General Mathematics
Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600
Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 GRADE 11
Email: email@[Link]; Website: [Link]
MODULE 3 Subject Teacher:
EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION
I. At the end of the module, 90% of the students shall be able to:
a. represent real-life situations using exponential functions;
b. distinguish between exponential function, exponential equation, and
exponential inequalities;
c. solve problems involving exponential equations and inequalities; and
d. determines the intercepts, zeroes, and asymptotes of an exponential
function.
II. DISCUSSION:
A. Represent Real-Life Situations using Exponential Function
Exponential Function – an exponential function with base a is a function of the form
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎 𝑥 or 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥 , where a > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1. a is called the base and x is the power or
exponent.
Power
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑎 𝑥
Base
Example 1: Complete the table of values for x = -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3 for the exponent
1
𝑦 = (2)𝑥 , and 𝑦 = 10𝑥
x -2 -1 0 1 2 3
1
𝑦 = ( )𝑥 4 2 1 1/2 1/4 1/8
2
𝑦 = 10𝑥
1/100 1/10 1 10 100 1 000
There is a lot of application of exponential functions.
Application 1: Population Growth
Population growth is the increase in the number of individuals in a population. This
growth is either positive(increase) or negative(decrease). There are different rate where
these growth occurs. For example, Bacteria(any single celled organism) doubles at a
specific time.
Example:
Let us say that in a lab, there are 10 bacteria on a petri dish. Every 4 days, the
bacteria doubles. How will you represent the number of bacteria on the petri dish?
Let t represent time, y represents the number of bacteria.
Initially, there are 10 bacteria. t=0
After, 4 days, there are 20 bacteria. t=4
After, 8 days, there are 40 bacteria. t=8
After 12 days, there are 80 bacteria. t=12
After 16 days, there are 160 bacteria. t=16
1
General Mathematics
Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600
Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 GRADE 11
Email: email@[Link]; Website: [Link]
MODULE 3 Subject Teacher:
𝑡
EXPONENTIAL MODEL: 𝑦 = 𝑦0 ∙ 2𝑇
Where:
y is population after t. t is final time
𝑦0 is the initial population at t T is the time interval
𝑡
Solution: The exponential model is 𝑦 = 10 ∙ 24
Application 2: Half Life
Half life is used in chemistry. Half-life is the amount of time it takes for ½ of the
radioactive isotope to decay.
Example:
A 30 gram of rubidium-87(Rb-87) was stored in a refrigerator. Determine the amount of
substance remaining after 100 days. The half-life of Rb-87 is approximately 20 days.
What is the model used for this example?
Initially, there are 30 grams of Rb-87. t=0
After 20 days, there are 15 grams of Rb-87 t=20
After 40 days, there are 7.5 grams of Rb-87 t=40
After 60 days, there are 3.75 grams of Rb-87 t=60
After 80 days, there are 1.875 grams of Rb-87 t=80
After 100 days, there are 0.9375 grams of Rb-87 t=100
1 𝑡
EXPONENTIAL MODEL: 𝑦 = 𝑦0 ∙ ( )𝑇
2
Where:
y is number of nuclei remaining after t. t is final time
𝑦0 is the initial population at t T is the time interval
𝑡
120
Solution: The exponential model is 𝑦 = 30 ∙
2
Application 3: Compound Interest
Compound interest is well used in the field of business. Compound interest is
getting the interest of an interest.
In a bank, you want to put your money there to earn more money. You deposited Php
20,000 for 1.5% compounded yearly. How much money do you have in the bank after 5
years? What is the model of the used in this example?
Initially you have 20,000 in the bank t=0
After 1 year, you have 20,300 in the bank t=1
After 2 year, you have 20,604.5 in the bank t=2
After 3 years, you have 20,913.57 in the bank t=3
After 4 years, you have 21,227.27 in the bank t=4
After 5 years, you have 21,545.68 in the bank t=5
2
General Mathematics
Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600
Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 GRADE 11
Email: email@[Link]; Website: [Link]
MODULE 3 Subject Teacher:
Year 1: 20,000 + 300(1.5% of 20,000)
Year 2: 20,300 + 304.5(1.5% of 20,300)
Year 3: 20,604.5 + 309.07(1.5% of 20,604.5)
Year 4: 20,913.57 + 313.70(1.5% of 20,913.57)
Year 5: 21,227.27 + 318.41(1.5% of 21,227.27)
EXPONENTIAL MODEL: 𝑦 = 𝑝(1 + 𝑟)𝑡
Where:
y is maturity value r is the rate
p is the principal/amount deposited/borrowed t is the time interval
Solution: The exponential model is 𝑦 = 20,000(1 + .015)5
Natural Exponential Function
The form of the Natural Exponential Function is:
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑒 𝑥
This function is based from the irrational number “e” which is approximately 2.71828.
