[SCRIBD] | Search Qn PAWAN WAGH ACADEMY Topic" Solid State States of Matter Solid Liquid Gas ‘Solid - Strong inter-particl force of attraction Smallest Constituent particle ‘Atom lons Molecules ParticlesCae i {2 \rs2 Ad Download to. \__/ ra Solid Ty Properties | Crystalline Solid Amorphous Solid ‘Arrangement| Crystalline solid shows [Amorphous solid Regularity and | shows random periodicity in|arrangement of arrangement of particle . | particles Range Order |They show long Range|They . show short Order. Range Order Melting | They have sharp Melting |They do not have Point point, sharp melting point Isotropy_or| They are Anisotropic in| They are isotropic in Anisotropy | nature. nature, Be NaCl, Sugar, Quartz Glass, Rubber, Plastic AnisotropicProperty - In Crystalline solids, properties like Refractive Index, “Thermal Conductivity and Electrical Conductivity magnitude changes with changes in direction, 1,MCQ's Type = 1. Crystalline solid having cubic structure are not anisotropic. [Link] is the example of naturally formed single crystal, eT ese[s] 3 |/32 aE Crystal Structure — Isomorphism Allotroy Polymorphism [Link] or more substance having same crystal structures are called as Isomorphic 1A single substance which exists in two or more structures (forms) Polymorphic. are [Link] have same Atomic Ratio. 2. They are formed under different conditions. [Link]- Atomic Tt * ANY 4h: 1:3 [Link]- Diamond. Carbon + Graphite Fullerene + Different Polymorphic o1 1r Allotropic Forms ~ DiamondCrystalline Solids. Download to read ad-freeCae i 132 Properties | Tonie Solid | Covalent | Molecular | Metallic Network Solid Solid Solid Particles |Tonié Solid) Covalent | Molecular | Metallic of Unit |consists of |Network _| Solids consists| Solids cell charged _ions| solids fof monatomic consists of that Is catlon| consist of or polyatomic metallic andanion. {covalently | molecules. |ions ina sea bonded oF atoms. elections. Tnterpar- [In ionic solids,|In covalent |In molecular) In - metallic ticle [particles are| Network. | solids | solids, forces |held _ together| solids, atoms] molecules. are| metallic ton| by electrostatic| are linked by| held together | and forces of Covalent’ | by» dipole-| electrons attraction, "| Bond, dipole “forces, are held Hydrogen | together by Bonds. Metallic Bond. Hardness |Tonie Solids are| Covalent [Molecular | Metallle hard and | solids are] solids are sott| Solids brittle very hard|due ‘to weak| shows ‘due to’ their| intermolecular | variable rigid forces. soft to very structure, hard nature, Melting [Tonic solid Covalent | Molecular | Metalic Point’ |shows high| Network | Solids shows| solid. shows| melting point | solid shows] ow melting | wide | high melting | point melting point. point range. Thermal_|In solid form-| In Graphite | Poor conductor| Good and Poor conductor | Good of heat and | conductor Electrical | Conductor ot | electricity. | ot heat and| Conducti |In dissolved) electricity electricity vity. form - Good) In Diamond) conductor |- Good. conductor of heat i NaCl, Cai ___| Diamond, _|Ice, _Benzoic|Na, Mg, Cu, silica acid Aw Ad Download to read ad-free [Oo]:he a) # 2 Most important Properties of metal Malleability Ductility 4 The property by which The property by which Metal can be hammered metal can be drawn into thin sheets. into thin Wires. Metal - Metal - eRe Sheets © Crystal - : . en er} : . Lattice + Basis = Crystal (Lattice is geometrical arrangement of points in 3d) (Basis is attached constituent particles) Unit Cell - The smallest unit which repeats itself again and again to from a crystalline solid is called as Unit Cell. It is represented below Ad Download to read ad-free PARREK Spark the Futuremee et Unit Cell b—p coy Unit <} (Types) simple Cubie Body Face Base or centered.) Centered Centered Primitive End so) ce) eco Ecc) | | Particles are. Particles are Particles are Particles are present at present at present at present at Corners, Corners. Corners, Corners, Center of Body Center of each Center of any. Face. 2 opposite face. a mt Ad Download to read ad-free [Oo];he a) Crystal systey Edge Length. Bond Angle Cubic [ ‘ab=c a=f= ¥ =90 Tetragonal asbec ¥ =90 ‘Orthorhombic aebec ‘Monoclinic ‘aebec a= ¥ #90290" Triclinic | ‘aebec aeb= Y=90) Hexagonal ‘a=B=90°Y =120 Rhombohedral or ‘anpe¥234 Trigonal Total crystal system=7 Total Bravices lattices=14_ Crystal System Braveries lattices Cubic system, TSCCBCCFCC, Orthorhombic system |__ SCC,BCC,FCC, EC Tetragonal system [Link] Monoclinic system [| SCCBCC Rhombohedra system or} scc trigon system Triclinic systei sce Hexagonal system scc So Total Crystal System =7 [So Total Bravice lattices are > lis Unit celledge length (a) Let suppose a is the edge length of cube, so volume of unit cell = volume of cube = (a) 1)Let m be the mass of one