Engineering Thermofluids II

Lecture 4
• Recap of Lecture 3

• To describe the dependence of the drag coefficient on the object’s shape and
the Reynolds number
• To obtain lift and drag coefficients from appropriate equations, tables or figures
• To apply the Magnus effect on the understanding the behaviour of spinning
objects in fluid
• To describe the basic working principles of turbomachines
• To use pump performance curves to predict pump performance in a given system
• To use Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) to set up the appropriate working
conditions for a pump

Cengel: Chapter 15, Munson: Chapters 9, 12

 Review: Momentum Balance
DBsys BCV 
= +  bv  nˆdA
Dt t CS

  
B = total momentum, b = v

D  v dV
= F = F
sys

Dt sys CV

• Rate of change of the total momentum of the system = total force on

the system
• It is also equal to the total force on the contents inside the control
volume static flow tem)
O (for

-

  CV vdV  
F = + v (v  nˆ )dA
CV t CS
Munson et. al.
 Shape Dependence of the Drag Coefficient

• Consider cylinders with ellipse cross-section with aspect ratio l/D

where D and l are the thickness and length parallel to the flow
• The more streamlined the body, the smaller the drag coefficient (CD), no
matter whether the frontal or the planform area is used

FD
CD = 1
2 AU 2

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 Reynolds Number Dependence of the Drag
Coefficient
• Low Reynolds number (Re < 1):

FD 1
CD = 
1
2 AU 2 Re

• Moderate Reynolds number (103 < Re < 105)

• Streamlined bodies
• CD decrease with Reynolds number
• Eg. Flat plates CD ~ 1/Re1/2
• Blunt bodies
• CD are relatively constant

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 Reynolds Number Dependence of the Drag
Coefficient
• High Reynolds numbers (Re ~105 or higher),
• Drag coefficients for most geometries remain essentially constant
• Because the flow at high Reynolds numbers becomes fully turbulent
• For round bodies, there is a dip at point E. Why?

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Drag Coefficients at High Reynolds Number

6
Drag Coefficients at High Reynolds Number

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 Drag on a Composite Body

• Shapes of many bodies encountered in practice

are not simple
• Consider them to be composed of two or more
simple bodies
• Eg. a satellite dish mounted on a roof with a
stand can be considered to be a combination of
a hemispherical body and a cylinder
• The drag force of the body can be determined
approximately by calculating those of
different parts separately

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 Example: Drag on a Composite Body
A 26.8 m/s wind blows past the water tower. By modelling the tower by a sphere
with a diameter 12.2 m, and a cylinder with a diameter 4.57 m and height 15.2 m,
estimate the force needed to keep the tower stationary

[Link]
 Lift Coefficient of Airfoils

• For airfoils, surface friction is of minor importance in the generation of

lift
• Lift force on an airfoil can be calculated by considering the pressure
distribution
• Typical lift coefficients are of the order of unity.
• The average lift per unit area of the wing (wing loading) increases with
speed
U
2

FL = C L A
2
• CL increases as the angle of
attack increases up to a certain
point
• At larger angles, CL decreases
and CD increases due to flow
separation - Stall 10
 Lift to Drag Ratio

• For many lift-generating devices: useful to define the lift to drag ratio
(CL/CD)
• Achieving a higher CL/CD is a main goal in wing design
• Plotting the ratio against the angle of attack, the most efficient angle of
attack can be found
• Typical wing in commercial flights: CL/CD ~ 10 to 30

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 Magnus Effect – Force on Spinning Objects
• A net force on a spinning object as it moves in a fluid
• Due to the difference in air speed on two sides
• Applications: Curved balls in sports, Rotor ship, Rotor airplane

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 Turbomachines
• Turbomachines are dynamic fluid machines that add (for pumping
machines) or extract (for turbines) mechanical energy of the fluid
• Previously, we represent these turbomachinces by “black boxes”
• Now, we can understand better the working principle of them
• Pumping machines include pumps, fans, blowers and compressors

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 Types of Turbomachines
• Typical in turbomachines have blades on a rotating shaft
• Axial-flow, radial-flow and mixed-flow depending on the direction of the fluid
motion relative to the rotor’s axis
• Axial-flow machine: the fluid maintains a significant axial-flow direction from
the inlet to outlet of the rotor
• Radial-flow machine: the flow across the blades involves a substantial radial-
flow component at the rotor inlet, exit or both
• Mixed-flow machine: a mix of the two

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 Centrifugal Pump
• One of the most common radial-flow turbomachines
• Impeller attached to a rotating shaft with a stationary casing
• The impeller consists of a number of curved blades, sometimes called
vanes
• As the impeller rotates, fluid is sucked in through the eye of the casing
and flows radially outward

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 Pump Performance (Head vs Flow Rate)
• Performance of a pump can be analyzed using energy balance

 Pout vout
2
  Pin vin2 
h pump
=  + + zout  −  + + zin 
 g 2 g   g 2 g
actual


• The actual head of the pump is its ideal head minus the losses in all the
parts of the pump

pump
hideal = h0 − Q

pump
hactual = hideal
pump
− hloss

• Possible losses: hydraulic loss (major and

minor), mechanical loss (friction), volumetric
loss (leakage)
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 Pump Performance Curves
• Three performance curves are usually used for pumps: 1) Head, 2) Efficiency,
and 3) Power
• Head decreases as flow rate increases
• The pump at zero flow rate is called the shutoff head
• No flow: the efficiency is zero and the power supplied by the pump is simply
dissipated as heat
• The point corresponding to the maximum efficiency is denoted as the best
efficiency point (BEP)

Power:
pump
Pactual = m ghactual
pump

pump
Pactual
Efficiency: = 
WShaft
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 Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)
• Cavitation may occur at the inlet or different locations inside a pump
• Define the available NPSH (NPSHA) at the inlet

Pi vi2 Pvapour
NPSH A = + −
g 2 g g
• NPSHA needs to be above a certain value
so that cavitation does not occur
• This value is called the required NPSH
(NPSHR)

NPSH A  NPSH R

• NPSHR as a function of the flow rate is

usually given by the manufacturer 18
 NPSH of a Pump Connected to a Tank
• The inlet is at a lower pressure than Patm for the water to enter the
pump
• Energy balance:

Patm Pi vi2
= + + z1 +  hL
g g 2 g

Patm Pvapour
NPSH A = − z1 −  hL −
g g

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 Example
A centrifugal pump is to be placed above a large, open water tank, and is to pump
water at a rate of 0.0142 m3/s. At this flow rate, the required net positive suction
head, NPSHR is 4.57 m, as specified by the pump manufacturer. The water
temperature is 26.7 0C and atmospheric pressure is 101.3 kPa. Assume that the only
head loss between the tank and the pump inlet is due to filter at the pipe inlet
having a minor loss coefficient KL = 20. Other losses can be neglected. The pipe on
the suction side of the pump has a diameter of 10.16 cm.

Determine the maximum height z1, that the pump can be located above the water
surface without cavitation.

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Example (cont’d)

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