PRACTICAL 03
Aim: Observations for generator frequency and rotor angle for small disturbances of Single
Machine connected to infinite bus bar (SMIB).
Theory:
The steady-state stability refers to the ability of the power system to remain in synchronism
when subjected to small disturbances. It is convenient to assume that the disturbances causing the
changes disappear. The motion of the system is free, and stability is assured if the system returns
to its original state. Such a behavior can be determined in a linear system by examining the
characteristic equation of the system. It is assumed that the automatic controls, such as voltage
regulator and governor, are not active. To illustrate the steady-state stability problem, we consider
the dynamic behavior of a one-machine system connected an infinite bus bar as shown in Figure .
Fig: One machine connected to infinite bus bar
Substituting for the electrical power equation into the swing equation given in results in
The swing equation is a nonlinear function of the power angle. However, for small
disturbances, the swing equation may be linearized with little loss of accuracy as follows. Consider
a small deviation Δδ in power angle from the initial operating point𝛿 , i.e.,
Substituting both and with simplification,
This equation reduces to linearized equation in terms of incremental changes in power angle for
initial operating state as,
The quantity 𝑃 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛿 is the slope of the power-angle curve at 𝛿 . It is known as the
synchronizing coefficient, denoted by Ps. This coefficient plays an important part in determining
the system stability, and is given by
So we have,
The solution of the above second-order differential equation depends on the roots of the
characteristic equation given by,
When Ps is negative, we have one root in the right-half s-plane, and the response is exponentially
increasing and stability is lost. When Ps is positive, we have two roots on the 𝑗 − 𝜔 axis, and the
motion is oscillatory and un-damped. The system is marginally stable with a natural frequency of
oscillation given by,
Damping ratio evaluated as,
Problem statement:
A 60 Hz synchronous generator having inertia constant H=9.94 MJ/MVA and a transient
reactance Xd’=0.3 p.u. is connected to an infinite bus through a purely reactive circuit as
shown in figure. Reactances are marked on the diagram on a common system base. The
generator is delivering real power of 0.6 p.u., 0.8 power factor lagging to the infinite bus at
a voltage of V=1 p.u. Assume the p.u. damping power coefficient is D=0.138. Consider a small
disturbance of Δδ=10o=0.1745 radian. Obtain equations describing the motion of the rotor
angle and the generator frequency.
Program:
clc;
clear all;
close all;
E = 1.35;
V= 1.0;
H= 9.94;
X=0.65;
Pm=0.6;
D=0.138;
f0 = 60;
Pmax = E*V/X;
z=0.2131;
d0 = asin(Pm/Pmax) % Max. power
Ps = Pmax*cos(d0) % Synchronizing power coefficient
wn = sqrt(pi*60/H*Ps) % Undamped frequency of oscillationz = D/2*sqrt(pi*60/(H*Ps))
% Damping ratio
wd = wn*sqrt(1-z^2)
fd = wd/(2*pi) %Damped frequency oscill.
tau = 1/(z*wn) % Time constant
th = acos(z) % Phase angle theta
Dd0 = 10*pi/180; % Initial angle in radian
t = 0:.01:3;
Dd = Dd0/sqrt(1-z^2)*exp(-z*wn*t).*sin(wd*t + th);
d = (d0+Dd)*180/pi; % Load angle in degree
Dw = -wn*Dd0/sqrt(1-z^2)*exp(-z*wn*t).*sin(wd*t);
f = f0 + Dw/(2*pi); % Frequency in Hz
figure(1)
subplot(2,1,1)
plot(t, d)
grid
xlabel('t, sec'), ylabel('Delta, degree')
subplot(2,1,2), plot(t,f), grid
xlabel('t, sec'), ylabel('f, Hz')
State Equations Analysis
A = [0 1; -wn^2 -2*z*wn]; % wn, z and t are defined earlier
B = [0; 0]; % Column B zero-input
C = [1 0; 0 1]; % Unity matrix defining output y as x1 and x2
D = [0; 0];
Dx0 = [Dd0; 0]; % Zero initial cond., Dd0 is defined earlier
[y,x]= initial(A, B, C, D, Dx0, t);
Dd = x(:, 1); Dw = x(:, 2); % State variables x1 and x2
d = (d0 + Dd)*180/pi; % Load angle in degree
f = f0 + Dw/(2*pi); % Frequency in Hz
figure(2)
subplot(2,1,1)
plot(t, d)
grid
xlabel('t, sec');
ylabel('Delta, degree');
subplot(2,1,2)
plot(t, f);
grid
xlabel('t, sec');
ylabel('f, Hz')
subplot(1,1,1)
Conclusion: