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CHAPTER 3: MULTIPLE CHOICE

Exercise 1:
Read the article and for questions 1-5, choose the answer (A, B, C or D)
which you think fits best according to the text.
We travel, initially, to lose ourselves; and we travel, next, to find ourselves. We
travel to open our hearts and eyes and learn more about the world than our
newspapers will accommodate. We travel to bring what little we can, in our
ignorance and knowledge, to those parts of the globe whose riches are
differently dispersed. And we travel, in essence, to become young fools again -
to slow time down and get taken in, and lose ourselves. Travel is a wondrous
thing that guides us toward a better balance of wisdom and compassion - of
seeing the world clearly, and yet feeling it truly. For seeing without feeling can
be uncaring; while feeling without seeing can be blind. Yet for me the first great
joy of travelling is simply the luxury of leaving all my beliefs and certainties at
home, and seeing everything I thought I knew in a different light, and from a
crooked angle.
The sovereign freedom of travelling comes from the fact that it whirls you
around and turns you upside down, and stands everything you took for granted
on its head. If a diploma can famously be a passport (to a journey through hard
realism), then a passport can be a diploma (for a crash course in cultural
relativism). And the first lesson we learn on the road, whether we like it or not,
is how provisional and provincial are the things we imagine to be universal.
We travel, then, in part just to shake up our complacencies by seeing all the
moral and political urgencies, the life-and-death dilemmas, that we seldom have
to face at home. Travel is the best way we have of rescuing the humanity of
places, and saving them from abstraction and ideology. And in the process, we
also get saved from abstraction ourselves, and come to see how much we can
bring to the places we visit, and how much we can become a kind of carrier
pigeon transporting back and forth what every culture needs. For in closed or
impoverished places, like Pagan or Lhasa or Havana, we are the eyes and ears of
the people we meet, their only contact with the world outside. One of the
challenges of travel, therefore, is learning how to import – and export – dreams
with tenderness.
By now, all of us have heard the old Marcel Proust line about how the real
voyage of discovery consists not in seeing new places but in seeing with new
eyes. Yet one of the subtler beauties of travel is that it enables you to bring new
eyes to the people you encounter. Thus, even as holidays help you appreciate
your own home more - not least by seeing it through a distant admirer's eyes –
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they help you bring newly appreciative – distant – eyes to the places you visit.
For many of us travel is a quest not just for the unknown, but the unknowing; I,
at least, travel in search of an innocent eye that can return me to a more innocent
self. I tend to believe more abroad than I do at home and I tend to be more
easily excited abroad, and even kinder.
In that spirit, it's vitally important to remember that all travel is a two-way
transaction, a point intrinsic to travel that we all too easily forget. For what we
often ignore when we go abroad is that we are objects of scrutiny as much as the
people we scrutinise, and we are being consumed by the cultures we consume.
At the very least, we are objects of speculation (and even desire) who can seem
as exotic to the people around us as they do to us.
Travel, at heart, is a kind of life-changing ritual. A desperate way for our
modern secular selves to latch onto some sense of spirituality that enriches us as
people. A chance to share something meaningful with others while keeping our
minds mobile and awake. As Harvard philosopher George Santayana wrote,
“There is wisdom in turning as often as possible from the familiar to the
unfamiliar; it keeps the mind nimble; it kills prejudice, and it fosters
humour.” Travel, in the end, is a heightened state of awareness, in which we are
receptive, undimmed by familiarity and ready to be transformed. That is why
the best trips, like the best adventures, never really end.

1 The author claims that the main pleasure of travelling is

A being able to let go of everything and experience new perspectives.
B contributing to the lives of people in less developed countries than your own.
C experiencing the thrill of throwing oneself into the moment.
D understanding our place in the world in a global context.

2 In the third paragraph, what does the author say is an important responsibility
of a traveller?
A They must preserve the memory and goodness of the place they visit.
B They should help promote the hopes and aspirations of those they meet.
C They have to respect the social and cultural conditions of where they are.
D They need to appreciate their unique status as a link to the wider world.
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3 Why does the author mention Marcel Proust?

A to expand further on his ideas
B to provide a perfect example
C to contrast it with other people’s opinions
D to criticise his view on the topic

4 In paragraph five , the author believes that travel is

A an unequal enterprise that favours only the traveller.
B a reciprocal exchange that fascinates hosts as much as visitors.
C a risk to locals who the tourism industry exploits.
D a sector where issues are overlooked and conveniently ignored.

5 The reference to ritual serves to illustrate

A the need to follow traditions while travelling.
B the power of religion in other parts of the world.
C the way that people use travel to fill a void in their lives.
D the degree of superstition practiced by travellers.

6 Which best serves as the title for the passage?

A The Search for Wonder
B Being a Responsible Traveller
C How to Make a Wonderous Trip
D Mission of a Carrier
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1. A
Yet for me the first great joy of travelling is simply the luxury of leaving all my
beliefs and certainties at home, and seeing everything I thought I knew in a
different light, and from a crooked angle.
2. D
One of the challenges of travel, therefore, is learning how to import – and export
– dreams with tenderness.
3. A
By now, all of us have heard the old Marcel Proust line about how the real
voyage of discovery consists not in seeing new places but in seeing with new
eyes. Yet one of the subtler beauties of travel is that it enables you to bring new
eyes to the people you encounter
4. B
In that spirit, it's vitally important to remember that all travel is a two-way
transaction
5. C
A desperate way for our modern secular selves to latch onto some sense of
spirituality that enriches us as people. A chance to share something meaningful
with others while keeping our minds mobile and awake.
6A

venture (v): to dare to go somewhere

e.g. After arriving on the island they decided to venture up the volcano.

ignorance (n): lack of knowledge

e.g. Ignorance of the law is no excuse in court.

disperse (v): to distribute loosely

e.g. The government scheme disperses money throughout the community by
giving it to the social schemes.

from a crooked angle (phr): from a different point of view

e.g. The artist painted scenes from a crooked angle so they don't look exactly
like reality.

sovereign (adj): most important

e.g. The sovereign benefit of travel is that it turns everything you know upside
down.
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whirl sb around (v): to cause sb to move around

e.g. The dancers whirled each other around the dancefloor.

famously (adv): in a way that is widely known

e.g. Stockholm is a famously liveable city with a high quality of life, clean air
and a beautiful harbour.

relativism (n): the philosophical theory that everything should be judged in

relation to other things
e.g. Some philosophers believe in relativism - that there is no such thing as
absolute truth.

provisional (adj): temporary, likely to change

e.g. With 80% of the votes counted, they could make a provisional estimate of
the election result.

provincial (adj): old fashioned and narrow-minded

e.g. It was a small village and many people had provincial attitudes that were
out of line with current opinion.

abstraction (n): sth which exists only as an idea

e.g. The perfect geometrical triangle only exists as an abstraction.

ideology (n): beliefs that influence the way people behave

e.g. Philosophers often provide cultures with ideologies and beliefs that stand
the test of time.

impoverished (adj): very poor

e.g. In parts of the world, people are impoverished and live without basic
amenities.

subtle (adj): not obvious

e.g. Although the twins look exactly the same, there are actually
small subtle differences between them.

appreciative (of sth) (adj): showing that you understand and enjoy sth
e.g. The audience was very appreciative of the talk and gave a standing ovation.
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intrinsic (to sth) (adj): being an integral part of sth

e.g. The creative arts are intrinsic to a good education.

scrutinise (v): to examine closely

e.g. Clark scrutinises the stocks and shares every morning while he examines
the business pages.

secular (adj): not religious or spiritual

e.g. ‘The Thinker' represents a modern, secular man - strong in mind and body -
but lonely and doubtful on a journey of self-discovery.

latch onto (sth) (v): to attach oneself to sth (literally or figuratively)

e.g. People nowadays try to latch onto some sense of spirituality in order to
give their lives meaning.

nimble (adj): quick and agile (mentally or physically); able to think/learn

quickly
e.g. Puzzles help to keep the mind nimble and mentally agile.

prejudice (n): bias; a preconception

e.g. Some people express prejudice towards others just because they're
different.

receptive (to sth) (adj): willing to listen to new ideas

e.g. Mike was very receptive to Harry's ideas for the new project.

undimmed (adj): not weakened

e.g. Even after being a doctor for many years, Helen's passion for her work
is undimmed; she enjoys every moment!
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Exercise 2.

Do You Have True Friendships?

Think of your friends from the ones you spend considerable time with to those you just chat
with on social media. How many of them are really your friends? How many just offer
artificial closeness? How can you tell the difference?

In his ethical masterpiece The Nicomachean Ethics, the eminent philosopher Aristotle turns his
brilliant mind to the problem of what true friendship actually is. Aristotle views the good life as
requiring not only virtue, an internal good that you are largely responsible for, but also external
goods which facilitate virtue and are enjoyable in themselves. Such things include being well-off
financially, educated, reasonably healthy, having decent luck and having good friends. The
question of what a friend is therefore holds great importance for him.

As with all of Aristotle’s virtues friendship, or ‘philia’, as he calls it, is the midway point
between two vices. A lack of it leads to the vice of egoism and a detached coldness, while the
person who is too friendly with everyone is also vicious in their own way. Aristotle would agree
that ‘The friend to all is a friend to none’. To be a self-actualised person, in the Aristotelian
sense, you need to master the art of genuine friendship.

He defines three sorts of friendship. The friendship of utility is the first. These friendships are
those of the materialist, based on what the two people involved can do for one another, and often
have little to do with the other individual as a person at all. Such friendships as this include
offering hospitality or gifts for purely selfish motivations. These friendships lack sincerity and
can end rapidly, as soon as any possible use for the other person is gone.

The second is the friendship of pleasure. These are the friendships where you choose to
associate with someone based on enjoyment of a shared activity and the pursuit of fleeting
pleasures and emotions. The guy who you go to a football game with but would never be able to
tolerate seeing anywhere else is this kind of friend. Aristotle declares it to be an immature
friendship of the young. This is, again, an often short-lived friendship as people’s interests may
vary, causing them to suddenly lose a connection. In both of these friendships the other person is
not being valued ‘in themselves’ but as a means to an end: pleasure in one and some useful thing
in the other. While these are listed as ‘lesser’ friendships due to the motive, Aristotle is open to
the idea of the final, and greatest, form of friendship finding its genesis in these categories.

The final category is true friendship. These are the people you bond with and like for
themselves, the people who push you to be a better person. The motivation is that you care for
the person themselves and therefore the relationship is much more stable than the previous two
categories. These friendships are few and far between because people who make the cut are
hard to find. Aristotle laments the rarity of such friendships, but notes they are possible between
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two virtuous people with empathy who can invest the energy and time needed to create such a
bond.

While Aristotle encourages us to seek the ‘pure’ friendship, he doesn’t necessarily think you
are a bad person for having friends of the previous two sorts. We all have them after all. The real
problem is when you fail to grasp that they are of the lower kind and make no effort to find
better relationships. Aristotle was explicit in his opinion; while friendships of virtue are rare and
might take time to form, they offer formidable benefits and greater resilience over time. In a
world of hyper-connectivity and ever increasing social interactions, the question of what
friendship really is has never been more pertinent. The guidance of Aristotle, with his views of
differing relationships and the potential for improvement, is much needed in our modern world.

1 According to the passage, which of these elements is important to virtue?

A understanding the difference between right and wrong

B possessing a natural decency which comes from the heart

C continuing a strict moral code that has been passed on to you

D being receptive to positive influences around you

2 In paragraph 2, the writer suggests that

A those who attempt to please everyone ultimately satisfy nobody.

B universal kindness bears rewards for all parties involved.

C the desire to be popular motivates people to make unrealistic promises.

D in friendships sometimes you have to be cruel to be kind.

3 Which word in paragraph 4 conveys the idea of how long a friendship might last?

A fleeting

B lesser

C short-lived

D immature

4 The phrase ‘make the cut’ in paragraph 5 is used to imply that virtuous friends

A have high standards.

B are quite rare to find.

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C are inflexible in their beliefs.

D don’t easily accept others.

5 What does they refer to in paragraph 6?

A pure forms of friendships

B friendships from the first two categories

C friendships of pleasure

D friendships of utility
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1B

Aristotle views the good life as requiring not only virtue, an internal good that you are largely
responsible for

2A

Aristotle would agree that ‘The friend to all is a friend to none’.

3C

4B

These friendships are few and far between because people who make the cut are hard to find.

5B

ethical (adj): relating to beliefs about what is morally correct or not

e.g. It isn't ethical to try to cheat in an exam; it's morally wrong.

masterpiece (n): sb's best piece of work

e.g. ‘Hamlet’ is widely regarded as one of Shakespeare's greatest masterpieces.

virtue (n): moral goodness

e.g. A simple act of virtue, such as collecting donations for charity, can make a
huge difference to someone's life.

vice (n): an immoral personal quality

e.g. Being selfish is a vice that Julie needs to grow out of; there's no need to be
so self-centred.

egoism (n): the fact of believing you are better than anyone else
e.g. Sally's egoism is a big problem; she's so vain and arrogant!

self-actualised (adj): able to fulfil your highest potential

e.g. Self-actualised people maximise their potential by doing their best in all
aspects of their lives.

genuine (adj): real, sincere

e.g. Terri and Anne share a genuine friendship; they would do anything for
each other.
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utility (n): usefulness

e.g. Ted and Paul had a friendship of utility; they only met when they needed
something from each other.

materialist (n): sb who is preoccupied with worldly possessions

e.g. Laura is such a materialist; she is constantly preoccupied with purchasing
new clothes.

sincerity (n): honesty

e.g. Although both men pretended to be happy to see each other, their greeting
lacked sincerity and was clearly not genuine.

fleeting (adj): lasting for a brief time only

e.g. Enjoying a sweet dessert is a fleeting pleasure that never lasts long.

short-lived (adj): lasting for a short period of time only

e.g. Unfortunately, Tina and Erica's short-lived friendship only lasted during
their holiday, as they never saw each other again.

genesis (n): the origin of sth

e.g. The festival finds its genesis in ancient Maori culture.

stable (adj): steady

e.g. They enjoyed a trusting and stable working relationship, which lasted for
more than two years.

rarity (n): scarcity

e.g. Mark laments the rarity of strong friendships, and wonders why they are so
uncommon nowadays!

virtuous (adj): honest and moral

e.g. William is a virtuous man; he would never accept a bribe or steal.

empathy (n): the understanding of another person's feelings

e.g. Roberta has a lot of empathy and is able to understand her friends' feelings.

grasp (v): to fully understand sth

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e.g. Mary failed to grasp the task and didn't understand what she was supposed
to do.

formidable (adj): awesome, very impressive

e.g. Having satisfying relationships at work offers formidable benefits to
employees.

resilience (n): the ability to withstand or recover from difficult situations

e.g. Jackie and Sandra are amazed at the resilience of their friendship; they've
known each other for fifty years!

hyper-connectivity (n): the use of various means of communication to get in

contact with sb, such as email, social networking sites, etc
e.g. Hyper-connectivity, nowadays, allows global communication online in an
instant.
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Exercise 3.