particle and these are total in article per unit cell so mass of 1 unit cell = mx n 2)Density of unit cell = ase ebuacet Ad Download to read ad-freei aC [s] 132 aF “oo 2)Rutno of motes j= "esata som By putting volume of (4) in eqr(3) We get tarot b= at Where ‘n’ = no of atoms per unit cell % TrickL=V * 1) Coordination number The number of neighboring spheres that touch any given sphere is called as Coordination number Here CN=6 CNe11 We need to observe, only the close sphere that touch the central sphere or any given sphere. Ad Download to read ad-freehe a) Closed Bpcked structure Inone dimension In two dimension Inthree aa) a) dimension (3-4) t Tex] Square close packing or Hexagonal close packing AAAA type of packing in ‘oF ABAB type of packing in ea) @a) Staking of square Staking of two Placing third ‘closed packed hexagonal packed hexagonal closed layers. packed layer layers oF AAAA type of packing in 3-c Tetrahedral ——Octahedral_ Hexagonal Cubic close void void close packing (ccp) packing or or ABCABC ABAB type type of of packing packi Ad Download to read ad-free jo]:he a) 1) Close packing in one - Dimension In I- dimension means just along I-axis, the close packing structure in one dimension forms, when spheres touching each other are arranged in a row. COO Bane seco ‘The co-ordin: on number of given (shaded) sphere is 2: 2) Close packing in Two dimension OR Two dimensional close packing Points ‘Square close packing OR AAA typeof packing in2-4 THexagonal OR packing] |ABAB type of packing in2a Type of packing Te shows ANAA Type of packing In these ype, A layer of Sphere’ is stacked | aver another A aver The co-ordination J number in these’ type orpacking is 4 Inthese type, Square i obtained “after Joining | the point around the central atom 1 $0 His called as Square close packing ‘tacking pattern Co-ordination Number ‘Shape obtained Alter joining points Tt shows ABAB ype of packing In these type , A layer of “sphere is’ stacked foyer another B layer The co-ordination number in these type ot packing 6 Tn these type Tleagon ts obtatned after Joining the points around the central tom» So itis called as Hexagonal close packing Representation iipeer ac te3 AaB type of packing i 2 Ad ree Download to read a31_Close Packing in 3-dimention The three dimensional crystal structure formed by stacking of two dimensional layers. A. Stacking of Square close packed layers OR AAAA type of a)In these type, the square close packed layers are stacked over each other and generates a 3-dimensional simple cubic structure. b)In these AAAA type of packing, 1" A layer with Its spheres are place exactly above the 2 A layer Sphere. )Im these case, there is a perfect alignment of spheres in horizontal and vertical fashion. 4) The co-ordination numbers of each sphere is 6. ¢) Polonium metal shows these type of structure. Representation of square-close packed structure in 3- dimension Ad Download to read ad-free ® PAGREK Spark the Future B. Stacking of two hexagonal packed layer in 3- dimensional a)In this type, hexagonal close packed layers are arranged inB . a)In this type, hexagonal close packed layers are arranged in a particular manner in order to generate a 3-dimensional structure, b)In these type, first layer A and second layer B are aligned differently )In these type of stacking, two types of voids are generated namely tetrahedral and octahedral voids A) If the triangular void of first layer is covered by'a sphere of second layer then tetrahedral void is generated, e)If the triangular void of first layer is-covered by the tiangular void of second layer then octahedral void is generated Representation of Tetrahedral and Octahedral void t Tectia a = (~yu LY sphere +1) =4 sphere 343-6 Covordinetion Numbered Coordination Number =6 C. [Link] hexagonal close packed layer ‘The third hexagonal close packed layer can be placed in two ways aver the second layer L a) By by By ABABAB ABCABC type of type of Formorepapeslee two emenmoecedem cnt Ad Download to read ad-free @ PAGREK Spark the Future ofx Vv Solid State... < Pet seRoou) [s] 14 |/32 ak ruture or ) AB-AB-AB OR hexagonal close packed (hep) structure 1. In this type, the third hexagonal close packed spheres are aligned with the spheres of first layer. U, The pattern generated is ABABAB type of pattern UL, The Co-ordination Numbers of any sphere i$ 12 in hexagonal close packed structure, Metal such as Mg (Magnesium) & Zinc (Zn) shows, such type of structure Representation of AB-AB-AB- type of packing SS ae Any given sphere i) v b) Cubiéclose packing of ABCABC type of packing 1)In these type, the third hexagonal closed packed sphere do not align with any first or second layer 2)The pattern generated is ABCABC type of pattern 3)The Co-ordination number of any sphere is 12 in these type of structure 4) This arrangement generates (ccp) cubic close packing 5)Copper (Cu) and silver (Ag) shows such type of structure Ad Download to read aiie an Solid State ... Eel tekoou) [s] [5 | 132 ar layer —¥ xX v Blayer—> e@ a any given sphere simple cubic | 6 crystal Co-ordination Hexagonal close 2 number [7] ‘Packing Cuble close packing or face ed structure |—*L_™ Ad Download to read ad-freeAt Corner Ad Download to read ad-freea) ro 17 |/32 ar Simple cubic crystal structure/ system Representation Number of atoms per unit cell (n) calculation for Body centered cubic] Face centered cubic structure/system | crystal structure/system Representation | Representation ‘Numbers of atoms| Numbers of atoms per unit cell (n){per unit cell(n) calculation for bec |caleulation fec pres Score ati, z=gx neze (Sxb)+ (Ixp) | nez= (xt + Ex 6) \ We we i Ad Download to read ad-free IO]:[s] /32 ar Radius of sphere|Radius of sphere|Radius of sphere or particle in sce particle in bec _| particle in fcc Face of simple unt poy iagonti [Face lagna PY neare From figure—[aear | | Prom figure mAABC @) AB =BC'+ Ac orf (Pythagoras th) AB 2a so | Now naps. | aD = ep'saw ++ (Ray 32a1:52 Hane ® Sce bec fee ‘Volume of | particle in]Volume of | particle in| Volume of T particle ta] Sccuntt e.12eea) "| bee unt eell...4reay3) "| fecunit el. 4eeay2 4 =tnp Toa votume of parce Total volume of paritle } Tal Wonume of parce me |The ate six? = Packing efficency=_ | Packing efficiency =| Packing eficiency= Volume of t particle |" Volume of t particle |" Volume of tparticle Total volume izle ce Fotal volume in nit cell| Total volume in wnt cell en ros ap 6 swe Bye = 52.36% |= 68% = 74% 5i= (100-52.36%) ]% voids = (100- | % voids = (100- Voids= 48% 68%) 74%) = 32% = 26% Ad Download to read ad-freeTe) segs Notes tricks _— PE of } " al x oes Nd Points Simple cubic ]Body centered] Face centered (sce) (bec) (fcc) a and ¥faedr ar a3 areal? relation or or r= 0.433a 35354 no. of ne2 n=4 atoms "per ‘unit cell Co-ordination [6 8 12 number ‘Packing. >) 52% 68% 74% efficiency. Bwolds. or] 48% 32% 26% ‘empty space Packing Worst packing | Moderate Best packing nature packing Ad Download to read ad-freea no [s] 132 ag Defects Point Defect Line Defect Plain Defect Stochiometry Impurity Nonstoichiometric Detect Defect Detect > Vacancy Defect > Metal Y > substitutional Deficiency > Selt interstitial, Impurity Defect Detect Defect » Schottky Defect * > interstitial > Metal excess Impurity defect Defect » Frenkel Defect Cation Stoichiometry:- Fixed Ratio of ong Aniondefect) Stoichiometry | Non Stoichiometry |Impurity Defect Defect defect x The ratio number|The ratio of no’s/The defect__in of cation and) of cations & which. the foreign anions of anions of atoms different compound compounds does from. host atoms remains same _notremainsame are present in| laystal lattice is called as impurity defect a) Vacancy Defect = [Link] crystallization, a pafticle is missing from its regular site in crystal lattice [Link] is generated. as a result of the particle which is missing 3. The defect in which lattice sites becomes vacant because of a missing particle is called as Vacancy Defect Vacancy ‘As mass of particle decrease due to decrease in number of particles and volume of unit cell (box) is same, So density() decreases, Ad Download to read ad b) self interstitial Defect:a no [s] 132 aE by) Self interstitial Defect :- 1. Interstitial sites —+ “The spaces or voids in a crystal in between particles are called as Interstitial sites [Link] some particle of a crystalline solids “occupy interstitial sites in the crystal structure then it is called as, self interstitial defect 3. Two Ways in which these type of defect occurs ‘An extra particle occupies an empty interstitial space in the crystal structure Any particle from that solid gets shifted trom its original lattice and occupies an interstitial space Density increase Density remains same extra particle Lo “any particle from solid itselt formar paper ete wn wonwocadem elements to. the to intrinsic semiconductor | intrinsie. semiconductor which] which belong to group 14| belongs to group 14 elements, tlement S EX. Doping of silicon with|EX. Doping of silicon with phosphorous boron, aluminium 2intype semiconductor Fave] 2)ptype semiconductor have one extra electron in condition|one {ess eless than than pure band Semicondctor 0:0:0.0— mame 90@0 e000 0000 | Ad Download to read ad-free IO]:Cy a) Solid Diamagnetic Paramagnetic Ferromagnetic L these substance These substance 1, These substance sre weak meen arerepelled bythe guacted by the antscted bythe magnetic field ‘magnetic field 2, electrons are 2. They exhibit) 2. Theycanbe paired, sospin's Inthe presence of Bermanenty ance i he penne magneto 3 Naf Nac, 3. Or Fes cr [Link], Co, Ni, Ga, 0: Ad Download to read a: