MGM's College of Engineering and Technology

Kamothe, Navi Mumbai – 410209

Department: Electrical Engineering Class: SE Sem: IV

Subject Name: Electrical Machines -I (2223112)
Syllabus: NEP 2020
Name of Subject teacher: Dr. Saborni Das
Module 4: Three Phase Induction Motor (8 Hours, 20 -30 marks)
Course Objectives: 4. To demonstrate the working principle and assess the performance of three-phase
induction motors under various operating conditions.
Course Outcomes: 4) Demonstrate working principle and evaluate the performance of three phase
induction motor under various operating conditions.
Syllabus: Review of Constructional details and Principle of operation, Slip, Rotor emf and frequency,
current and power, Power stages, Phasor diagram, Equivalent circuit, Torque-speed characteristics,
Losses and efficiency, No load and blocked rotor test, Circle diagram.

Q. Explain construction and working of three-phase induction motor with neat diagram. (10
Marks) [23d]
Ans.
A three-phase induction motor consists of a stationary
stator with three-phase windings and a rotating rotor
(either squirrel-cage or wound-type). When a three-
phase AC supply is connected to the stator, it produces
a rotating magnetic field that induces current in the
rotor, creating a magnetic field that interacts with the
stator field. This interaction generates torque, causing
the rotor to spin at a speed slightly less than the
synchronous speed of the magnetic field, converting
electrical energy into mechanical energy.
Construction
 Stator:
 Frame: The outer housing that supports
the core.
 Laminated Core: A cylindrical core
made of thin silicon steel laminations to
minimize hysteresis and eddy current
losses.
 Stator Winding: Insulated conductors
arranged in slots on the inner periphery
of the core and connected to form a
balanced three-phase winding (star or
delta).

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  Rotor:
 Squirrel-Cage Rotor: The most common type, consisting of a laminated core with
parallel copper or aluminium bars in the slots, short-circuited by end rings, resembling a
squirrel cage.
 Wound Rotor (Slip Ring Rotor): Features insulated windings connected to slip rings on
the motor shaft, allowing for the external connection of resistances to control speed.

Squirrel-Cage Rotor

Working Principle
1. Rotating Magnetic Field (RMF): When a three-phase AC supply is connected to the stator
windings, a rotating magnetic field is produced. This field rotates at a specific speed called the
synchronous speed (Ns).
2. Induction in the Rotor: The stator's rotating magnetic field cuts across the rotor conductors,
inducing an electromotive force (EMF) and subsequently causing current to flow in the rotor.
3. Rotor Magnetic Field: The induced rotor currents create their own magnetic field.
4. Torque Production: According to Lenz's Law, the interaction between the stator's rotating
magnetic field and the rotor's magnetic field produces a torque.
5. Rotor Rotation: This torque causes the rotor to rotate.
6. Slip: The rotor always rotates at a speed slightly slower than the synchronous speed (N). This
difference in speed, known as slip (s), is necessary for the continuous induction of current and
production of torque.

Q. What is rotating magnetic field?

Ans. A rotating magnetic field (RMF) is a magnetic field whose axis continuously changes direction in a
circular manner, essentially creating a revolving magnetic pole. It's generated in AC machines by using
three-phase AC supply applied to three physically distributed stator windings that are 120 degrees apart.
This interaction produces a resultant magnetic flux with constant magnitude but a rotating axis, which is
the fundamental principle behind induction motors and other AC machinery.

Q. What is Slip?
Ans. Slip is the difference between the synchronous speed of the magnetic field and the actual rotor
speed, expressed as a fraction or percentage of the synchronous speed, and is calculated by the formula
is,

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It is essential for generating torque, as this relative speed causes electromagnetic induction in the rotor,
leading to the rotor's rotation in the direction of the rotating magnetic field.

Q. Calculate the slip in an 4pole 50Hz induction motor rotating at 1400rpm.

Ans.

Q. Discuss induced EMF in the rotor of a three-phase induction motor.

Ans. Rotor EMF (E₂) and Frequency (f₂):

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Q. Explain the power stages with neat labeled diagram and expression in three-phase IM. [10
marks] (24m)
Q. Explain various power stages in an induction motor with necessary expressions. (10 marks)
[22d]
Q. Explain power flow stages of three-phase induction motor. (10 Marks) [23d]
Q. Describe power stages of 3-phase induction motor with necessary expressions. (10 Marks)
[23m]
Ans. Power Stages of a Three-Phase Induction Motor:
When a 3-phase induction motor runs, the input power flows through different stages before being
delivered as useful mechanical output.

The power stages are:

1. Stator Input Power (Pin)
Electrical power drawn from the supply:

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Q. Derive relation between starting torque and full load torque for three phase induction motor.
(5 marks) [22d]
Q. Draw and describe torque-slip characteristic of three-phase induction motor. (5 Marks) [23d]
Q. Explain torque-slip characteristic of three-phase induction motor. (5 Marks) [23m]
Q. Discuss Torque in three-phase induction motor.

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Q. Describe torque-speed characteristics of a three-phase IM in braking, motoring, and
generating regions. [5 marks] (24m)
Q. Explain torque-speed characteristics of an induction motor. (5 marks) [22m]
Ans. The torque-speed characteristics of a 3-phase induction motor is defined as the curve plotted
between torque developed and rotational speed of the motor. It gives the information about variation in
the motor torque with the change in its speed.
As the torque of three-phase induction depends upon its speed but the relationship between them cannot
be expressed by a simple equation. Therefore, we use the torque-speed curve to express the relationship
between them.

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Q. An 18.64 kW, 4 pole, 50 Hz, 3-phase induction motor has friction and windage losses of 2.5% of
output. The full load slip is 4%. Find for full load:
(i) Rotor Cu loss, (ii) The rotor input, (iii) The shaft torque
(iv) The gross electromagnetic torque. [10 marks] (24m)
Ans.

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Unit of Torque (T) is Nm.

Q. (10 Marks)[25m]

Q. A 3-phase star connected 400V, 50Hz, 4 pole induction motor has the following per phase
parameters in ohm referred to stator:
R1 =0.6Ω, X1 =1.1Ω, R2 =0.3Ω, X2 =0.52Ω, Xm =25Ω.
The mechanical losses 1000W and stator core losses are 500W. The slip is 3%. Calculate:
1. Stator current
2. Gross torque
3. Efficiency. [10 marks] (24d)
Q. A 3 phase; 4 pole; 1440 rpm; 50 Hz induction motor has a star connected rotor with per phase
rotor resistance and standstill reactance as 0.2 Ω and 1 Ω respectively. When the stator is
energized with rated supply voltage at rated frequency, the rotor induced e.m.f. between lines is
210 V. Calculate, rotor current; power factor and torque at standstill and at full load. (10 marks)
[22d]

Q. Explain No load and blocked rotor test of 3 phase induction motor. [10 marks] (24d)
Ans. The no-load test on a 3-phase induction motor runs the motor at rated voltage and frequency
without any mechanical load to determine no-load losses (core, friction, and windage losses) and
calculate equivalent circuit parameters. The procedure involves applying a reduced voltage to the stator,
gradually increasing it to the rated value, and measuring voltage (V), current (I), and power (P). These
readings help find the magnetizing branch impedance and motor's efficiency.
Purpose: The no-load test on a 3-phase induction motor is conducted for the following reasons:
 Determine no-load losses: To find the core losses, friction losses, and windage losses of the
motor.

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  Calculate equivalent circuit parameters: To find the resistance (R) and reactance (X) of the
magnetizing path of the motor.
 Estimate efficiency: To determine the motor's efficiency and performance characteristics under
no-load conditions.
Calculations: From the recorded readings of V₀, I₀, and P₀, you can calculate the no-load power factor
and the parameters of the magnetizing branch of the equivalent circuit.
 No-load power factor (cos Φ₀): Calculated using P₀ and V₀ * I₀.
 Equivalent resistance per phase (R₀): Calculated using the formula R₀ = P₀ / (3 * I₀²).
 Equivalent impedance per phase (Z₀): Calculated using Z₀ = V₀ / (√3 * I₀).
 Equivalent reactance per phase (X₀): Found using the formula X₀ = √(Z₀² - R₀²).

Induction Motor Blocked Rotor Test

The figure shows the circuit diagram for the blocked rotor test of an induction motor. The blocked rotor
test enables us to determine the efficiency and the circuit parameters of the equivalent circuit of a 3-
phase induction motor.

In the blocked rotor test, the shaft of the motor is locked so that it cannot rotate and the rotor winding is
short circuited. In a slip-ring induction motor, the rotor winding is short-circuited through the slip-rings
while in a squirrel cage induction motor, the rotor bars are permanently short-circuited with the help of
end rings.
In the blocked rotor test, a reduced voltage at reduced frequency is applied to the stator of the induction
motor through a 3-phase autotransformer so that the rated current flows in the stator winding. The
readings obtained are given as follows −
 Total input power on short circuit is measured by the two wattmeter method and is given by the
algebraic sum of the two watt-meter readings. Here, a reduced voltage is applied to the stator and
rotation of the rotor is not allowed, thus, the core and mechanical losses are negligible.
Therefore, the total input power in the blocked rotor test is equal to the sum of stator copper
losses and rotor copper losses for all the 3-phases.
 The ammeter reads the value of line current (Iscl) with blocked rotor which is corresponds to the
short circuit condition.
 The voltmeter reads the value of reduced line voltage with blocked rotor (Vscl).
Therefore, the input power under blocked rotor condition is given by,

Where, Psc is the power factor under blocked rotor condition.

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The equivalent resistance of the motor referred to the stator is

Where,
 [Link] = Per Phase Power Under Blocked Rotor Condition.
 [Link] = Per Phase Current Under Locked Rotor Condition.
Equivalent impedance of the motor referred to the stator is

And the equivalent reactance of the motor referred to the stator is

Q. Illustrate the application of three-phase induction motor. [5 marks] (24d)

Ans. Three-phase induction motors are widely applied across industries and residential settings due to
their rugged construction and efficiency, driving machinery like pumps, fans, compressors, and
conveyors.
 Industrial Drives: Powering conveyors, pumps, fans, compressors, and various machine tools like
lathes and milling machines.
 HVAC Systems: Driving fans, blowers, and other components in air conditioning and heating,
ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) equipment.
 Pumps and Compressors: Used in municipal water supply systems, agricultural irrigation, and
industrial processes for fluid and gas handling.
 Lifting Equipment: Powering cranes, hoists, and elevators in construction sites, apartments, and
malls.
 Manufacturing & Material Handling: Used in manufacturing plants to move materials on
conveyor belts and power various production machines.
 Electric Traction: Powering electric trains, cable cars, and some electric and hybrid vehicles.
 Power Plant Operations: Used to drive cooling fans for large transformers and exhaust fans for
chimneys, according to YouTube.
 Refining Industry: Driving centrifugal pumps and conveyor systems for processing crude oil.
 Mining Operations: Powering rollers and conveyors in mining processes.

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