Engineering Thermofluids II

Lecture 2
• Recap of Lecture 1

• To identify the system of a fluid flow and the appropriate control

volume in fluid flow problems

• To relate the rate of change of the extensive properties of a fluid

system and of the fluid inside the control volume using Reynolds
Transport Theorem

• To describe mass balance and energy balance as special cases of Reynolds

Transport Theorem

• To analysis momentum balance problems using Reynolds Transport

Theorem

Cengel: Chapter 13, Munson: Chapters 4.3, 4.4, 5

 Review: Surface Tension of Fluids
• At the interface between two fluids, when the cohesive force between
like molecules is stronger than the adhesive force between the unlike
molecules, the surface to behave as if there is a “skin” or “membrane” on
it
• Surface tension = force on the surface per unit
length
• Symbol: σ , Unit: N/m
[Link]

2
Droplet : (2R ) = (R 2 )(Pinside − Poutside ) → Pinside − Poutside =
R

4
( )
Bubble : 2(2R ) = R 2 (Pinside − Poutside ) → Pinside − Poutside =
R
 Review: Contact Angle of Liquids on a Surface
• The angle at the edge of the liquid-solid-air interface
 LA
 LA : Surface tension of liquid in air
(related to the cohesive force)
 SA  LS
 LS : Surface tension of liquid in
[Link] contact with the solid
 LA cos  +  LS =  SA (competition between cohesive
and adhesive forces)
 SA −  LS
Young's relation: cos  =  SA : Surface tension of the solid in air
 LA
Now, we look at water on hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces:

Hydrophilic surface: Hydrophobic surface:

• Contact angle, < 900, small • Contact angle, > 900, large
• High wettability • Low wettability

Surfactant is often used to increase wettability of a surface 3

 Review: Surface Energy
• Energy needed to create a surface

Work = F  x = E = 2bx = 2A

• Surface tension can also be defined as the energy change per area
change
• Minimizing surface energy due to surface tension -> Minimizing surface
area

4
 Today
• Describe changes in extensive properties as a fluid goes through a
control volume
• One special case: Energy balance through control volumes of turbines,
nozzles etc… (done before)

[Link]

• Generalization to any extensive properties (in a mathematically rigorous

fashion)
• What if the control volume can move?
• Or the shape and volume can change?

5
Munson et. al.
 System vs Control Volume
• System: a collection of matter of fixed identity and amount (always the
same set of atoms or fluid particles), which may move, flow, and interact
with its surroundings
• Control volume: Encloses a volume which mass can flow in or out

Munson et. al.

• Useful to relate the quantities (extensive properties) of the system to those in

the control volume in the study of fluid flow problems
• Reynolds Transport Theorem
6
 Extensive Properties of a System
B: any extensive properties
b: the corresponding properties per mass (intensive)
-mass
B = mb
• If B is the total energy, b is the specific total energy
• If B is the mass, b = 1
• If B (vector) is the momentum, b = v (specific momentum)

In a system of fluid, the density could be different at different locations

Total B of a system: Time derivative

dBsys d  bdV
Bsys =  bdV =
sys
sys
dt dt
The integration is over the volume occupied by the system
7
 density

↑
min
dB ,
=
Bi dm, ·
=
B , P , di

dm , =

pidr
dB1 =
bidmi = P , bidu

B /dB Spbd
=
=

sys
sys B : mass ?

b =
1
Jays por
=

msys
 Extensive Properties of a Control Volume
• In fluid flow problems, useful to monitor the change in the properties of
the fluid inside a control volume at any instant
• Fluid inside the control volume is not exactly the same as the fluid of
the system as the fluid flows constantly in and out of the control volume
• The extensive properties of the fluid inside a control volume at any
instant can be defined as

BCV =  bdV dBCV d CV bdV

CV
=
dt dt

The integration is over the control volume

8
 in
steam

,
from ↓
bpd
goo
a dB
=

- -Gedd
**

↓
out
Example: Rate of Change of Mass of a System and
a Control Volume
Consider: Fluid flows from the fire extinguisher tank.
Discuss the differences between Bsys and BCV if B
represents mass.

B = mass, b = 1

dmsys d  dV
sys
= =0
dt dt

dmCV d CV dV

= 0
dt dt

9
 Reynolds Transport Theorem in 1-D Flow
Consider a one-dimensional flow with one inlet and one outlet through a
fixed control volume such as the duct section with a variable area
doesn't
change

Munson et. al.

Initially (at t), define the system as the fluid inside the control volume

Bsys (t ) = BCV (t )
Then, δt later, the system of fluid has moved to the right
System = CV - I + II
Bsys (t + t ) = BCV (t + t ) − BI (t + t ) + BII (t + t )
10
 BI
(t) =
Ber (t)
Bays

· (t 8t) Bar (t +
8t) + BI (t (t)
+

Bip
+ =

B2(t +
St)
8t) Bsys(t)
As
-

+ +

8t
= [Bar (t +
8t)
-

BI (+ +
8t) + BI (t + St)] - BarCt
-
8t
(t (t)
f)
Bur().
+
:
-

8 t
-r
e

b , P1Air ,
"bePrAzV ,

sm rea
PVA = m B =
m

b =
1

* be

mys mar +
your de as

Mar:Sever
-perAbe
merepiriAi +
per

DC A bi PrV-An be
E Pir , , +
: -

Flow energy
=
Py

iss-Wort specific Flowenergy

Want :
-
P , v, A .
Siege)
+ PeVeAr (Rege)
 Reynolds Transport Theorem in 1-D Flow
The rate of change of B of the system:

Bsys Bsys (t + t ) − Bsys (t ) BCV (t + t ) − BI (t + t ) + BII (t + t ) − BCV (t )

= =
t t t

Bsys BCV (t + t ) − BCV (t ) BI (t + t ) BII (t + t )

= − +
t t t t

DBsys BCV
= − 1v1 A1b1 +  2 v2 A2b2
Dt t

DBsys BCV 
= − Bin + B out
Dt t
Munson et. al.
 Some Examples with Reynolds Transport Theorem
Again, a fire extinguisher with the extensive property of interest being the mass
(B = m or b = 1).

Dmsys mCV
= − 1v1 A1 +  2 v2 A2
Dt t

  dV
CV
= −  2 v2 A2
t
Steady flow in a pipe with the extensive property of interest being the mass
(B = m or b = 1).

Dmsys mCV
= − 1v1 A1 +  2 v2 A2 1v1 A1 =  2 v2 A2
Dt t
Mass balance equation
12
 Some Examples with Reynolds Transport Theorem
Fluid flow through a turbine, consider the total energy as the extensive property
(B = Total energy (E) , b = u + P/ρ + v2/2 + gz).

In this case, the rate of energy loss is the power

delivered to the turbine resulting in the power out

DEsys
= −Wout
Dt
For steady flow
ECV
=0
t
 P1 v12   P2 v22 
− Wout = − 1v1 A1  u1 + + + gz1  +  2 v2 A2  u2 + + + gz 2 
 1 2   2 2 

 P1 v12   P2 v22 
m 1  u1 + + + gz1  = m 2  u2 + + + gz 2  + Wout
 1 2   2 2 
Energy balance equation
Reynolds Transport Theorem (General Case)
What if the flow is not 1-D or the control volume can deform
or there are more than one inlets/outlets, or the CV can move?

Munson et. al.

14
 Reynolds Transport Theorem (General Case)
Recall:
the rate of change of an extensive property of a system
= the rate of change of the property inside a CV
- the rate of the amount of this property coming into the CV
+ the rate of the amount of this property going out of the CV

DBsys BCV 
= − Bin + B out
Dt t

For a arbitrarily-shaped CV and an arbitrary fluid flow

DBsys BCV 
= − BI + B II
Dt t

What are B I and B II ?

15
 Reynolds Transport Theorem (General Case)

 
BI = −  bv  nˆ dA
 BII =  bv  nˆ dA

I II

(No proof is provided here but it is in the textbooks)

8
DBsys BCV  
= +  bv  nˆ dA +  bv  nˆ dA
Dt t I II
Integration over the whole
control surface
DBsys BCV 
= +  bv  nˆ dA Munson et. al.
Dt t CS

16
 Generalized Mass Balance in Steady Flow

DBsysB  DBsys 
= CV +  bv  nˆ dA = bv  nˆdA
Dt t CS Dt CS

Mass balance (B = m or b = 1)

DBsys
=0
Dt

 

out
v  nˆdA +  v  nˆdA = 0
in

In a system with discrete inlets and outlets

 m −  m
out
i
in
i =0

17
 ScsfV .&A-o

UdA (v ) A , + eEr)A-
-(infi
= .

Inlet
.
:

= i , -in
I

vi - = -Vi
I
r- Va
= -

Na
Up n = + V4 -
&it
.

It

outlet
:
positive sign

sign
↑
17
inlet
:
negative
 &A
outlet :

Soutgr .

i + is + mpt is +
is

=m -
Zi = 0

out M

A . /br . &A

t = n +
pr + myz +

= Fits
u
+ + +
gz
↑
specific flo energy
 Generalized Energy Balance in Steady Flow
DBsys 
=  bv  nˆ dA
Dt CS

Energy balance (B = Total energy (E) , b = u + P/ρ + v2/2 + gz)

DEsys
= Q in − Q out + Win − Wout
Dt

 P v2   P v2 
out   u +  + 2 + gz v  nˆdA + in   u +  + 2 + gz v  nˆdA = Q in − Q out + Win − Wout
  
   

In a system with discrete inlets and outlets

 P v 2

Q in + Win +  m  u + + + gz 
  2 
in  
 P v 2

= Qout + Wout +  m u + + + gz 
  
  2 
out   18
 Example: Conservation of Mass—Deforming Control Volume
A syringe is used to vaccinate a cow. The plunger has a face area of 500 mm2. The
liquid in the syringe is to be injected steadily at a rate of 300 cm3/min. The leakage
rate past the plunger is 0.10 times the volume flow rate out of the needle.

With what speed should the plunger be advanced?

b
= Munson et. al.

Q2 : 300 /min
Gleak =
QQr : 30 .

0 cm2/mon
19
 -
l t OS
eAt : Av
10m :
= =

= Im -

fAr + I Quak + fQe : 0

t = 23

Leksonym
v o

-660mm/min
=

-11
=

mm/s ,
 Moving Control Volume

What if the control volume is moving at a constant velocity vCV ?

Define a reference frame moving at vCV so that the control volume is
stationary in that frame

  
So the velocity of the fluid in the new reference frame: w = v − vCV

Reynolds Transport Theorem can be rewritten as

DB ' sys B 'CV '

= +  b w  nˆ dA Munson et. al.

Dt t CS

20
b) 6 m/s to the
right
 Example: Conservation of Mass—Compressible Flow with a
Moving Control Volume
An airplane moves forward at a speed of 971 km/hr. The frontal intake area of the
jet engine is 0.80 m2 and the entering air density is 0.736 kg/m3. A stationary
observer determines that relative to the Earth, the jet engine exhaust gases move
away from the engine with a speed of 1050 km/hr. The engine exhaust area is
0.558 m2, and the exhaust gas density is 0.515 kg/m3.

Estimate the mass flow rate of fuel into the engine in kg/hr.
Munson et. al.

B bond
0 :

Scs1b'i . dA

92km/m
0 =
/2WeAn-y WiAl-in I
qual
<

wi =
971 km/ur
971)km/hr
A
< 1050
km/a
+
Wa = 971

= 2021 km/nr wr 21
in
Jual
:

JcWeAr-yIWiAl
=
10 .
515
k/m2) (nowl kn/ur)
=
70 136 .

kg/m) 1971 km/n) 30 ·

80 mi)
=
9100kg/hr -

ifHe
in
>
-

-out

-Shan B :
momentum

T : Y

↓
EF

SYN
=
etdr /Sid
F +
 Momentum Balance with Reynolds Transport
Theorem
  
B = total momentum, b = v

D  v dV  
= F = F
sys

Dt sys CV

• The rate of change of the total momentum of the system is equal to the
total force on the system
• It is also equal to the total force on the contents inside the control
volume


   vdV  
F = CV
+  v (v  nˆ )dA
CV t CS

Munson et. al.

22
 Example: Linear Momentum—Pressure and Change in Flow Direction
Water flows through a horizontal, 1800 pipe bend. The flow cross-sectional area is
constant at a value of 9.29×10-2 m2 through the bend. The magnitude of the flow
velocity everywhere in the bend is 15.2 m/s. The absolute pressures at the
entrance and exit of the bend are 207 kPa and 165 kPa, respectively.

Calculate the horizontal (x and y) components of the anchoring force required to

hold the bend in place by considering the control volume containing the bend and
the water inside h E be BLUE XEFEE
,

-o
like this
-EDITED
otherwise pi

23
Munson et. al.
Example: Linear Momentum—Pressure and Change in Flow Direction
(cont’d)
-direction
Y
Franchar + Fpresson
Scsr[ .) dA >
-

=
/

↓
Franchar F pressure +

=
FRE
Fi
PatmAlA
=
+

FAIRIE
F--PatmAr
EL
Es :
+ Patm As It
F4 :
-PatmAn
Fat Fairche O
F" pressure
FF
=

: + +
=
0
24
 y-direction
-
Find
Fanchar +
F"precure
Fi =
-
Patr A ,
lat term

F = +
PamA-A I
a
=

Fs = + P,
As "Pressure = Fr + Fe + Es + #4

PatmAr + P AstPrAt
--
PatmAs +
,

Ex = + PrAy =
-

Patr (Al-Ar) + P As
, + PrA4
=

=
Pate (As + An) + P As +PrAy .

=
(P ,
-

Patm) As + (Pr-Patm) At
(cVy(v n) .
dA

=
f( v)( v)A
-
+

+
f( -

v)( + v)A

niv-m e
pressure
-
m -
mV =
- 58720N -
 Example: Linear Momentum—Weight, Pressure, and Change in Speed

Water flows through a nozzle attached to the end of a laboratory sink faucet with
a flow rate of 0.6 L/s. The nozzle inlet and exit diameters are 16 mm and 5 mm,
respectively, and the nozzle axis is vertical. The mass of the nozzle is 0.1 kg. The
pressure at section (1) is 464 kPa (gauge pressure)

Determine the anchoring force required to hold the nozzle in place

Munson et. al.

25
 Z

/cer(v.n) dA
M

F
L
=

z-direction weight d
-
FA +
Fp-Wn-Ww =

f ( (1) ( wi)Al +e ( W2)(

- +
We] Ar
for
ma
we
Eto-Wa-NW
mil =

: miws-mr We

⑤
Fp =
- P , A, + (Al-Ar)
PrAc + Patm
O
=

-
(P1-Patm) A + [P
Patm) As
=
-
[Ps-Patm) A ,
 Wu =

my
= 0 . 981N

Ww =
eV nozzle g

f
:
f irh (Di + D2 + Di +

Dr]g
03 m D =
0 016m Dr = 0 005 m
n =
0 , ,
.
,
.

19910t
0278N
Ww = 0 .

in = in =

pr =

=
0 . 599 kg/s
A i
ew ,
ei
-
, :

Al :
To ()
wi
= = 2 .
98 m/s
N2
: =
30 .
6 M/s
Fa = 77 .
8 No .
Example: Linear Momentum—Weight, Pressure, and Change in Speed
(cont’d)

26
 Example: Linear Momentum—Thrust
A static thrust stand is to be designed for testing a jet engine. The following
conditions are known for a typical test: Intake air velocity = 200 m/s; exhaust gas
velocity = 500 m/s; intake cross-sectional area = 1.00 m2; intake static pressure =C
-
22.5 kPa (gauge) = 78.5 kPa (absolute); intake static temperature = 268 K; exhaust
static pressure = 0 kPa (gauge) = 101 kPa (absolute). I
Estimate the nominal anchoring force for the stand. notice :
negative
Pabsolute Patm a-b abcoso
Pgange
=
-

>
-
R
Patm 101 kPa
I
=

↓
EF:SPINAOui)
CV -
-
u)A)
= Munson et. al.

+
92) +
2) IturAr
Depositivepot
se dive 27
 Ki
F
pressure =
+ P A) -

PrAr-Patm (Al-As)
Fa
,

=
(P1 -

Patm) Al
-

(P2-Patm) Ar

o I gone
Fanchor +
(P1-Patm) A :
-

(Perfata) A-
fin UIA, ge Under Ar
+
=

-
:

ms
Fanchor +
(e .
-

Patryl As :
-insu , + us

m =
P , miA,
ideal gas PV =
nRT Al-Ar
desity law

-Reconstant
in
p-f-special volume in =

clooked
up from
table or)
V =
m internet

p : p =
 p =

.
8
11
:
=
1 02

K
.

= 1 . 02
kr
Ina
1 02
= .

o ms
1 - 00 m2
X

=
204kg/s
Fanshor =
-(P -Patm)Al - in ,u,+
.
made

=
L-225kPa) (1 00m2)
. -

(oth(s) (room/s)
+
(2041)(500m/s]
=
83 7
. k/V +
 Example: Linear Momentum—Moving Control Volume
A vane on wheels moves with constant velocity when a stream of water is turned
450 by the vane. The speed of the water jet leaving the nozzle is 30.5 m/s, and the
vane is moving to the right with a constant speed of 6.10 m/s. The cross section
area of the nozzle is 5.57×10-4 m2. Assume for simplicity that the water flow is
frictionless and that the change in water elevation across the vane is negligible.

Determine the magnitude and direction of the force exerted by the stream of
water on the vane surface.

Munson et. al.

28
 FC on water by vane
- Frpressure =
P ( + w)(-Wi)A Ea
+
f (w2 los 45
%( + Wa) A
sh

F =
0
pressure N

10 m/s (i . ) dA
Wi = 30 .
5 M/s- 6 .

(csfi
24 4 m/s
W
= .

W2 : 24 . 4 m/s
Wi
=

We
-
WI To
I' on water
by vane: -

griA prim +
Acos 45
= -
97 . /N

Action
:
Reaction
97 1 No
E on vane by water : + .