Difference between Exponential Function, Equation, and Inequalities
Exponential Exponential Exponential
Function Equation Inequalities
Definition Function in the An equation An inequality
form 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎 ,
𝑥 involving involving
where a > 0, a≠1 exponential exponential
expression expression
Example 1 𝑥
𝑦 = (2) , 1 1
72𝑥−1 = 72𝑥−1 ≥
343 343
Additional examples:
Identify if the following is an exponential function, exponential equation, exponential
inequalities or non-exponential
Answer Why?
3𝑥 Exponential Equation It contains exponential
= 81
9 expression with an equal
sign.
𝑥 3
Non-exponential It does not contain
= 21
2 exponential expression with
an equal sign.
2 𝑥−1
Exponential Inequality It contains exponential
≥ 1028
2048 expression with an
inequality sign.
2 Exponential Equation It contains exponential
52𝑥−1 =
8 expression with an equal
sign.
𝑦 = 2𝑥 Exponential Function It is in the form 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎 𝑥
where a > 0, a≠1
2𝑥−1 Exponential Function It is in the form 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎 𝑥
𝑦=
4 where a > 0, a≠1
3
General Mathematics
Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600
Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 GRADE 11
Email: email@[Link]; Website: [Link]
MODULE 3 Subject Teacher:
3𝑎 Exponential Inequality It contains exponential
< 812𝑎
9 expression with an equal
sign.
B. Exponential Equation
Law of exponents
Product Rule Quotient Rule Power Rule
𝑚 𝑛 𝑚+𝑛 𝑚
𝑎 ∙𝑎 =𝑎 𝑎 (𝑎 ) = 𝑎𝑚𝑛
𝑚 𝑛
𝑛
= 𝑎𝑚−𝑛
𝑎
Zero Rule Negative Exponent Fractional Exponent
0 1 𝑚
𝑎 =1 𝑛
𝑎 𝑛 = √𝑎𝑚
𝑎−𝑚 =
𝑎𝑚
Solve for the value of x
1. 4𝑥−1 = 16
Steps:
a. Make the base of both sides of the equation the same.
4𝑥−1 = 16 16 is equal to 42 , therefore
4𝑥−1 = 42
b. Since the bases are the same, equate the exponents. Compute for the value of
x.
𝑥−1=2 Collect similar terms. Transpose (APE) -1 to the other side
𝑥 =2+1
𝑥=3
c. Checking. Substitute the value of x to the original equation
?
43−1 = 16
?
42 = 16
✔
16 = 16
2. 3 ∙ 3𝑥 = 81
Steps:
a. Make sure that there is only one base on each side of the equation. Using the
exponential rules.
3 ∙ 3𝑥 = 81 In here, you can use the product rule.
31+𝑥 = 81
b. Make the base of both sides of the equation the same.
31+𝑥 = 81 81 is equal to 34 , therefore
1+𝑥 4
3 =3
c. Since the bases are the same, equate the exponents. Compute for the value of
x.
1+𝑥 =4 Collect similar terms. Transpose (APE) 1 to the other side
𝑥 =4−1
𝑥=3
d. Checking. Substitute the value of x to the original equation
?
3 ∙ 33 = 81
?
3 ∙ 27 = 81
4
General Mathematics
Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600
Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 GRADE 11
Email: email@[Link]; Website: [Link]
MODULE 3 Subject Teacher:
✔
81 = 81
𝟏
3. 𝟓𝟐𝒙
∙ 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 𝟏𝟒 𝟔𝟐𝟓
Steps:
a. Collect similar terms. All constants on the other side
1
52𝑥
∙ 5𝑥 − 1000 = 14 625 Transpose(APE) -1000 to the other side
1
∙ 5𝑥 = 14 625 + 1000
52𝑥
1
∙ 5𝑥 = 15 625
52𝑥
b. Make sure that there is only one base on each side of the equation. Using the
exponential rules.
1 1
52𝑥
∙ 5𝑥 = 15 625 52𝑥
you can use Negative exponent
5−2𝑥 ∙ 5𝑥 = 15 625 Here, you can use product rule
−2𝑥+𝑥
5 = 15 625
c. Make the base of both sides of the equation the same.
5−2𝑥+𝑥 = 15 625 15 625 is equal to 56
−2𝑥+𝑥 6
5 =5
d. Since the bases are the same, equate the exponents. Compute for the value of
x.
−2𝑥 + 𝑥 = 6 Simplify the equation
−𝑥 = 6 multiply both sides by negative
𝑥 = −6
III. Additional Reference
Melosantos, L.A., et. al.(2016). Math Connection in the Digital Age, Quezon City, Philippines:
Sibs Publishing House, Inc.,
Albay, E.M.(2016). General mathematics. Makati City, Philippines:DIWA Lerning System, Inc.
Youtube Resources:
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
IV. Reference
Dimasuay, L.A.,Alcala, J., Palacio, J.,(2016). General Mathematics for Senior High School.
Quezon City, Philippines:C&E Publishing, Inc.