of Thomson model.
(1) Putherford's gold foil experiment proved Thomsons model wrong.

 Oil 1) rop Experiment

(1) In Oil .1)nop experiment small sil drops were speared in an Conizer after
getting charged the oil were allowed to fall through rlectric field. by there
motion in electric field Milikan calculated the charge on oil crops
(2) He found that charge is always a whole number multiple of 1.6 ×10 −19
colum. Hence he concluded that Charge on election has a magnitude of
−19
1.6 ×10 C .

* Anode Ray Twbe Experiment

→ (mode rays/Canal
ray + vely charged

i) Woldstein modified the CRT experiment by taking a Perforated Cathode

and he observed a glow behind cathode also these particles were called as
Anode Ray.
ii) Charged to mass ratio of anode rays depends on gas used in the
experiment.
iii) Charge to mass ratio is highest for Hydrogen gas
iv) liscovery of neutron.
12

Be9 +α 42 →C C6 + OH 1

(Jumes Chadioick)

 yiscovery of Charge
(1) I J Thanson ¿ 1.6 ×10− 19 C
−31
9.11× 10 g.
& Giscovery of Protein.
(1) Woldstein 1.6 ×10 −14 C 1.672× 10−27 g.
  Yiscovery of Neutons
(1) James Chadwick
0
− 27
1.675 ×10 g
⊬

k q1 q 2
F= 2
>¿ Eloctrostatic force or coulombic force.
r
P. E= [ k q , q /2
γ ]
9
k =9 ×10 Note → While Calculating the force only the magnitude of
Charge is Substituted but while Calculating the potential
energy charge should energy charge should be taken with Sign.

 Gold foll Experiment

(1) Putherford bombarted a stream of high energy of alpha particle on
a very thin gold foil. He opserved that most of one alpha praticle pass
through the sheet travel undevided
(2) 1=¿
(2) Some of theme were deflected from the origional path and the very
few of them were reflected back.
(3) Hence, Rutherford concluded that most of the space inside an
atom is empty and all the positive charge of atom is concentrated in a
very small space inside the abom.

* Falsuror
(4) All atoms have a central region called Nucleus which contain all the
positive charge. of atom and almost all the mass of atom.
(2) The fire of Nucleus is much Smaller than size of atom
(3) Negatively charged atom electron revolve in circular orbit around the,
nucleus.
(4) The required centripetal assceration for circular notion of electron if
provided by electrostatic force of attraction between electrons and puders.
  Filure of Putherford's Model
1. If could not emplain flydrogen spectrum
2. According to Classical Physics any accelerating charge emits out
electromagnetic radition. The electron in Rutherford's model is also
an example of Esceler accelerating Charge. Hence electron in
rutherford's model will continue imits out energy and hence, it radius
of orbit will decrease conticusly so the path of electron will become
spiral and eventually electron will fall in the Nucleus.
3. Isocliaphers - Same (n − p)
4. Isobars-Sume abomic no, different abomic mass.
5. Totopes - Same atomic mass, different atomic no
6. I sotones - Same no of neutrons, different no of protons.
7. Isolectronic - Same no of e
8. Isosters - same no of atoms & same no of e −

－Waves
√ ¿ cycle / sec .
c
λ=
v
c
V=
(n u) λ

1）Wavelength（ λ ）
2）Frequency（ v ）
3）velocity
1
4）wave number (v́)=
λ
＊Plank＇s Theory（naoure of light－cloal nature）

Wave Particle
Photons
1）Interference
1）Reflection．
口口口

2）1＞iffraction．
2）Photoelectric
effect．
 hc
Energy → E=h v=
λλ

h ¿ Plancle's ⋅ const
¿ ¿
Plank Suggested that light has a dual nature it travelles like a wave but
collide like a particle. According to plank light is made of 8 mall packets of
energy called Protons. the energy carried by one proof clepends on the
wavelength of proton. Photon have a rero rest mass. and all protons travell
with speed of 3 ×10 8 mper second.
Plank introduced Quantization of light energy according to him energy
transfered by cight can only be integral multiple energy of one proton.

hc nhc
= or n h v .
λ λ

Q) Calculate Eof photon of λ=500 mm In Lf Joule a) Electron volt unit.

( 100 −106 × 10−19 J )

∘ −10
1 A =10 m
1 nm=10− 9 m
−12
1 pm=10 m
− 15
1 fm=10 m
hc − 34 8
→ E= → 6.626 ×10 × 3× 10
λ
− 26
→ 20 ×10
 Bohr's Abomic Model
The main point of Bohr's abomic model are:-
 1. All aboms have a central region called Nucleus which contain all
probon and N .
ii) The size of Nucleus is much Smaller than the Size of atom.
iii) Electron revolves around nucleus in circular obrit.
iv) They required centripetal force for motion of electron is provided
by electrostatic force of attraction between electron and Nucleus.
v) Bohr said that electron can move only in certain orbits around
Nucleus which are called Stationary orbit.
vi) According to Bohr the condition for a Orbit oo be stationary is that
the angular Momenoum of electron Mould be

quantized and it ishould be integral

h
multiple of 2 π .
 electrostatic force
velocity of e −in n th orbit.
Centriputal
Electrostatic =
force
m v2 k q1 q 2
= 2
r r
(1) Orbit
(2) Quantum Pluy.

m v k ( z e)( e)
2
= ∗
γ γ
2 2
m v r=k z e
nh 2
×v =k 2 e
2π
k z e2 ×2 π
v=
nh

( )
2
z k e ×2 π
¿
n h
nh
m v γ=
2π

[ z
v n= ( 2.18 ×10 4 m/s )
n ]
Q) find speed of e −in 4 th orbit of He+¿¿
→ n=4 z=6 .
 2 6
v n= ×2.18 ×10 m/s
4
6
→1.09 ×10

Radius of e −in n th orbit.

nh
mvγ ¿

[ ]
2π
γ ¿
nh
2 π ×m v
=
n2
z m ( h
2 π ×2.18 ×10 6
¿
)γ n ¿=
z
n2
m
( 0.529∘ A ) ¿

¿ ¿
C) formula