Think about it. Your brain is always ‘on.’ It takes care of your thoughts and movements, your
breathing and heartbeat, your senses - it works hard 24/7, even while you’re asleep. This means
your brain requires a constant supply of fuel. That ‘fuel’ comes from the foods you eat - and
what’s in that fuel makes all the difference. Put simply, what you eat directly affects the structure
and function of your brain and, ultimately, your mood.

Like an expensive car, your brain functions best when it gets only premium fuel. Eating high-
quality foods that contain lots of vitamins, minerals and antioxidants nourishes the brain and
protects it from oxidative stress - the ‘waste’ (also known as free radicals) produced when the
body uses oxygen, which can damage cells. Unfortunately, just like an expensive car, your brain
can be damaged if you ingest anything other than premium fuel. If substances from ‘low-
premium’ fuel (such as what you get from processed or refined foods) get to the brain, it has
little ability to get rid of them. Diets high in refined sugars, for example, are harmful to the brain.
In addition to worsening your body’s regulation of insulin, they also promote inflammation and
oxidative stress. Multiple studies have found a correlation between a diet high in refined sugars
and impaired brain function - and even a worsening of symptoms of mood disorders, such as
depression.

It makes sense. If your brain is deprived of good-quality nutrition, or if free radicals or damaging
inflammatory cells are circulating within the brain’s enclosed space, further contributing to brain
tissue injury, consequences are to be expected. What’s interesting is that for many years, the
medical field did not fully acknowledge the connection between mood and food. Today,
relatively new to academia, the burgeoning field of nutritional psychiatry is finding there are
correlations between what you eat, how you feel and ultimately how you behave.

So how does the food you eat affect how you feel? Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that helps
regulate sleep and appetite, mediate moods and inhibit pain. Since about 95% of your serotonin
is produced in your gastrointestinal tract, and your gastrointestinal tract is lined with a hundred
million nerve cells, or neurons, it makes sense that the inner workings of your digestive system
don’t just help you digest food but also guide your emotions. What’s more, the function of these
neurons - and the production of neurotransmitters like serotonin - is influenced by the billions of
‘good’ bacteria that make up your intestinal microbiome. These bacteria play an essential role in
your health.

Evidence has shown that when people take probiotics (supplements containing the good
bacteria), their anxiety levels, perception of stress and mental outlook improve, compared with
people who did not take probiotics. Academics who have compared ‘traditional’ diets, like the
Mediterranean diet, to modern ‘Western’ diets have observed that the risk of depression is 25%
to 35% lower in those who eat a traditional diet. Scientists account for this difference because
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these traditional diets tend to be high in vegetables, fruits, unprocessed grains and fish and
seafood, and to contain only modest amounts of lean meats and dairy.

This may sound implausible, but the notion that good bacteria in the gut not only influence
digestion and body processes but also mental well-being, is gaining traction amongst academics.
The results so far have been quite amazing, so go ahead and give a ‘clean’ diet a try. You might
just be surprised at how good it makes you feel!

1 According to the text, the human brain

A drastically reduces its workload and functionality during deep sleep.

B requires less sustenance than other more active organs like the heart.
C is directly influenced by the quality of nutrition that the body receives.
D is the only organ that functions at full capacity twenty-four hours a day.

2 The text states that free radicals

A cause inflammation in the brain.

B are created by poor nutrition.
C use high levels of oxygen.
D are harmful to the brain.

3 Research about the impact of our diet focuses on

A the relationship between processed foods and mental health.

B the potential harm of overusing vitamin and mineral supplements.
C the impact harmful bacteria in our food has on our mood and behaviour.
D the deterioration of the body's natural ability to control insulin levels.

4 Burgeoning in paragraph three can best be replaced by

A blooming.
B surging.
C developing.
D budding.

5 The intestinal microbiome

A consists of beneficial bacteria that are vital for the body.

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B controls the production of neurotransmitters.

C breaks down and absorbs nutrients from food.
D inhibits the performance of neurons.

6 In the text it is stated that traditional diets

A can incorporate modern alternatives with little detrimental effect.

B tend to lead to an increased consumption of high quality dairy products.
C can reduce propensity for depression and sadness.
D usually improve the ability to handle stress.

7 According to the text, the idea that probiotics can boost mental processes is

A increasingly accepted.
B widely criticised.
C warmly welcomed.
D surprisingly misunderstood.

8 The text suggests that an improved diet

A could have unexpected impacts on your mood.

B will give a boost to your stamina and energy.
C dramatically affects the rate of digestion.
D should be focused solely around probiotic supplements.

9 Which best serves as the title for the passage?

A How Processed Foods Damage Human Brain

B Nutritional Psychiatry

C Mental Well-being

D The Role of Good Bacteria

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1. C

Put simply, what you eat directly affects the structure and function of your brain and, ultimately,
your mood.

2. D

If your brain is deprived of good-quality nutrition, or if free radicals or damaging inflammatory

cells are circulating within the brain’s enclosed space, further contributing to brain tissue
injury, consequences are to be expected.

3. A

... the burgeoning field of nutritional psychiatry is finding there are correlations between what
you eat, how you feel and ultimately how you behave.

4. C

5. A

What’s more, the function of these neurons - and the production of neurotransmitters like
serotonin - is influenced by the billions of ‘good’ bacteria that make up your intestinal
microbiome. These bacteria play an essential role in your health.

6. C

Academics who have compared ‘traditional’ diets, like the Mediterranean diet, to modern
‘Western’ diets have observed that the risk of depression is 25% to 35% lower in those who
eat a traditional diet.

7. A

This may sound implausible, but the notion that good bacteria in the gut not only influence
digestion and body processes but also mental well-being, is gaining traction amongst
academics.

8. A

The results so far have been quite amazing, so go ahead and give a ‘clean’ diet a try. You might
just be surprised at how good it makes you feel!

9B
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Exercise 4.

SUPER HUMANS

Sit down with an anthropologist to talk about the nature of humans, and you are likely to hear
this pearl of wisdom: 'Well, you have to remember that 99 percent of human history was spent
on the open savanna in small bands of hunter-gatherers.' It's a classic scientific cliché, and it's
true. Indeed, those millions of ancestral years produced many of our hallmark traits — upright
walking and big brains, for instance. Of course, those useful evolutionary innovations come at a
price: aching backs from our bipedal stance and existential despair from our large, self-
contemplative cerebral cortex.

Compounding the challenges of those trade-offs, the world we have invented is dramatically
different from the one to which our bodies and minds are adapted. Have your dinner delivered to
you instead of chasing it down on foot; log in to Facebook to interact with your nearest and
dearest instead of spending most of the day with them. But this is where the utility of the
anthropologist's cliche for explaining the human condition ends.

The reason for this mismatch between the setting we evolved to live in and the situations we
encounter in our modern era derives from another defining characteristic of our kind, arguably
the most important one: our impulse to push beyond the limitations evolution imposed on us by
developing tools to make us faster, smarter and longer-lived. Science is one such tool — an
invention that requires us to break out of our Stone Age seeing-is-believing mindset so that we
can clearly see the next hurdle we have to overcome, be it a pandemic flu or climate change. You
could call it the ultimate expression of humanity's singular drive to aspire to be better than we
are.

To understand how natural selection moulded us into the unique primates we have become, let us
return to the ancestral savanna. There the sun was hotter and nutritious plant foods were scarcer.
In response, our predecessors lost their hair and their molars dwindled as they abandoned a tough
vegetarian diet for one focused in part on meat from grassland grazers. Meanwhile, the selective
demands of food scarcities sculpted our distant forebears into having a body that was extremely
thrifty and good at storing calories. Now, having inherited that same metabolism, we hunt and
gather burgers as diabetes becomes a worldwide scourge. Or consider how our immune systems
evolved in a world where one hardly ever encountered someone carrying a novel pathogen.
Today, if you sneeze near someone in an airport, your rhinovirus could be set free 12 time zones
away by the next day.

As regards behavior, our abilities abound. We can follow extraordinarily complex scenarios of
social interaction and figure out if a social contract has been violated. And we are peerless when
it comes to facial recognition: we even have an area of the cortex in the fusiform gyrus that
specializes in this activity.
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The selective advantages of evolving a highly social brain are obvious. It paved the way for us to
finetune our capabilities for reading one another's mental states, to excel at social manipulation
and to deceive and attract mates and supporters. Among Americans, the extent of social
intelligence in youth is a better predictor of adult success in the occupational world than are
academic scores. Indeed, when it comes to social intelligence in primates, humans reign
supreme. The social brain hypothesis of primate evolution is built on the fact that across primate
species the percentage of the brain devoted to the neocortex correlates with the average size of
the social group of that species. This correlation is more dramatic in humans than in any other
primate species.

The fact that we have created this world proves a point — namely, that it is in our nature to be
unconstrained by our nature. Science is one of the strangest, newest domains where we challenge
our hominid limits. It also tests our sense of what is the norm, what counts as better than well
and it challenges our sense of who we are. Thanks to science, human life expectancy keeps
extending, our average height increases, our intelligence test scores improve and we eventually
break every world record. But when it comes to humans becoming, on average, smarter, taller
and better at athletics, there is a problem: Who cares about the average? As individuals, we want
to be better than other individuals. Our brain is invidious, comparative and more interested in
contrasts, a state that begins with sensory systems that do not normally tell us about the quality
of a stimulus but instead about the quality relative to the stimuli around it.

1. According to the writer, the anthropological cliché to explain the nature of mankind
A. needs some slight modifications
B. requires little analysis
C. should be considered paradoxical
D. is limited in scope
2. Humankind will only be able to use science to progress if
A. ethical considerations are ignored
B. we discard an outdated approach to acquiring knowledge
C. our drive to eliminate barriers continues
D. the philosophy we adopt can be widely understood
3. Our ancient ancestors lived in a world where
A. the necessity to hunt for food led to good health
B. it was vitally important to have a balanced diet
C. isolation allowed them to develop immunity from disease
D. their restricted movement protected them from illness
4. The word peerless (Para.5, Line 2) in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. friendless
B. unsurpassed
C. uncompetitive
D. flawless
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5. Having a highly social brain

A. allows us to create groups with more members
B. prevents us from being misunderstood
C. causes us to be more devious
D. helps us to read other people's minds
6. The way we tend to think
A. forces us to overlook our shortcomings
B. has enhanced our understanding of sense perception
C. distorts our perception of the notion of average
D. makes us less likely to be concerned with absolutes
7. The word invidious (Para.7, Line 3 from bottom) in the passage mostly means
A. prejudiced
B. preordained
C. unfathomable
D. attitudinal
8. Which of the following square brackets [A], [B], [C], or [D] best indicates where in the
paragraph the sentence "We are no strangers to going out of bounds." can be inserted?
[A] The fact that we have created this world proves a point — namely, that it is in our nature to
be unconstrained by our nature. [B] Science is one of the strangest, newest domains where we
challenge our hominid limits. It also tests our sense of what is the norm, what counts as better
than well and it challenges our sense of who we are. [C] Thanks to science, human life
expectancy keeps extending, our average height increases, our intelligence test scores improve
and we eventually break every world record. [D] But when it comes to humans becoming, on
average smarter, taller and better at athletics, there is a problem: Who cares about the average?
As individuals, we want to be better than other individuals. Our brain is invidious, comparative
and more interested in contrasts, a state that begins with sensory systems that do not normally
tell us about the quality of a stimulus but instead about the quality relative to the stimuli around
it.
A. [A] B. [B] C. [C] D. [D]
9. It can be inferred from the passage that
A. there are no limits to human capabilities
B. we will be able to adapt to harsh environments
C. humankind's evolutionary path will not be smooth
D. our knowledge of the past is crucial to our future
10. Which of the following is the main idea of the passage?
A. Social intelligence enables Americans to be both academically and professionally successful.
B. Science helps prolong human life and improve human intelligence to break all world records.
C. Our evolutionary limits can be exceeded and that's what sets us apart from other species.
D. A highly evolved social brain paved the way for humans to be able to read and distort others'
thinking.
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1. D
But this is where the utility of the anthropologist's cliche for explaining the human condition
ends.

The reason for this mismatch between the setting we evolved to live in and the situations we
encounter in our modern era derives from another defining characteristic of our kind, arguably
the most important one: our impulse to push beyond the limitations evolution imposed on us
by developing tools to make us faster, smarter and longer-lived

2. B

Science is one such tool — an invention that requires us to break out of our Stone Age seeing-
is-believing mindset so that we can clearly see the next hurdle we have to overcome, be it a
pandemic flu or climate change

3. D

Or consider how our immune systems evolved in a world where one hardly ever encountered
someone carrying a novel pathogen. Today, if you sneeze near someone in an airport, your
rhinovirus could be set free 12 time zones away by the next day.

4. B

5. A

It paved the way for us to finetune our capabilities for reading one another's mental states, to
excel at social manipulation and to deceive and attract mates and supporters. Among
Americans, the extent of social intelligence in youth is a better predictor of adult success in the
occupational world than are academic scores.

6. D

Our brain is invidious, comparative and more interested in contrasts

7. A

8. B

9. C

10. C
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Exercise 5.

Biological Patents
The patenting on biological matter has become particularly awkward and publicly controversial
in recent times. The reason for this is that scientists are patenting life itself, though we should be
careful about what we mean by 'life'. Many countries have allowed people to own and register
plant varieties for decades. America took the lead, starting with the 1930 Plant Patent Act,
followed by Germany and other European countries. Britain passed its Plant Varieties and Seeds
Act in 1964, when it awarded a full monopoly right to the owner of any plant that can be shown
to be novel, distinct, uniform and stable. The test of novelty is much looser than that required for
an industrial patent (who knows what plants may be growing in the wild?). So, a plant qualifies
for protection even if it has a history of growing wild as long as it has not been sold
commercially for more than four years.

At the same time, patenting a seed or a plant for agricultural purposes was regarded as being no
different from patenting a chemical or biological recipe for pharmaceutical purposes. This notion
was particularly welcome for Western farmers and horticulturalists who were eager to increase
yields as their own costs grew (especially farm wages) and foreign imports from low-wage
countries undercut their prices. They were also keen to grow new varieties that could be
harvested and brought to market a few weeks earlier. So, the huge investments in faster-growing
and more disease-resistant seeds over the past fifty years might not have been made if the seed
companies had not been able to protect their work.

Over that period the number of applications for plant and genetic patents has increased rapidly.
Technological advances in biotechnology have extended scientists' ability to exploit biological
matter from whole plants into their various components; from whole animals to parts of animals;
and from animals to humans. Developments in DNA and in cell technology have allowed
scientists to identify, nurture and remix cells so that they can create living material. The
identification of the human genome, which contains the genes that control the "design' of each
human, will also require a property contract.

But should the genome be public property in the same way as the knowledge of blood types is?
Or should it be private property? In 1952, the American Supreme Court famously said, 'Anything
under the sun that is made by man is patentable.' Since then, its position has shifted. In Diamond
v. Chakrabarty in 1980, it was asked to rule on a patent application by Anand Chakrabarty for a
genetically modified bacterial microorganism designed to gobble up oil spills at sea. It decided to
shift the dividing line to between the product of nature, whether living or not, and human-made
inventions which may, of course, be living, and it approved the patent. In 1987, the US Patent
Office issued new guidelines which stated that all bio-organisms except humans could be
patented.
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The Patent Office later issued a patent to Harvard University for an experimental mouse known
as Oncomouse, into which an oncogene had been inserted for the purpose of medical research.
The European Patent Office, after initially demurring, did likewise. It said Oncomouse was such
a considerable manipulation of genetic material as to be new and unique. It was protested on
ethical grounds that the mice would suffer during the research, but the EPO decided that the
benefit to society outweighed the loss to the mouse; a neat variation on the 'property contract'
that balances the creator's reward against the social gain. This rapid shift over seven years was a
breath-taking expansion of private property and a massive change in attitude towards the
ownership of life.

Another odd case that reinterpreted the property contract against our common instincts occurred
when a Californian University medical centre managed to own and patent the cell line found in a
spleen taken from a patient, John Moore, who had hairy-cell leukaemia. The doctors had
discovered that Moore's T-Iymphocytes were extremely rare and of great medical value. Without
informing him, they carried out intensive tests that ended with the removal of his spleen. The
cells were indeed as valuable as expected, generating products worth hundreds of millions of
dollars. When Moore discovered how the university had privatised his cells, and made huge
profits, he sued, but he lost. The Supreme Court of California decided that we do not have an
exclusive right to ownership of our cells after they have left our body.

31 Under the 1964 Act, one requirement that qualified a plant for a patent was that it
A had been developed as a result of commercial exploitation.
B had been discovered in the wild fewer than four years earlier.
C exhibited characteristics that distinguished it from other plants.
D had no prior history of being used in an industrial process.
32 Why were Western farmers keen to raise production levels in the 1960s?
A Their overheads were making them less competitive.
B The market price of their products had been reduced.
C Disease that could destroy their crops was becoming rife.
D Fast-growing weeds were making their harvest less lucrative.
33 The writer suggests that advances in biotechnology
A have allowed scientists to conduct their experiments more precisely.
B are dependent on the financial rewards they can generate.
C will ultimately lead to the introduction of designer babies.
D may be considered unethical if they involve exploitation.
34 The shift in position of the US Supreme Court in 1980 meant that
A any biological organism could be patented.
B knowledge of how DNA functions was patentable.
C patents were no longer restricted to inanimate things.
D tinkering with cells from living creatures was immoral.
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35 The European Patent Office ruling on Oncomouse

A was never in doubt because Harvard University was involved.
B became open to interpretation by experts in property laws.
C totally disregarded the moral issues related to the case.
D highlighted the emphasis on the greater good in legal decisions.
36 Which saying is most appropriate to the verdict handed down in the case involving John
Moore?
A Property has its duties as well as its rights.
B No person's property is safe while legislature is in session.
C If something is worth money, it is worth possessing.
D Possession is nine-tenths of the law.
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31. C

Britain passed its Plant Varieties and Seeds Act in 1964, when it awarded a full monopoly right
to the owner of any plant that can be shown to be novel, distinct, uniform and stable.

32. A

This notion was particularly welcome for Western farmers and horticulturalists who were eager
to increase yields as their own costs grew (especially farm wages) and foreign imports from low-
wage countries undercut their prices.

33. B

Over that period the number of applications for plant and genetic patents has increased rapidly...

34. C

It decided to shift the dividing line to between the product of nature, whether living or not, and
human-made inventions which may, of course, be living, and it approved the patent.

35. D

It was protested on ethical grounds that the mice would suffer during the research, but the EPO
decided that the benefit to society outweighed the loss to the mouse; a neat variation on the
'property contract' that balances the creator's reward against the social gain.

36. B
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Exercise 6.

What is Creativity?
The easiest way to determine what constitutes creativity is to consider what is missing
from some of the current, popular definitions. In management literature, and in popular
discourse, creativity has two principal aspects. First, creativity is all about novelty or
difference - a deviation from conventional tools and perspectives. Secondly, it requires
that creative individuals be given the freedom to express their individual talent or vision.
These two themes, individualism and innovation, are rooted in a Western philosophical
tradition which has reinforced a one-sided and destructive stereotype of creativity and
creative people. What this conflation of creativity with individualism and innovation does
is to disconnect creative thinking from the contexts and systems that give their
innovations and talents meaning and value. It also perpetuates the notion that the creative
industries can be set aside from 'ordinary' industries as a unique sphere of activity, as if
creativity were the privilege of a few officially designated businesses and missing from
everywhere else.
Psychological definitions of creativity generally contain two distinct components. In the
first place, creativity requires that we make or think something new, or a new
combination of existing elements. This is the element of novelty or innovation. However,
mere novelty is not enough. To be creative, an idea must also be useful or valuable. This
second part of the definition is reflected in the emphasis on 'problem-solving' in
psychological creativity tests and in the argument that creative ideas must demonstrate
'fitness for purpose'.
Both these criteria are to some extent dependent on context. Novelty is always relative, as
an idea might be new to the person who conceives it, but as soon as this idea is expressed,
it becomes clear that other people have got there first. After all, we have all had our
temporary moments of brilliance. Margaret Boden distinguishes between these two levels
of innovation as `P-creativity' - that which is new to the individual -and 'H-creativity' -
that which is new to the world. From a psychological perspective, the processes which lie
behind these forms of innovation are essentially the same, but the outcomes have very
different values. A personal breakthrough might impress friends and family, but it is of
extremely limited interest or value to anybody else. For an idea to be innovative in
business or art, it must deviate from the historically established norms and conventions,
not just from our own personal history.
Once we introduce the factor of context, we usher in a second step in the creative process,
beyond the original idea, and a second set of criteria. The idea or innovation must be
tested against its external contest. In order to meet the criteria required under patent law,
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innovation must represent a significant 'inventive step' beyond what is already known or
done in the field, and must make possible a new application or technique in practice.
Similarly, for an idea to be protected under copyright law, it must be the result of
individual skill, and be expressed or 'fixed' in concrete, tangible form. Simply carrying an
idea in our head, and then claiming retrospectively that we had the idea before anyone
else is not defensible in law. The gap between having an idea and making it tangible or
expressive is a painful one; the laborious development and application of the germinal
idea is encompassed in the legal definition of intellectual property rights. It also recurs in
creativity theory with the idea of creativity as a sequence encompassing different thinking
styles.
The next stage or criterion in the creative process is that our idea has value or meaning.
Our innovation must be useful. Under US patent law, an innovative device or process
must have 'utility'. The second half of the definition is more contentious than the first
because value and usefulness are much more difficult to demonstrate. Again, context is
key. Useful or valuable to whom, and for what? Some psychological studies resort to a
definition of value as defined by a panel of experts within the appropriate field, so that
Picasso's painting is 'creative' because art experts and art historians tell us so. In a
business context, the value of an idea is likely to be measured against a specific set of
criteria - did the innovation deliver on the brief? A brilliant advertisement which fails to
sell the product is not, according to definition, creative, because it does not solve the
client's problem. Of course, the copywriter may argue that the client was asking the
wrong question, so again the value of creativity in business, like the value of a work of
art, becomes a matter for debate.

31 The popular definition of creativity suggests that

A novel ideas may be used to benefit the minority.
B people in the West tend to adopt innovation more readily.
C oppression stifles an individual's ability to be creative.
D managerial staff are incapable of breaking with convention.
32 One of the criticisms the writer levels at the popular definitions of creativity is that
they
A portray creativity as an independent entity.
B support a stereotypical view of how creative people develop their talent.
C limit the credit given to creativity in problem-solving exercises.
D are biased against certain types of creative individuals.
33 A solution to a personal problem will probably not be widely adopted because
A it is likely to be similar to one found by someone else.
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B it may involve psychological traits that are considered unusual.

C it is seldom derived from the so-called 'spark of genius'.
D it has been reached by taking into account only subjective factors.
34 An idea will not gain copyright protection if it
A cannot be used by society as a whole.
B has not been recorded or expressed in some form.
C has only one practical application.
D has not been formulated in a limited context.
35 The dismissal of an innovation as not being creative may be unjustified when
A it can be proved that experts have shown bias in their decision.
B large sums of money are involved in determining its value.
C the creator has been improperly briefed.
D there is difficulty in assessing its precise use.
36 It can be inferred from the extract that
A the creative process must follow a set of strict guidelines.
B there are so many types of creativity that they cannot be documented.
C truly creative minds are few and far between.
D a universal definition of creativity is proving elusive.
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31 C

Secondly, it requires that creative individuals be given the freedom to express their
individual talent or vision.

32 A

What this conflation of creativity with individualism and innovation does is to disconnect
creative thinking from the contexts and systems that give their innovations and talents
meaning and value. It also perpetuates the notion that the creative industries can be set
aside from 'ordinary' industries as a unique sphere of activity, as if creativity were the
privilege of a few officially designated businesses and missing from everywhere else.

33 D

For an idea to be innovative in business or art, it must deviate from the historically
established norms and conventions, not just from our own personal history.

34 B

Similarly, for an idea to be protected under copyright law, it must be the result of
individual skill, and be expressed or 'fixed' in concrete, tangible form.

35 C

A brilliant advertisement which fails to sell the product is not, according to definition,
creative, because it does not solve the client's problem. Of course, the copywriter may
argue that the client was asking the wrong question, so again the value of creativity
in business, like the value of a work of art, becomes a matter for debate.

36 D
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Exercise 7:
The Ethics of Online Research
In addition to the argument for restraint in reporting research online, there has been
considerable discussion of the need to adopt a judicious approach to collecting data
online. The very accessibility of data on the Internet relating to every social phenomenon
and social problem imaginable has led some commentators to fear that researchers could
be tempted to use it as a research playground, scooping up interesting data without due
regard for the concerns of the people involved. There has been a particular debate around
the circumstances in which informed consent applies to the use of data collected via the
Internet.

The emerging position of the ethics of using Internet research data is not dear-cut. As in
any form of research, those using Internet data are expected to be sensitive to the possible
concerns of research participants and develop appropriate responses to each situation.
The Association of Internet Researchers has published a code of practice for research
using the Internet, which consists of questions for researchers to ask themselves rather
than specific guidance on forms of data that can and cannot be used. The questions are,
however, based on the premise that the ethics of Internet research are remarkably similar
to the ethics of any other research approach. Internet researchers are expected to adopt a
'bottom line' position that foreseeable harm to research participants should be prevented
and that deceit of any participant is rarely justifiable.

There are circumstances where informed consent may not be appropriate. If a researcher
can be confident that no foreseeable harm could accrue to people from the use of publicly
available data such as a website or a contribution to a discussion forum, that the topic is
not particularly intrusive or troubling were the person to recognise themselves in a
research report, then it might be justifiable to go ahead and collect data without seeking
informed consent. In many cases, however, approaching someone for their consent to use
data is more appropriate, and it can actually be a useful part of the research process and
lead to interesting insights that help in interpreting the data.

If the research focuses on a chat room, it may be simply impractical to gain informed
consent from everyone involved since this would interrupt the flow of chat and as people
leave and join the chatroom, it would be unclear exactly who had consented to what. In
such circumstances, it has been suggested that it may be necessary to adapt the research
to involve a specially set-up chat room that is obviously a research site to all participants.
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Alternatively, it may be appropriate to apply for a waiver of informed consent

requirements on the basis that the research poses no threat to participants. Most
researchers will need to apply for ethical approval of their research to an institutional
committee or funding body: it will be necessary to develop a careful statement about the
reasons why an informed consent waiver is appropriate for a particular case.

Where informed consent is required, the practicalities again vary. Often if interviewees
are being contacted by email, it will be appropriate to send them an initial statement
explaining the research process and the confidentiality of the data, informing them of any
potential risks of participating and giving contact details for the researcher. Interviewees
may be asked to "opt in' to the research by stating that they have read and accept this
statement. Rarely is it felt that interviewees need to print out and return a signed copy of
a consent form, although this may be regarded as sound practice if the research topic is
particularly sensitive or if minors are involved. Individual consent of this kind may be
impractical for studies of chat rooms, and it may be necessary to rely on the agreement of
chat room moderators and an announcement when people join the chat room. Similarly,
when a discussion forum is being observed, it may be necessary to gain the consent of the
forum owners and to post announcements periodically cfl about the on-going research to
the forum itself. In addition, researchers would be expected to make their identity clear in
any interactions they might have in the forum.

31 The writer's use of the phrase 'scooping up' reflects

A the volume and availability of online research data.
B the novelty value of conducting research on the Internet.
C the proliferation of social networking sites.
D the exponential rise in the popularity of the web.
32 When online research data are gathered,
A it becomes more difficult to distinguish between valid and invalid premises.
B there is more chance of researchers avoiding moral issues.
C a questionnaire must be completed by the person conducting the study.
D the onus is on the researcher to maintain ethical integrity.
33 One advantage of asking for consent from participants in online research is that
A particularly sensitive individuals are bound to be more receptive.
B it gives the research topic extra credibility.
C it can provide the researcher with more than superficial information.
D the study will be considered more relevant to the context.
34 Online research carried out in a specially set-up chat room
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A makes the chat unreliable as participant behaviour changes.

B removes the need for ethical issues to be taker into account.
C allows the sociologist to use all the data gathered.
D is particularly suitable for obtaining information about institutions.
35 A researcher may consider it prudent to get a hard, signed copy of a consent form
when
A participants feel uncomfortable about giving permission online.
B the research relates directly to juveniles.
C the forum under examination raises controversial issues.
D communication by electronic means proves impossible.
36 The purpose of the extract is to make the reader aware of the need to approach online
research with a degree of
A trepidation.
B caution.
C scepticism.
D empathy.
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31 A

The very accessibility of data on the Internet relating to every social phenomenon and
social problem imaginable has led some commentators to fear that researchers could be
tempted to use it as a research playground, scooping up interesting data without due
regard for the concerns of the people involved.

32 D

As in any form of research, those using Internet data are expected to be sensitive to the
possible concerns of research participants and develop appropriate responses to each
situation.

33 C

In many cases, however, approaching someone for their consent to use data is more
appropriate, and it can actually be a useful part of the research process and lead to
interesting insights that help in interpreting the data

34 C

it has been suggested that it may be necessary to adapt the research to involve a specially
set-up chat room that is obviously a research site to all participants

35 B

Rarely is it felt that interviewees need to print out and return a signed copy of a consent
form, although this may be regarded as sound practice if the research topic is
particularly sensitive or if minors are involved.

36 B
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Exercise 8.

Consumerism and Advertising

The creation of the consumer culture can be traced back to the role of early twentieth-century
advertising. Turn-of-the-century capitalists and captains of industry saw mass advertising as a
way of shaping the consciousness of the American population in a way that would give
legitimacy and stability to the rapidly industrialising society. The key to this new consciousness
was the creation of a new way of life based on the pleasures of consumption. Mass advertising
emerged in the 1920s, when leaders of the business community began to see the need for a
coordinated ideological effort to complement their control of the workplace. Advertising would
become the centrepiece of a policy to sell not only products but also a new American way of life
in which consumption erased differences, integrated immigrants into mainstream American life
and made buying the equivalent of voting as a form of commitment to the democratic process.

From the beginning, then, advertising was more about creating consumers than selling individual
products. If a mass production economy was to be profitable and if those who worked long hours
under difficult conditions were to be pacified, new needs and habits had to be stimulated. This
was the job of advertising. Its early practitioners built on people's insecurities to shape desires for
new consumer products. Solutions to personal problems were to be found in the world of
consumption, an early version of the currently prevalent attitude that views a day of shopping as
a way to cheer oneself up. Ads suggested that new products such as mouthwash and deodorant
would protect people from embarrassment and give them a ticket to the modern world. Old
habits and traditions that recent immigrants brought to the United States were to be discarded in
favour of the new 'American way', participation in a consumer society. Ads sold consumerism as
a gateway to social integration in twentieth-century America that would serve as a form of social
cement.

One way advertising tried to sell a cross-class ideology of consumerism was through its focus on
the realm of consumption and its neglect of production. The industrial workplace might be
degrading, but advertising offered a world that was far removed from the drudgery of work,
emphasising the wonders of the consumer lifestyle. It was, after all, the dream of a specific
lifestyle and associated world view that ads were selling, regardless of whether people had the
means to really live it.

One modern medium that is particularly advertising-oriented and consistently promotes the
ideology of consumerism is the 'women's magazine'. These magazines promote the consumer
lifestyle by showing how beauty, desirability, career success, culinary skill and social status can
be bought in the consumer marketplace. Social problems, from the standpoint of consumer
ideology, are redefined as personal problems that can be solved by purchasing the appropriate
product. Women's magazines, in addressing a specific social group, identify women as a
consumption category with special product needs. The magazines link an identity as a woman
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with a set of specific consumer behaviours, making the latter a prerequisite for the former. To be
a 'woman', then, is to know what to buy; the ad content in women's magazines both displays the
specific products and celebrates the pleasures and needs of consumption. But there is more to
women's magazines than just the ads. Even though a common reading strategy is to leaf through
the pages, casually glancing at the ads and headlines, pausing to read non-advertising articles
reveals that they are a form of 'covert advertising' that promotes the same kind of consumer-
oriented ideology.

Even the 'editorial advice' provided by women's magazines is a form of covert advertisement,
selling the consumer ideology. Beauty advice, for example, routinely suggests the consumption
of various forms of makeup as a way to achieve beauty. Such advice often identifies brand
names that are most effective brands frequently promoted in ads in the same magazine. The
ubiquitous 'makeover' feature, in which an 'average' woman is turned into a glamorous model
look-alike is, in essence, an endorsement of the beauty products advertised elsewhere in the
magazine. Advice, then, really concerns appropriate consumption habits. Just as early ads
identified newfound needs, the women's magazine suggests what women need. In the end,
women's magazines use both direct and covert advertising to sell magazines and promote an
ideology that celebrates the consumption of gender-specific products as a means to identity
formation and personal satisfaction - the dream of the 'good life'.

31 At the beginning of the twentieth century, capitalists regarded mass advertising as

A a tool for satisfying the desire to belong to a consumer culture.
B a tactic to persuade voters to give them political power.
C a means of changing attitudes so that industrialisation would seem justifiable.
D a vehicle that would allow the general population to identify their needs.

32 One of the earliest mass advertisers' main goals was to

A force all consumers to reject their previous habits and beliefs.
B inform the public that consumerism results in greater happiness.
C help people analyse the causes of their problems.
D heighten awareness of how quickly the world could change.

33 In twentieth-century America, advertising offered the less well-off members of society

A promises of wealth.
B illusions of grandeur.
C improved career prospects.
D a means of escapism.

34 The content and advertising in women's magazines are designed around

A the reader's desire to appear feminine.
B the spending habits associated with women.
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C a woman's ability to adopt creative solutions.

D the exclusively female need to be kept happy.

35 A part of women's magazines is devoted to

A advising readers to purchase the most expensive products available.
B persuading women that having flaws should not cause embarrassment.
C promoting the idea that being beautiful inevitably leads to success.
D supporting the claims made by advertisers.

36 It might be concluded from the extract that advertising is a force for good because it can
A prevent people from falling into despair.
B help in the struggle against social inequality.
C improve conditions in the industrial workplace.
D allow people to reach their full potential.
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31 C

Turn-of-the-century capitalists and captains of industry saw mass advertising as a way of shaping
the consciousness of the American population in a way that would give legitimacy and stability
to the rapidly industrialising society

32 B

If a mass production economy was to be profitable and if those who worked long hours under
difficult conditions were to be pacified, new needs and habits had to be stimulated. This was
the job of advertising. Its early practitioners built on people's insecurities to shape desires for
new consumer products. Solutions to personal problems were to be found in the world of
consumption, an early version of the currently prevalent attitude that views a day of shopping as
a way to cheer oneself up. Ads suggested that new products such as mouthwash and deodorant
would protect people from embarrassment and give them a ticket to the modern world

33 D

The industrial workplace might be degrading, but advertising offered a world that was far
removed from the drudgery of work, emphasising the wonders of the consumer lifestyle. It
was, after all, the dream of a specific lifestyle and associated world view that ads were selling,
regardless of whether people had the means to really live it.

34 B

Women's magazines, in addressing a specific social group, identify women as a consumption

category with special product needs. The magazines link an identity as a woman with a set of
specific consumer behaviours, making the latter a prerequisite for the former. To be a
'woman', then, is to know what to buy; the ad content in women's magazines both displays
the specific products and celebrates the pleasures and needs of consumption

35 D

Even though a common reading strategy is to leaf through the pages, casually glancing at the ads
and headlines, pausing to read non-advertising articles reveals that they are a form of
'covert advertising' that promotes the same kind of consumer-oriented ideology.

36 A
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Exercise 9. You are going to read an article from a newspaper about the future of
shopping. For questions 31-36, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best
according to the text.

The changing face of shopping

Strange as it may seem, consumer watchdogs are convinced that burgeoning online shopping
numbers will not result in the death of the High Street. Instead, it will force an evolution in terms
of the shopping experience.

It is becoming increasingly clear that the under 40s rely on the existence and security of a retail
outlet if only for somewhere to check the item they want to buy. However, frequently, their spot
of research may ultimately lead to an online transaction when it comes to the actual purchase. It
is common practice for the consumer to enter a store to get a physical idea of their intended
purchase, use their phone to compare the store price of their prospective purchase with those
found online, and then opt for the best price available.

The phenomenon has been dubbed ‘showrooming` and has led to many large supermarket brands
opening what's known as 'dark stores', which in turn are creating thousands of new jobs. They're
not designed for your typical shopper, in fact they're ugly purpose-built warehouses that are
never likely to see a real shopper. They are merely there for the growing population of insatiable
online shoppers. Imagine an enormous supermarket with fully stocked shelves, no customers, no
garish advertising and no busy tillpoints. That pretty much sums them up. They are populated by
busy 'personal shoppers' filling up trolleys with customer's orders; and the only face these
retailers have is the driver who delivers the shopping.

Dotcom food shopping is still in its infancy but is predicted to double in value over the next five
years to an enormous 12 billion. In fact technology-driven consumer behaviour will generate
growth across at least twenty different retail sectors resulting in an estimated 1.5 trillion in future
sales by 2016. Clearly there is money to be made in spite of the economic downturn in Europe.

When it comes to food, the need to see what you buy is not quite as great, but especially within
the clothing sector, most shoppers would rather have a tangible idea of what they're spending
their money on. Because so many consumers are frequently connected to the Internet to research
and analyse their purchase either by price checking or through social shopping, retailers are
faced with the challenge of finding ways to make being connected part of the shopping
experience. Visualisation technologies are likely to feature much more heavily, making it easier
to actually see items. In the furniture sector, for example, people will virtually place items in
their homes and ensure that they suit as well as fit the environment. Already it's possible to see
mini videos of modelled clothing, and technology packages will reflect this requirement by
becoming faster and more efficient processes for mobile devices.
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Yet, if people want to go into bricks and mortar shops, technology does dictate that
"showrooming' is here to stay, which forces the high street retailer to reassess the role of the
store. For smaller stores it is likely to mean partnering up with larger outlets to allow a greater
flexibility in terms of pricing, but large flagship stores are going to become more like brand
cathedrals where, rather than being places for purchasing, they will evolve into interesting areas
for advertising the product while customers are free to purchase online.

In truth, many big name designer retailers have already started doing just this. With growing
competition to draw people to their sites, they are developing consumer concepts which go far
beyond the mere displaying of product. Architecture is key, as well as clever interior designing
often coupled with interesting design exhibits, so that the experience becomes artistically
stimulating while potentially encouraging a purchase, Rifling the racks is not enough and any
store has to offer something extra.

This will be a key consideration for town planners and developers if they want to keep the
average high street bricks and mortar shops open. Yes, their physical existence is reassuring, but
they are most definitely going to have to go that extra mile to get numbers through their doors.
shopping really isn't just about the purchase anymore, its about an entire experience involving
recreational options and eating choices in addition to the retail element. A clever marriage of
shop, restaurant, museum, salon -and art gallery is going to be key. If it was the over 40's only in
the shops, the town centre as we know it would be dead.

31. What claim have consumer watchdogs made about the High Street?

A It has no future.

B It has little appeal for the younger generation.

C It will need to reinvent itself.

D It offers much to the online shopper.

32. Why are some consumers choosing not to purchase in store?

A Because they are dissatisfied once they actually view the items.

B Because they find more favourable deals elsewhere.

C Because there is no showroom.

D Because they are dissatisfied with the service.

33. According to the text, what is ‘showrooming’?

A visiting shops to see what is on offer

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B showing off your purchases online

C making online price comparisons of store items

D shopping for products online

34. What is least likely to be driving the opening of 'dark stores'?

A The dramatic rise in online shopping.

B The need to cut supermarket running costs.

C The potential for generating more revenue.

D The need to meet customer demands.

35. In what way might developments in visualisation technology hinder the survival of bricks
and mortar stores?

A By reducing the need to visit stores.

B By increasing high street rental costs.

C By forcing more online transactions.

D By introducing a more attractive element to the shopping experience.

36. What techniques have some retailers used to attract customers?

A They have improved their advertising campaigns.

B They have evolved their product range.

C They have turned their stores into galleries.

D They have found ingenious ways to create cutting edge retail spaces.
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31 C

Instead, it will force an evolution in terms of the shopping experience.

The phenomenon has been dubbed ‘showrooming` and has led to many large supermarket brands
opening what's known as 'dark stores', which in turn are creating thousands of new jobs.

32 B

It is common practice for the consumer to enter a store to get a physical idea of their intended
purchase, use their phone to compare the store price of their prospective purchase with those
found online, and then opt for the best price available.

33 C

It is common practice for the consumer to enter a store to get a physical idea of their intended
purchase, use their phone to compare the store price of their prospective purchase with those
found online, and then opt for the best price available. The phenomenon has been dubbed
‘showrooming` and has led to many large supermarket brands opening what's known as 'dark
stores', which in turn are creating thousands of new jo

34 B

The phenomenon has been dubbed ‘showrooming` and has led to many large supermarket brands
opening what's known as 'dark stores', which in turn are creating thousands of new jobs. They're
not designed for your typical shopper, in fact they're ugly purpose-built warehouses that are
never likely to see a real shopper. They are merely there for the growing population of insatiable
online shoppers. Imagine an enormous supermarket with fully stocked shelves, no customers, no
garish advertising and no busy tillpoints. That pretty much sums them up. They are populated by
busy 'personal shoppers' filling up trolleys with customer's orders; and the only face these
retailers have is the driver who delivers the shopping.

35 A

Visualisation technologies are likely to feature much more heavily, making it easier to actually
see items. In the furniture sector, for example, people will virtually place items in their homes
and ensure that they suit as well as fit the environment. Already it's possible to see mini videos of
modelled clothing, and technology packages will reflect this requirement by becoming faster and
more efficient processes for mobile devices.

36 D

In truth, many big-name designer retailers have already started doing just this. With growing
competition to draw people to their sites, they are developing consumer concepts which go far
beyond the mere displaying of product. Architecture is key, as well as clever interior
Page Tài Liệu Tiếng Anh Nâng Cao
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designing often coupled with interesting design exhibits, so that the experience becomes
artistically stimulating while potentially encouraging a purchase, Rifling the racks is not
enough and any store has to offer something extra.
Page Tài Liệu Tiếng Anh Nâng Cao
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Exercise 10.

You are going to read part of an article about about an alternative energy form. For
questions 31-36, choose the answer (A, B, C or ID) which you think fits best according to
the text.

Tree Energy
Renewable energy is a key focus of most nations' energy programmes today, and with countries
like Portugal and Costa Rica leading the way in disproving those naysayers who claimed that it
would never be sufficiently reliable or commercially viable to provide power on a grand scale, it
has received even more attention of late. As the level of interest peaks, innovative new ways of
generating renewable energy are also being explored. Of course, wind energy has been around
for a very long time now; however, researchers in Iowa have been examining it from a different
perspective outside the box of late and they may yet prove that it is possible to reinvent the
wheel, so to speak — or the turbine — after all.

Inspired by the rustle of the leaves in the trees on a casual stroll one day, it occurred to one
Iowan scientist called Eric Henderson that it might be possible to harness low-to-ground wind
energy in a way that traditional wind turbines simply cannot, by replicating the conditions he
observed. Indeed, the idea became something of an obsession and he grappled with the notion for
some time, researching in-depth the shapes, dynamics and oscillations of tree leaves with the
help of two colleagues he recruited from his university. Together, they conceived of the concept
of a faux forest, where artificial trees replace woody ones and harness the unexploited energy
potential of low-level winds.

However, the concept proved far more complex in actuality than in principle, demanding the
application of very advanced physics. As their research continued, the scientists encountered the
expected obstacle of reliability; wind is not, after all, guaranteed and weather conditions are
highly inconsistent, To maximise conversion rates, the scientists' faux trees would, therefore,
have to resemble their natural cousins. However, they also soon identified a phenomenon known
as parasitic capacitance as acting on the energy conveyed to the leaves. This is something akin to
a leech sucking the lifeblood out of its hapless victim because while, in theory, wind-induced
leave oscillation can generate a lot of energy, much of this is lost through various parasitic
effects, such as the leaves wiggling in different directions.

Since the identification of this and other problems, researchers have worked relentlessly to try to
overcome them, but, though they have made tangible progress, the road to commercial
application is still a long one. However, just as they have unearthed unforeseen complications,
so, too, have they identified additional means of harnessing energy from faux trees. For instance,
another research group is looking to broaden the scope of exploitation and increase the capacitive
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potential of faux trees by focusing on solar and heat energy as well as wind. The technology and
science is somewhat lagging at the moment, though, and until it catches up, faux trees look set to
remain little more than a novel concept for now.

Besides, question marks must remain for reasons other than practicality and commercial
viability, too; after all, the supposed attraction of renewable energy is that it is cleaner and
greener, yet this is another assertion that is heatedly debated. For instance, wind turbines, while
providing clean energy in one sense represent an unacceptable visual blot on the landscape to
many, particularly as they tend to be most suited to placement in remote areas of natural beauty,
necessitated by the fact that wind speeds and conditions simply are not conducive elsewhere —
remote locations are, by default, very raw and wild. Additionally, the infrastructure required to
construct turbines can permanently alter the dynamics of the surrounding natural habitat and
ecosystem, particularly when transport systems must be built. Indeed, nature itself must make
way for this type of technology to be erected and the impact on the local habitat can, therefore,
be very significant. Would forests of artificial trees, then, be any less invasive and damaging to
the natural world? Besides, it is doubtful even if so that they would be any less of an eyesore.

(31) What have researchers been doing recently according to the first paragraph?
A showing that wind is a viable energy form
B proving people who criticise renewable energy wrong
C experimenting with different shapes of wind turbines
D exploring innovative new ways to harness wind energy

(32) What is fundamentally different about Henderson's idea for harnessing wind energy
according to the second paragraph?
A it aims to use natural trees to replace traditional wind turbines
B it aims to use living trees to naturally harness energy
C it aims to exploit a source of wind energy turbines cannot
D it aims to exploit low-to-ground wind energy using tradi-tional turbines

(33) What unforeseen problem did the scientists encounter according to the third
paragraph?
A their faux trees could be infested by a parasite
B much of the potential wind energy generated is unusable
C their tree turbines would not look much like natural trees
D leeches would attack the tree leaves

(34) What does the fourth paragraph suggest about the potential of tree energy?
A scientists are close to solving the problems they have found
B future technological advances may make it more viable
C three viable means of exploitation now exist thanks to new technology
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D tittle progress has been made on solving the problems identified

(35) Why does the author discuss present wind energy systems in the last paragraph?
A to illustrate problems tree energy could resolve
B to highlight the importance of such clean, renewable energy
C to highlight further issues with tree energy that will need consideration
D to suggest that tree energy is superior to them

(36) What can we infer is the author's position on tree energy?

A even if it becomes commercially viable questions still remain to be answered
B it is only a matter of time before tree energy is widely used
C it is highly unlikely tree energy will ever become commercially viable
D existing renewable energy sources are more environmentally friendly
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31 D

As the level of interest peaks, innovative new ways of generating renewable energy are also
being explored. Of course, wind energy has been around for a very long time now; however,
researchers in Iowa have been examining it from a different perspective outside the box of late
and they may yet prove that it is possible to reinvent the wheel, so to speak — or the turbine —
after all.

32 C

Inspired by the rustle of the leaves in the trees on a casual stroll one day, it occurred to one
Iowan scientist called Eric Henderson that it might be possible to harness low-to-ground wind
energy in a way that traditional wind turbines simply cannot, by replicating the conditions he
observed.

33 B

This is something akin to a leech sucking the lifeblood out of its hapless victim because while, in
theory, wind-induced leave oscillation can generate a lot of energy, much of this is lost through
various parasitic effects, such as the leaves wiggling in different directions.

34 B

The technology and science is somewhat lagging at the moment, though, and until it catches up,
faux trees look set to remain little more than a novel concept for now.

35 C

Would forests of artificial trees, then, be any less invasive and damaging to the natural world?
Besides, it is doubtful even if so that they would be any less of an eyesore.

36 A
Page Tài Liệu Tiếng Anh Nâng Cao
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Exercise 11.

You are going to read part of an article about love and relationships. For questions 31-36,
choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the text.

True Love
Love is a force of nature as unpredictable and potent as a rising storm; when it hits you, it sweeps
you off your feet with such intensity that you can barely right yourself and withstand its
unrelenting power. It draws you with tornadic force towards euphoria. Just a moment's eye
contact is enough to fire your senses into a blaze of passion. One glance and you know she is the
one. Forever more, you will devote yourself entirely to the otherworldly apparition of perfection
that has somehow materialised before you, selflessly and unconditionally committed to her
happiness. After all, could there be a purer cause? Now you are completely insane. Forgive the
intervention, but this love is an animal quite so rare as to be status critical on the endangered
species list. All credit [Link] and its brethren for fabricating and propagating this grand
facetious notion, and my apologies for the stereotypical gender depiction.

However, let's call a spade a spade; this is nothing other than a manifestation of desire, or, to put
it more kindly, attraction; a sensation which, of course, is not to be dismissed, having both its
merits and its part to play in the initial stages of relationship development; however, the danger
when we allow ourselves to be duped by the Hollywood depiction of love is that the bar of our
expectations is set so high as to all but guarantee three faults and disqualification from the
contest. Perhaps it is useful to continue with the storm analogy a while, though, for what follows
this initial burst of passion and impulse may indeed be the blissful calm and perfection of the eye
of the tempest; however, the moment is but fleeting and trailing the eye is a long tail that is
arduous to navigate and endure.

Running with the storm analogy, the real storm here is not one in a teacup by any means, though,
because when we buy into the media's fairy-tale portrait of love, we set ourselves off down the
road to perpetual misery. If we believe that when we find the one' our certitude will be so great
as to produce an undeniable sense of knowingness and bliss, then the moment doubts start to
creep in or cracks start to emerge in the relationship, we feel a diminished sense of compatibility
with our match and throw it all away before we've really even given it a chance to work.

Although the bitter taste of reality presented here so far might sound a touch depressing to some,
personally, I find the notion that true love is reached through hard work — and not simply fate-
bestowed —refreshing, and I am far from a blind optimist. After all, it means we don't have to
leave it to chance, which should give us cause for hope. It means that if we encounter problems
in our relationship, we can take comfort in the notion that, when we are prepared to work
through them, there is light at the end of the tunnel. We are the masters of our fate.
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Let me put it this way: if you pilot the love plane for long enough, you will indubitably
encounter storms and turbulence from time to time, and there is no predicting when they may
happen. However, the more often you fly and the more familiar you become with your crew and
the route, the more likely you will be able to navigate through the problems safely, so the impact
of the turbulence should lessen over time. Furthermore, there will also be, guaranteed, pure
heavenly moments when the clouds disperse and you are soaring as through perfection. These
moments of magic make the challenges worthwhile. On the other hand, if you press the ejector
button prematurely, you will never know such experiences. What's more, you might endanger
yourself and you must surely abandon any other persons on the plane. Note, though, that I said
prematurely. Sadly in life, not everything can work out as planned, but we must at least give it a
fighting chance and be sure we have done our best.

(31) What is the writer's main reason for using evocative language in the first paragraph?
A to convey the intensity of the emotion of love
B to criticise the influence of the media
C to highlight the rarity of true love
D to highlight a form of gender bias

(32) Why does the writer use the example of a storm in the second paragraph?
A to show that initial attraction has no relatedness to love
B to highlight the dangers of acting on desire
C to imply that a lasting relationship is full of challenges
D to suggest that love is a temporary emotion

(33) What does the writer mean when he refers to a storm in a teacup?
A the effect the media has is very serious
B the media's influence should not be overestimated
C feelings of hurt do not last very long
D we make too much fuss about relationships

(34) Why does the writer not find the sober view of love he depicts discouraging?
A because love is a tottery anyway
B because he is optimistic by nature
C because it means we control our own destiny
D because we can learn from failed relationships

(35) What does the writer really mean when he talks about ejecting from the plane
prematurely?
A unless you work at a relationship, you wilt never experience the joys it can bring
B it is more dangerous to leave a relationship than to try to work on it
C wait until things are calm and you have a clear head before making big decisions
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D even when a relationship fails, it is not the end of the world

(36) What best sums up the writer's thoughts on love and relationships?
A he believes that even healthy relationships have their ups and downs
B he believes that love is not a very realistic concept and people should settle for less
C he is a true romantic who believes in love at first sight
D he is against people abandoning relationships in all but the most extreme circumstances
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31 B

All credit [Link] and its brethren for fabricating and propagating this grand facetious
notion, and my apologies for the stereotypical gender depiction.

32 C

Perhaps it is useful to continue with the storm analogy a while, though, for what follows this
initial burst of passion and impulse may indeed be the blissful calm and perfection of the eye of
the tempest; however, the moment is but fleeting and trailing the eye is a long tail that is arduous
to navigate and endure

33 A

Running with the storm analogy, the real storm here is not one in a teacup by any means, though,
because when we buy into the media's fairy-tale portrait of love, we set ourselves off down the
road to perpetual misery

34 C

After all, it means we don't have to leave it to chance, which should give us cause for hope. It
means that if we encounter problems in our relationship, we can take comfort in the notion that,
when we are prepared to work through them, there is light at the end of the tunnel. We are the
masters of our fate.

35 A

Furthermore, there will also be, guaranteed, pure heavenly moments when the clouds disperse
and you are soaring as through perfection. These moments of magic make the challenges
worthwhile. On the other hand, if you press the ejector button prematurely, you will never know
such experiences.

36 A
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Exercise 12.

You are going to read an article about art therapy. For questions 31-36, choose the answer
(A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the text.

Art Therapy
Film's depiction of therapy conveys the notion that it is reserved for those who are severely
disturbed and, given the influence this medium has on young people in particular, it can,
therefore, discourage them from seeking help. What's more, young people's propensity to
internalise and conceal their problems presents the therapist with a daunting obstacle which must
be overcome before anything meaningful can be gained from the therapeutic process. Using art
as a mechanism for expression in therapy is one way to get past such stumbling blocks. When
asked to depict their problems through art, young people are more inclined to open up because,
rather than internalising the problem and discussing themselves, they are then describing, at
times metaphorically, their issue or issues through an external agent; the product of their
creativity.

This sort of indirect probing can neatly navigate other-issues as well, For instance, teens often
have a natural resistance to authority, so the therapist—patient relationship starts from a
disadvantageous position, with the teen already highly cautious and sceptical, and not wont to
respond well to implorations to open up. The artwork, then, is a sort of peacemaker; it represents
a flag of truce between the two naturally conflicting parties to the therapy dynamic. Furthermore,
it is a source of pride and meaning to the patient, which, in itself, will often prompt a
conversation of a more enthusiastic and elaborate nature than would otherwise be so. It is not
that traditional verbal therapy doesn't work with teens as such, but rather that art bridges the
generational gulf and allows dialogue to then flow more freely.

With the ice thus broken, traditional therapeutic methods can be more easily employed
thereafter, once the patient has, not unwittingly let's say, but circuitously opened up. However,
the artwork does not necessarily have to become irrelevant to the process going forward. Indeed,
further interpretations of same by the patient can prove enlightening as they themselves become
more articulate in understanding, externalising and expressing their issues and concerns. Indeed,
if the artwork remains live, so to speak, and is allowed itself to evolve throughout the process
too, it is possible for yet more to be externalised through revised depictions.

In addition, whilst it is not the therapist's role to interpret the artwork, it may, to a point, give
them a window into the mindset of the patient and hint at the best method of engagement and
lines of inquiry to pursue going forward. If you like, it may indicate which doors, if knocked on,
may most likely be open or remain shut. This potentially gives the therapist more of an idea on
what to focus and how to optimise sessions with the patient.
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Art therapy can be particularly insightful in cases of mental or physical mistreatment, because
the mantra of the perpetrator is typically ' don't tell'. The sufferer is programmed, in a way, to
adhere to this protocol, so the likelihood of a verbal reveal is slim, especially in the early stages
of therapy. The art, may, therefore, in a roundabout way, reveal more than can be spoken as the
sufferer does not correlate the metaphorical reveal through art with a direct reveal, the nature of
which is very different. Therefore, they are, in one sense, free to say much without saying
anything at all, and, fundamentally, without disobeying or betraying the mantra.

Art therapy can also be applied in group environments and is particularly useful in resolving
family issues. Family therapy has its own unique set of problems and is often confrontational by
nature. Again, with the art as the vessel of expression, there is a redirection or rechannelling of
thoughts, and describing their feelings through the metaphors of their art allows patients to
distance themselves somewhat from the issue and proceed in a non-confrontational and less
intimidating manner. It neutralises the tone of proceedings and allows everyone to have their say
without being overly direct. Besides, metaphors themselves can be very evocative and, on an
intuitive level, the members of the family can grow to understand one another better from the
outset in this way, understanding and empathy being key to resolving the underlying issues.

In short, art therapy can be very advantageous when employed in sessions with adolescents and
families. It facilitates a non—threatening form of engagement and can reveal concerns and
circumstances which would be too risky or too embarrassing to divulge by more direct methods.

(31) The first paragraph suggests that

A movies portray therapy in an accurate manner.
B therapists should use the medium of art to convey their message.
C disturbed young people tend to be very creative.
D young people can find it easier to discuss their problems indirectly.

(32) In the second paragraph, the writer suggests art

A helps therapists and young patients make a connection.
B reveals more than traditional dialogue between therapist and patient can.
C can instil confidence and pride in shy patients better than general therapy.
D reveals the rebellious and sceptical nature of young people.

(33) In the third paragraph, the writer points out that

A it may be beneficial to continue using the art piece throughout therapy.
B art serves only as an icebreaker to help young people open up.
C young people should be encouraged to produce a variety of art works during therapy.
D patients are often keen to revise their initial works of art.
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(34) The writer suggests in the fourth paragraph that the patient's artwork
A can be interpreted by the therapist in order to fully understand the patient.
B should be the main focus of sessions if the therapist hopes to get the most out of them.
C can give clues to the therapist as to the best way forward in general therapy.
D should be carefully examined by the therapist for all possible interpretations.

(35) The writer states that art therapy can be useful

A in bringing conflict out into the open in therapy.
B in helping the recovery process of victims of serious mistreatment.
C in revealing any dangerous thoughts patients have.
D in helping group patients better relate to one another.

(36) The writer mentions metaphors several times in the article, but not in relation to how
A they can help promote the development of empathic feelings.
B they can be employed by therapists to explain things to patients.
C they can help young patients open up about their problems in therapy sessions.
D they can reveal potential cases of physical or mental mistreatment.
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31. D

young people are more inclined to open up because, rather than internalising the problem
and discussing themselves, they are then describing, at times metaphorically, their issue or
issues through an external agent

32. A

the therapist-patient relationship starts from a disadvantageous position, with the teen already
highly cautious and sceptical, and not wont to respond well to implorations to open up. The
artwork, then, is a sort of peacemaker; it represents a flag of truce between the two
naturally conflicting parties to the therapy dynamic

33. A

However, the artwork does not necessarily have to become irrelevant to the process going
forward. Indeed, further interpretations of same by the patient can prove enlightening as they
themselves become more articulate in understanding, externalising and expressing their issues
and concerns. Indeed, if the artwork remains live, so to speak, and is allowed itself to evolve
throughout the process too, it is possible for yet more to be externalised through revised
depictions.

34. C

interpret the artwork, it may, to a point, give them a window into the mindset of the patient and
hint at the best method of engagement and lines of inquiry to pursue going forward.

35. D

Besides, metaphors themselves can be very evocative and, on an intuitive level, the members of
the family can grow to understand one another better from the outset in this way,
understanding and empathy being key to resolving the underlying issues.

36. B
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Exercise 13.

You are going to read an extract from an article about the Finnish education system. For
questions 31-36, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the
text.

The Finnish Education System

Finland's education system is head and shoulders above most of the the world's, but why? On one
level, it is simple; teachers there are held in the highest esteem and entrusted to make decisions
in the best interests of pupils, which they appear invariably to do. They also go the extra mile and
tailor-make lessons. The respect they are afforded in return, perhaps, stems from an awareness of
the stiff qualification standards teachers are set; they come from the top 10% of graduates,
educated to Master's level. Finland, then, attracts some of its best human capital into teaching,
but whether its success can all simply be attributed to the calibre of staff is open to debate. There
is more to this formula than meets the eye.

The size of schools is no minor factor in the education system's success either, for many are very
small, and this allows teachers to devote more attention to pupils. Even the best teachers, after
all, are not magicians, and they cannot wave a magic wand and ensure that all pupils fulfil their
potential. It takes effort and devotion on a micro scale, and this can only be achieved in a
conducive environment. In a world of rising pupil-teacher ratios, that Finland bucks this trend
must surely play a pivotal role in its education system's success. However, demographics and the
country's unique geography, with many small areas of habitation dotted across the landscape,
predetermine to some extent, class sizes, so for this the government cannot monopolise credit; it
is as much down to circumstance, Nonetheless, the figures make for impressive reading, with
nearly thirty percent of Finnish children receiving some form of special attention in their
educational development before the age of nine.

The reinvention of education on a more macro scale, though, was very deliberate indeed, and it
began in Finland over four decades ago as a key part of the country's economic recovery plan.
Success was not by any means instantaneous, though, and educators deserve much credit for
sticking to their principles in the early years of the transformation despite this, when, so often,
programmes conceived with the best of intentions are abandoned prematurely. Really, it was not
until 2000 that confirmation and validation would arrive, but they did so in eye-raising fashion.
This marked the first year of results being issued from the Programme for International Student
Assessment, a standardised test delivered to 15-year-olds in 40 different countries. Finland's
youths came way out on top in terms of literacy.

Within three years, it also led the maths tables and pupils were excelling in science, too, and
Finland has consistently occupied a high position in all three areas ever since, without any blips,
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so it was patently clear for all to see that this was not the endeavour of fluke. Counterintuitively,
Finland's pupils excel in these standardised tests despite not being mandated to sit any on a
regular basis in their own educational system until the very end of their second-level schooling;
nothing official exists prior and other such testing is only carried out should individual schools
undertake to do so of their own volition.

More intriguingly, competition does not form any part of the education philosophy. Neither are
the decision-makers political; although Finnish schools are publicly funded and it is a state-
driven education system, politicians and business people are precluded from interfering. Nor are
schools vying for the best teacher candidates; irrespective of location, they have an equal shot of
getting top graduates, with all drawing from the same pool of resources in this respect.
Furthermore, in the absence of competition, only national goals count, so there is no elite list of
schools parents dream of sending their children to; every child, whether schooled in a rural or
urban environment, is afforded the same standard of education. It is, therefore, arguably, one of
the most equitable systems in the world.

This assertion is supported by the fact that refugees in this relatively homogenous country are not
greatly disadvantaged educationally and tend to catch up to their native peers before long.
Indeed, there is evidence on a broader level, too, of this equitability, since Finland has the lowest
gap in the OECD between its weakest and strongest pupils in performance terms. The stats make
for very impressive reading yet, remarkably, Finland's expenditure on education as a proportion
of its overall budget is much less than places like the United States, which cannot boast nearly as
impressive results.

(31) What does the writer imply when she says 'There is more to this formula than meets the
eye'?
A that it is not as easy as it sounds to produce top-quality teachers
B that the success of Finland's education system is down to various reasons
C that the quality of teacher in the Finnish education system is not what it seems
D that the Finnish education system is more impressive than it looks

(32) What does the writer say about Finland's small class sizes?
A Finland has set a trend the rest of the world is trying to copy
B the country's record is more impressive in relation to young learners
C the country's character lends itself to smaller class sizes
D a government initiative is directly responsible for them

(33) In the third paragraph, we learn that Finland's education system

A was revised during a period of economic strain
B was first revised after the year 2000
C enjoyed rapid success after changes were implemented
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D took over forty years to convert into the success it is today

(34) What is the Finnish education system's approach to standardised testing?

A it regularly takes place in the areas of science, literacy and maths only
B standardised tests are not compulsory but schools are encouraged to use them
C it plays a key role at all levels of schooling
D this evaluation method is only officially used as students exit secondary school

(35) The Finnish education system

A sets no goals or targets for schools to achieve.
B generally operates independent of state and commercial interference.
C is highly competitive in terms of schools' efforts to attract the best teachers and students.
D encourages graduates to take up rural teaching roles with incentives.

(36) Why does the writer mention refugees?

A to exemplify how fair the Finnish education system is
B to highlight the lack of diversity in Finland
C to show that the gap between topmost and lowest performing students is very low
D to suggest what can be achieved if more money is invested in education
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31 B

Finland, then, attracts some of its best human capital into teaching, but whether its success can
all simply be attributed to the calibre of staff is open to debate. There is more to this
formula than meets the eye.

32 C

However, demographics and the country's unique geography, with many small areas of
habitation dotted across the landscape, predetermine to some extent, class size

33 A

The reinvention of education on a more macro scale, though, was very deliberate indeed, and it
began in Finland over four decades ago as a key part of the country's economic recovery plan.

34 D

Finland's pupils excel in these standardised tests despite not being mandated to sit any on a
regular basis in their own educational system until the very end of their second-level
schooling; nothing official exists prior

35 B

More intriguingly, competition does not form any part of the education philosophy. Neither are
the decision-makers political; although Finnish schools are publicly funded and it is a state-
driven education system, politicians and business people are precluded from interfering

36 A

It is, therefore, arguably, one of the most equitable systems in the world. This assertion is
supported by the fact that refugees in this relatively homogenous country are not greatly
disadvantaged educationally and tend to catch up to their native peers before long
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Exercise 14.

You are going to read excerpts from an article on telemedicine. For questions 34 - 40,
choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the text. Mark your
answers on the separate answer sheet.

TELEMEDICINE CAN LOWER COSTS AND IMPROVE ACCESS

Communications technology is increasingly being used for telemedicine applications to improve
access to medical care in rural areas. The most cost-effective applications are those that are paid
for by insurers; other applications enhance access to care but are not cost-effective because
insurers do not pay for related costs for professional fees or the implementation of the
technology.

Telemedicine, one of the communications technologies that will figure significantly in healthcare
delivery in the future, should also figure prominently in the strategic plans of healthcare
organisations. Telemedicine uses electronic information and communications technology to
provide medical diagnosis and/or patient healthcare when distance separates the participants.
These technologies allow for tele-imaging using image transmission and receiver units that
operate over communication facilities. However, even the use of a mobile phone by a specialist
to talk to a patient and/or the patient's care provider constitutes telemedicine.

Before implementing telemedicine technology, providers should assess its return-on-investment

potential. Telemedicine participants may disagree about the efficacy and efficiency of a
telemedicine application. For example, while physicians or the hospital may find an application
cost-effective, rural end-users may not. Some applications improve access to care but are not
cost-effective. It has been shown in some instances, however, that using telemedicine technology
for radiology, prisoner health, and home health care is cost-effective and enhances access for
patients and physicians alike.

Areas in which access to radiologists is limited will benefit from the use of teleradiology
technology because providers in these areas can receive diagnostic radiology results more
quickly and at lower cost by teleradiology than from courier services or awaiting a visit from a
radiologist. The quality of transmitted images is clinically equivalent to the quality of hard-copy
images. Small hospitals are using teleradiology to provide 24-hour-a-day service at less cost than
hiring a radiologist. Of course, teleradiology will never totally replace on-site radiologists, who
are needed to perform procedures such as barium studies. Many routine procedures, however, do
not require immediate interpretation and can be provided cost-effectively through teleradiology.
Teleradiology technology is most cost-effective for rural providers that have high-bandwidth
communications, because they are able to access specialists in a distant urban area.

Normally, prison populations can only receive the most basic healthcare services in prison, so
inmates must be transported to provider facilities for care. Telecommunications can be used to
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provide access to medical care for this population while avoiding the costs of transportation and
additional security measures. Providers are able to provide care in a secure environment,
minimising security risks by avoiding contact with potentially dangerous inmates. Additionally,
money saved can be reallocated to the medical needs of the inmates and ultimately could reduce
the cost of providing medical care to inmates.

In the future, home health care is expected to exploit the advantages of telemedicine most fully.
With the development of WebTV services and the evolution of desktop video-conferencing,
doctors and other health professionals will be able to deliver effective, non-invasive care over
standard telephone lines and cable television infrastructures. Within the next few years, access to
individual homes via the Internet, interactive video, cable television and low-cost monitoring
technologies is expected to enable physicians to monitor chronic health conditions such as
diabetes and high blood pressure, particularly for older patients. Telemedicine technology can
reduce hospital lengths of stay because follow-up convalescent care can be provided in the home.

Telemedicine can be used for other applications as well, although many of these applications are
not covered by health insurance. For instance, telemedicine technologies can be used for
consultations and evaluations for applications such as bone-marrow transplants. A doctor can
review a patient's medical records and explain the procedure, risks and expected outcomes
without requiring the patient to travel to the urban centre. Conducting a telemedicine
consultation allows the physician to see the patient and establish a relationship before the patient
has to make a decision regarding treatment. Although insurers do not pay for such consultations,
the revenue that is generated from performing the procedure, should the patient choose to have it,
will cover the cost of the use of the technology.

34 What does the writer say in the first paragraph about the use of telemedicine?
A It is not always economically viable.
B The applications wouldn't be cost-effective if they were paid for by insurers.
C Patients will not have to pay for the applications.
D It would not be applicable to rural areas.

35 In the second paragraph, the writer advises that telemedicine ought to be

A the strategic delivery point for healthcare.
B planned with communications technology in mind.
C the most prominent plan of any healthcare organisation.
D a significant feature of any scheme for providing medical services.

36 The writer regards the question of cost-effectiveness as one that

A does not satisfy rural patients.
B only affects access in country areas.
C may not always meet with the approval of doctors and patients.
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D will usually cause disagreement among participants.

37 What is the implication of teleradiology for radiology specialists?

A They will lose their jobs.
B They will no longer need to visit smaller hospitals.
C They will be consulted more frequently by small rural hospitals.
D They can do more routine work.

38 What benefit could telemedicine provide in the field of prisoner healthcare?

A more limited scope for abuse of healthcare opportunities by prisoners
B a safer environment for prisoners needing treatment
C more relaxation time for prison warders
D a complete service for all the prisoners' medical needs within the prison

39 The writer implies that telemedicine in the field of home healthcare will
A do away with the need for any lengthy stays in hospital.
B allow patients to remain under observation while at home.
C result in patients having to tell doctors what their blood pressure is.
D lead to people with chronic health conditions being denied hospital treatment.

40 What is the benefit of using telemedicine for consultations?

A Doctors will now be able to check patients' medical records.
B Patients can decide whether they are able to get on with the doctor.
C Rural patients don't have to pay the consultant a visit at the outset.
D It makes it necessary for third parties to pay for the medical treatment.
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34 A

other applications enhance access to care but are not cost-effective

35 D

Telemedicine, one of the communications technologies that will figure significantly in healthcare
delivery in the future, should also figure prominently in the strategic plans of healthcare
organisations.

36 C

Telemedicine participants may disagree about the efficacy and efficiency of a telemedicine
application. For example, while physicians or the hospital may find an application cost-effective,
rural end-users may not.

37 C

Teleradiology technology is most cost-effective for rural providers that have high-bandwidth
communications, because they are able to access specialists in a distant urban area.

38 A

Telecommunications can be used to provide access to medical care for this population while
avoiding the costs of transportation and additional security measures. Providers are able to
provide care in a secure environment, minimising security risks by avoiding contact with
potentially dangerous inmates.

39 B

Telemedicine technology can reduce hospital lengths of stay because follow-up convalescent
care can be provided in the home.

40 C

A doctor can review a patient's medical records and explain the procedure, risks and expected
outcomes without requiring the patient to travel to the urban centre.
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Exercise 15.

You are going to read part of an essay on Martin Luther King Jr. For questions 34 - 40,
choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the text.

To what extent, then, did Martin Luther King's presence affect the civil rights movement?
Answering that question requires us to look beyond the usual portrayal of the black struggle.
Rather than seeing an amorphous mass of discontented blacks acting out strategies determined
by a small group of leaders, we would recognise King as a major example of the local black
leadership that emerged as black communities mobilised for sustained struggles.

King's major public speeches have received much attention, but his exemplary qualities were
also displayed in countless strategy sessions with other activists and in meetings with
government officials. King's success as a leader was based on his intellectual and moral strength
and his skill as a conciliator among movement activists who refused to be simply King's
"followers' or "lieutenants".

The success of the black movement required the mobilisation of black communities as well as
the transformation of attitudes in the surrounding society, and King's wide range of skills and
attributes prepared him to meet the internal as well as the external demands of the movement.
King understood the black world from a privileged position, having grown up in a stable family
within a major black urban community; yet he also learned how to speak persuasively to the
surrounding white world. King could not only articulate black concerns to white audiences, but
could also mobilise blacks through his day-to-day involvement in black community institutions
and through his access to the regional institutional network of the black church. His advocacy of
non-violent activism gave the black movement invaluable positive press coverage, but his
effectiveness as a protest leader derived mainly from his ability to mobilise black community
resources.

The movement's strength and durability came from its mobilisation of black community
institutions, financial resources and grass-roots leaders. The values of southern blacks were
profoundly and permanently transformed not only by King, but also by involvement in sustained
protest activity and community-organising efforts. Rather than merely accepting guidance from
above, southern blacks were resocialised as a result of their movement experiences.

Although the literature of the black struggle has traditionally paid little attention to the
intellectual content of black politics, movement activists of the 1960s made a profound
contribution to political thinking. King may have been born with rare potential, but his most
significant leadership' attributes were related to his immersion in, and contribution to, the
intellectual ferment that has always been an essential part of Afro-American freedom struggles.
Those who have written about King have too often assumed that his most important ideas were
derived from outside the black struggle — from his academic training, his philosophical
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readings, or his acquaintance with Gandhian ideas. Scholars are only beginning to recognise the
extent to which his attitudes and those of many other activists, white and black, were
transformed through their involvement in a movement in which ideas were disseminated from
the bottom up as well as from the top down.

Although my assessment of King's role in the black struggles of his time reduces him to human
scale, it also increases the possibility that others may recognise his qualities in themselves.
Idolising King lessens one's ability to exhibit some of his best attributes or, worse, encourages
one to become a debunker, emphasising King's flaws in order to lessen the inclination to exhibit
his virtues. King undoubtedly feared that some who admired him would place too much faith in
his ability to offer guidance and to overcome resistance, for he often publicly acknowledged his
own limitations and mortality. King expressed his certainty that black people would reach the
Promised Land whether or not he was with them. His faith was based on an awareness of the
qualities that he knew he shared with all people. When he suggested his own epitaph, he asked
not to be remembered for his exceptional achievements — his Nobel Prize and other awards, his
academic accomplishments; instead, he wanted to be remembered for giving his life to serve
others, for trying to be right on the war question, for trying to feed the hungry and clothe the
naked, for trying to love and serve humanity. "I want you to say that I tried to love and serve
humanity." Those aspects of King's life did not require charisma or other superhuman abilities.

The notion that appearances by Great Men (or Great Women) are necessary preconditions for the
emergence of major movements for social changes reflects not only a poor understanding of
history, but also a pessimistic view of the possibilities for future social change. Waiting for the
Messiah is a human weakness that is unlikely to be rewarded more than once in a millennium.
Studies of King's life offer support for an alternative optimistic belief that ordinary people can
collectively improve their lives. Such studies demonstrate the capacity of social movements to
transform participants for the better and to create leaders worthy of their followers.

34 What does the writer tell us about King in the opening paragraph?
A We must look beyond the black movement to assess King's contribution to it.
B King was merely one of many black leaders who only influenced a local community.
C King gained in prominence as people in his community became organised.
D King's community did not feature discontented blacks.

35 The writer indicates that King's success as a leader

A was largely due to his public speeches.
B owed much to his ability to persuade.
C would probably not have been possible without help from government officials.
D stopped short of gaining the respect of other activists.
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36 Which phrase, as it is used in the text, exemplifies "the external demands of the
movement"
A the mobilisation of black communities
B from a privileged position
C articulate black concerns to white audiences
D mobilise blacks through his day-to-day involvement

37 In the third paragraph, the writer suggests that King's championship of a peaceful way
of operating
A enhanced the way in which activists were portrayed.
B was the principal reason for his becoming an effective leader.
C encouraged the black press.
D made the black movement worth mentioning in the newspapers.

38 What does the reader learn about the spreading of ideas in the black movement?
A The ideas came from literature on the black struggle.
B King's academic training had no bearing on the matter.
C King's most influential ideas came from outside the struggle.
D It was a two-way process between leaders and other participants.

39 The writer says in the sixth paragraph that idolising King

A reduces him to a human scale.
B emphasises his flaws.
C causes some to belittle him.
D increases the chances of people identifying with him.

40 The writer concludes with the idea that people can improve their lives
A through grass roots activism.
B only on rare occasions.
C by understanding history.
D through an optimistic belief in leaders.
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34 C

Rather than seeing an amorphous mass of discontented blacks acting out strategies determined
by a small group of leaders, we would recognise King as a major example of the local black
leadership that emerged as black communities mobilised for sustained struggles.

35 B

King's success as a leader was based on his intellectual and moral strength and his skill as a
conciliator among movement activists who refused to be simply King's "followers' or
"lieutenants"

36 C

he also learned how to speak persuasively to the surrounding white world. King could not only
articulate black concerns to white audiences

37 A

His advocacy of non-violent activism gave the black movement invaluable positive press
coverage

38 D

Scholars are only beginning to recognise the extent to which his attitudes and those of many
other activists, white and black, were transformed through their involvement in a movement in
which ideas were disseminated from the bottom up as well as from the top down.

39 C

Idolising King lessens one's ability to exhibit some of his best attributes or, worse, encourages
one to become a debunker, emphasising King's flaws in order to lessen the inclination to
exhibit his virtues.

40 A

Such studies demonstrate the capacity of social movements to transform participants for the
better and to create leaders worthy of their followers.
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Exercise 16.

You are going to read an extract from an article about pain. For questions 45 - 50, choose
the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the text.

SHARING PAIN

Much as humans can feel pain,' they can be incredibly insensitive to the potential suffering of
other life forms. Witness the scorn held by those with high thresholds of pain for those who are
less fortunately equipped. There are those who assert that suffering is a burden unique to the
human race, whereas, on the other side of the debate, there are those who contend that all life
forms, whether free from the soil or attached to it, can experience discomfort, if not agony.
Amongst the mainstream attitudes, between these two extremes, it is interesting to note that our
ability to attribute feelings to other species discriminates against more alien species in favour of
those that share more characteristics with us. For instance, there are several welfare organisations
that look out for the interests of various mammals, particularly common household pets, but have
you ever been asked to support a society that protects the cockroaches trying to scratch a living
in our kitchens?

Even to those with a limited grasp of scientific principles, it follows that creatures with a brain
attached to a spinal cord have, like us, the prerequisites for registering pain and all the
consequences that involves. What is more, the fact that research on rat brains has afforded us a
wealth of knowledge about human emotions can only support the notion that animals also
experience emotions. While some of these observations may be obvious to pet owners and others
who have day-to-day contact with animals, actual scientific knowledge of the distress
experienced by animals has been improved through monitoring blood chemistry changes that
animals undergo when they are being hunted.

It is easier for many of us to dismiss the concept of pain in species that we don't consider to be
part of our closely shared environment. For example, many of those who shudder at the thought
of cuddly seal pups being clubbed to death have no qualms about fishing. After all, fishing is just
a relaxing sport and they never hear fish screaming, even when fighting with a hook caught
firmly in their flesh. But from the zoological point of view it can not be denied that, like humans,
fish have a brain, spinal cord and nervous system. Like rats, fish have also been shown to be
capable of learning in controlled situations. What is more, they, like us, have the capacity to
produce their own pain killers. Would this not suggest that they too feel pain?

In comparison to fish, there are other orders of animal life that are even further removed from us
in terms of their lack of similarity to mammals. Take crustaceans, for example. Crabs, lobsters
and suchlike have a hard outer shell for protection and do not share a skeletal structure similar to
ours. Although many people do not think of them as suffering pain in the way that we do, there
are plenty of us who would not feel happy about cooking them in the recommended manner,
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presumably because we do feel that they are. capable of suffering. As every chef knows, they
must be cooked by being dropped live into boiling water in order to avoid the flesh becoming
poisonous. Some cooks prefer to freeze them alive shortly before cooking them, or opt for an
instant execution with one blow of a butcher's cleaver.

At least we don't hear fruit screaming while we peel it, or encounter vegetables sweating heavily
as they are brought closer to the chopping board or a pan full of boiling water, Perhaps this is
why a vegetarian lifestyle commends itself to some. But does this mean that plants are totally
insensitive? An experiment carried out in the 1960s by a former CIA interrogation expert might
suggest otherwise. In this experiment, plants were linked to a form of lie detector which
registered changes in electrical conductivity in the leaves when the plants were exposed to stress.
The event which triggered the stress was the experimenter dropping live shrimps into boiling
water, No such results were registered when the experiment was repeated with shrimps that were
already dead.

However, to equate this response with pain does not fit in with our understanding of the role of
the nervous system in experiencing pain, since there is no nervous system involved in these
cases. Obviously, a plant may be distressed in some way if it is deprived of water, sunlight or
nutrients, but it is a different thing to label this as pain.

45 In the opening paragraph, the writer suggests that

A all living creatures experience pain.
B humans are unique in feeling pain.
C household pets feel more pain than cockroaches.
D humans care more about the pain of certain animals.

46 Research into pain

A uses blood chemistry analysis.
B is inconclusive.
C has been conducted on rats.
D has given information to hunters.

47 According to the writer, fish

A have been proven to experience pain.
B suffer less, when caught, than hunted foxes do.
C have excellent memories.
D have similarities with humans.

48 What is the issue concerning lobsters?

A whether to become a vegetarian
B whether to freeze them
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C how to kill them humanely

D how to cook them
49 The writer seems to suggest that plants
A also feel pain.
B react to stress in the environment.
C only respond when shrimps are boiled alive.
D control alterations in their electrical conductivity.

50 The writer gives the impression that, on the issue of causing pain to animals, he is
A objective.
B ironical
C sensitive.
D disbelieving.
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45 D

Amongst the mainstream attitudes, between these two extremes, it is interesting to note that our
ability to attribute feelings to other species discriminates against more alien species in
favour of those that share more characteristics with us.

46 A

actual scientific knowledge of the distress experienced by animals has been improved through
monitoring blood chemistry changes that animals undergo when they are being hunted.

47 D

After all, fishing is just a relaxing sport and they never hear fish screaming, even when fighting
with a hook caught firmly in their flesh. But from the zoological point of view it can not be
denied that, like humans, fish have a brain, spinal cord and nervous system

48 C

Although many people do not think of them as suffering pain in the way that we do, there are
plenty of us who would not feel happy about cooking them in the recommended manner,
presumably because we do feel that they are. capable of suffering.

49 B

plants were linked to a form of lie detector which registered changes in electrical conductivity
in the leaves when the plants were exposed to stress

50 A
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Exercise 17.

You are going to read an extract from an article about traffic congestion. For questions 45
— 50, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the text.

TRAFFIC CONGESTION REASSESSED

Congestion is the bane of modern life, yet no more than we deserve. It is the result of our
commodity-obsessed stupidity. In Joel Schumacher's 1992 film falling Down, a demented
Michael Douglas finally cracks under the stresses of modern American life — in a traffic jam.
The heat, the fumes, the flies and the sweat all accentuate his sense of suffocation. He has to get
away, breathe again, decongest his tubes, empty his barrels. Traffic jams feature, too, in Jean Luc
Godard's critique of consumerism run wild, Weekend (1968). Following one gruesome pile-up, a
hysterical woman runs back to the carnage, not to help the dying, but to rescue her Hermes
handbag.

We see congestion as an urban disease; since the 19th century, city routes have been described as
arteries. Now, the new mayor thinks he has found the cure, with his proposals for road charges in
London. But what if the mayor's 'diagnosis is wrong? Is it possible that traffic congestion is not a
symptom of urban disease, even less a sign of social meltdown, but rather a mark of robust
health? Just as physicians no longer advocate bleeding, nor try to stimulate the flow of the
humours, perhaps traffic congestion is another aspect of circulation that is best left alone. Before
dismissing the idea, just try thinking of a decent world city that is not regularly gripped by
gridlock.

Congestion is slow-moving traffic. Nothing more complicated than that, although it is worth
noting the discriminatory definition of 'traffic', which is generally applied only to motor traffic
(20 cars waiting at traffic lights indicate traffic congestion, whereas 20 pedestrians waiting to
cross the same road do not). If we don't have congestion, then, we have two alternatives: either
fast-moving motor traffic or no motor traffic. Is either situation actually any better than
congestion?

Speeding up urban traffic dominated the minds of planners and city administrators throughout
the 20th century. The visions of Le Corbusier and the brutal realities of Robert Moses's New
York freeways are only the two most widely known cases. ''A city made for speed is made for
success," wrote Le Corbusier. The connection between the two notions still appears logical in
many circles — a successful economy or business is one in which money circulates, and profits
accrue, speedily.

But money is an abstract and increasingly amorphous concept. Cars are not. Allowing hard,
heavy, speeding vehicles to come into contact with fleshy mortals is a recipe for disaster. Cutting
the death toll has consistently dominated the minds of planners. Modernists such as Le Corbusier
and Moses engineered new types of urban road on which only motor vehicles were permitted,
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but there are obvious limits to this approach. Not only is the cost prohibitive, in terms of money
and destruction, but there are people inside those vehicles, heading to a place where they will
want to get out, walk about, stay alive.

So, in cities around the world, planners sought ways to enable speeding motorists and vulnerable
non-motorists to coexist. It has proved a tortuous exercise, and one based on a notion of
compromise: that it must surely be possible to allow motorists to enjoy reasonable speed while
affording pedestrians a reasonable chance of survival. In this mood of give and take, pedestrians
have been contained and controlled, apparently for their own good. Walking through many urban
areas has become a pinball experience of pedestrian barriers, bollards, street signage, constricted
pavements, walk/don't walk signs, pedestrian underpasses, overpasses, and jaywalking
restrictions. Yet, in almost every city in the world, the violence inflicted on human beings by
motor vehicles still far outstrips the violence inflicted by crime. Not much of a deal.

Then there have been the other costs associated with trying to manage the competing claims of
speed and safety, in particular those of the countless research institutions, university
departments, engineers, planners, systems analysts, etc, all apparently dedicated to finding better
means for managing motor traffic. Plus the costs of installing and operating their solutions: the
one-way systems, tidal-flow roads, urban clearways, gyratories, underpasses, overpasses, eyes in
the sky, traffic lights, parking restrictions, speed cameras, and so on. Few of these experts would
deny that somewhere in their heads was the kernel of that modernist vision — flashing tail lights
on elevated freeways — but the tabula rasa was mythical. These were real cities and real people's
lives that had to be devastated before they could be rebuilt. Despite all this physical and mental
exertion, average road journey times in London have remained unchanged for a century.

45 In the first paragraph, the writer wishes to present traffic jams as

A one of the consequences of materialism.
B the result of hysteria.
C a staple of cinema critiques.
D the main element in scenes of death and destruction.

46 The writer draws a parallel between medical science and traffic in the second paragraph
to underline the
A deleterious effect of traffic on our health.
B tragic consequences traffic has for society.
C possibility that current thinking may be flawed.
D relationship between the mayor and medical practitioners.

47 What does the writer imply in the third paragraph?

A People are irrelevant to questions of urban traffic control.
B Congestion may not be so disastrous as we assume.
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C It is easier for pedestrians to use roads than for drivers.

D Pedestrians need traffic-free streets.

48 The connection between speed of circulation and profitability is shown to be

A less obvious than some people imagine.
B the only logical conclusion to be drawn.
C the reason why people in vehicles stay alive.
D the overriding consideration as far as planners are concerned.

49 The writer suggests that the compromise between the interests of motorists and
pedestrians
A makes walking a more exciting experience.
B is the only reasonable balance achievable.
C is essential for the good of pedestrians.
D has not proved satisfactory.

50 What is implied about the traffic management ploys referred to in the last paragraph?
A They are unnecessary.
B They are always too costly to implement.
C Their overall effectiveness is open to question.
D They invoke mythical principles.
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45 A
Traffic jams feature, too, in Jean Luc Godard's critique of consumerism run wild, Weekend
(1968). Following one gruesome pile-up, a hysterical woman runs back to the carnage, not to
help the dying, but to rescue her Hermes handbag.
46 C
But what if the mayor's 'diagnosis is wrong? Is it possible that traffic congestion is not a
symptom of urban disease, even less a sign of social meltdown, but rather a mark of robust
health?
47 B
If we don't have congestion, then, we have two alternatives: either fast-moving motor traffic or
no motor traffic. Is either situation actually any better than congestion?
48 A
The connection between the two notions still appears logical in many circles — a successful
economy or business is one in which money circulates, and profits accrue, speedily. But money
is an abstract and increasingly amorphous concept. Cars are not. Allowing hard, heavy, speeding
vehicles to come into contact with fleshy mortals is a recipe for disaster...Not only is the cost
prohibitive, in terms of money and destruction, but there are people inside those vehicles,
heading to a place where they will want to get out, walk about, stay alive.
49 D
Walking through many urban areas has become a pinball experience of pedestrian barriers,
bollards, street signage, constricted pavements, walk/don't walk signs, pedestrian underpasses,
overpasses, and jaywalking restrictions. Yet, in almost every city in the world, the violence
inflicted on human beings by motor vehicles still far outstrips the violence inflicted by crime.
Not much of a deal.
50 C
Despite all this physical and mental exertion, average road journey times in London have
remained unchanged for a century.
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Exercise 18.
You are going to read an extract from an article about cloning. For questions 45 — 50,
choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the text.
CLONING: WHERE IS IT TAKING US?
When the cloned sheep, Dolly, first hit, the newspapers, nearly 90 per cent of Americans found
human cloning morally repugnant. Perhaps no other moral issue in American history has
produced such near unanimity. But politicians have been reluctant to cement this consensus into
law. A bill recently introduced would have outlawed human cloning under a penalty of up to ten
years in prison. It lost under a hail of criticism that it would be an unnecessary impediment to
scientific research. This is a seductive argument, especially when cancer victims make it.
But the talk of concrete material benefits from cloning assumes that if it is permissible to
reproduce certain cells for certain purposes (eg — to reproduce a burn victim's remaining healthy
skin cells to produce a graft), it is permissible to reproduce human beings in a Petrie dish.
Humans are embodied beings, our souls and physical selves are profoundly intertwined. Cloning
would take the humanity out of human reproduction and, in so doing, rob our spirits of
something that cannot be replaced artificially. Furthermore, the manufacture of human beings on
demand without conception would turn people into made-to-order goods, and would in aggregate
debase our respect for human life.
Most advocates of cloning ignore the moral arguments and tempt us with small concrete benefits.
These potential benefits play on our current notions of rights and our culture of compassion in a
way that gives them considerable political force. But these arguments do not sustain scrutiny.
There is little disagreement about the profound effects the cloning of human beings would have
on human nature. However, some cloning apologists simply respond, "So what?"
We hear most often that cloning could provide perfectly compatible body parts for people who
need them, or that it could enable infertile couples to have "biological" offspring. It is hard to say
without sounding callous, but death and bodily infirmity are concomitant with human existence
and, in the long run, unavoidable. We live in a society where longevity is becoming a value in
itself, but longevity cannot justify a practice that is basically wrong. As for infertility, it is not
even a disabling sickness that, on humanitarian grounds, we should feel obliged to alleviate. It is
simply a limitation. There is nothing heartless about saying that people should resort to
alternatives besides cloning, like adoption.
When defenders of cloning talk about the brave new world of medical techniques it is important
to remember what cloning entails: the DNA-laden nucleus from a somatic cell is placed into a
denucleated egg and stimulated into growth with an electric shock. What begins to grow is a
"fertilised" egg, an embryo — not a kidney or any other disembodied piece of tissue.
Charles Krauthammer recently wrote about experiments in which headless mice were created,
and raised the spectre of headless humans used as organ factories: "There is no grosser
corruption of biotechnology than creating a human mutant and disembowelling it for spare
parts." Actually, there is perhaps one grosser corruption, for the "headless human" scenario is
still a science fiction nightmare: it is much easier to delete mouse genes (preventing the head
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from growing) than human genes. In the meantime, cloned organs would probably have to
develop within human foetuses, which would be aborted when the organs were ready. This is
called "organ farming": growing human life as material. Advocates of cloning like to sidestep the
idea of organ farming with visions of growing organs, not a foetus.
The infertility applications of cloning have nightmares of their own. Consider: a woman wants
"biological" children, but her ovaries do not work because of age or other reasons. She clones
herself. The foetus will be female, and have, inside her ovaries, a lifetime supply of eggs, exactly
identical to the woman's own eggs. The foetus is then aborted and the eggs harvested for
implantation in the woman. This is an option actually entertained by some fertility doctors, who
say they already see a market for it; cloning defenders celebrate this as a marvellous extension of
a woman's reproductive capabilities.
The fact that people are already inventing — and endorsing —such scenarios demonstrates the
corrosive magic this technology works on the notion of human dignity. Indeed, it is not just the
horrific applications but cloning itself that are abominations. For we human beings are
unavoidably defined by our biological, embodied natures. How we come into being is not trivial:
it is central to who we are.

45 In the first paragraph the writer suggests that Americans

A are not keen to ban human cloning.
B have ethical objections to human cloning.
C want a lot more research into human cloning.
D are divided on the issue of human cloning.

46 The writer argues in the second paragraph that human cloning

A goes against nature.
B will help certain people.
C diminishes human dignity.
D should be done in a laboratory.

47 According to the writer, the arguments for human cloning

A stress the ethical issue.
B refer to real advantages.
C persuade politicians.
D are not well-founded.

48 What point is the writer making about infertility?

A It should be treated by any means possible.
B It is an unavoidable part of life.
C It does not justify cloning.
D It is not an important issue.
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49 According to the writer, the creation of headless mice

A illustrates the potential direction of biotechnology.
B was done to create organs.
C makes it easier to create headless humans.
D is more wrongful than developing organs from human foetuses.

50 Which word sums up the writer's opinion of human cloning?

A exciting
B indefensible
C beneficial
D speculative
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45 B

nearly 90 per cent of Americans found human cloning morally repugnant.

46 C

Cloning would take the humanity out of human reproduction and, in so doing, rob our spirits of
something that cannot be replaced artificially.

47 D

But these arguments do not sustain scrutiny.

48 C

We live in a society where longevity is becoming a value in itself, but longevity cannot justify a
practice that is basically wrong. As for infertility, it is not even a disabling sickness that, on
humanitarian grounds, we should feel obliged to alleviate. It is simply a limitation.

49 A

Charles Krauthammer recently wrote about experiments in which headless mice were created,
and raised the spectre of headless humans used as organ factories: "There is no grosser
corruption of biotechnology than creating a human mutant and disembowelling it for spare parts.

50 B
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Exercise 19.

You are going to read an article about surveillance. For questions 34-40, choose the answer
(A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the text.

FREEDOM VS SECURITY
In much-vaunted rhetoric, the eleventh of September 2001 has gone down in history books as
'the day the world changed forever'. This was seen as a positive change, with the majority of
nations supporting a clamp-down on terrorism on an international basis, and calling for more co-
operation between intelligence agencies and police forces.

Unfortunately, a more sinister force was unleashed, and democratic countries that formerly
valued the freedom of the individual suddenly became the targets of criticism for non-
governmental organisations (NGOs) such as Amnesty International and civil liberties
campaigners like Statewatch, an independent group which monitors threats to privacy and civil
liberties in the European Union.

In some countries, civil liberties had already been compromised. Many Europeans had been
living with closed circuit television cameras in public places for many years, for example, and
accepted their existence as a necessary evil which would reduce the risk of street crimes, thus
assuring the safety of the majority. However, after the September 11th attacks, governments
hastily dusted off and revived ancient statutes or drafted sweeping new acts which were aimed at
giving themselves and the police considerably more powers with a view to cracking down on
terrorists, wherever they were to be found.

In the decade prior to 2001, government policies were put in place which aimed to provide
citizens with access to information. People were empowered to check their personal data to
ensure its accuracy wherever the data was held (ie — in banks, local government offices, etc).
Now, though, draconian measures were suddenly proposed, which included the storing of
personal communications, including all e-mails and phone calls, for at least one year, with all
telecommunications firms having to keep records of the names and addresses of their clients as
well as the numbers and addresses of calls and e-mails sent by them. Governments argued, quite
convincingly, that such measures were necessary to combat terrorism, and other benefits were
also played up, such as improved ability to track child abductors. While balking at the idea of
telephone-tapping and uncontrolled information-swapping among government agencies, the
public, by and large, have been receptive to other such measures, but they may yet live to regret
their compliance.

An independent study of 50 countries published in 2002 criticised Britain, in particular, over a

series of measures which, its authors say, have undermined civil liberties, especially since the
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September 11th attacks. They accuse the government of having placed substantial limitations on
numerous rights, including freedom of assembly, privacy, freedom of movement, the right to
silence and freedom of speech. The implementation of tough new measures severely limiting the
number of immigrants accepted by Western countries has also raised concerns among civil rights
groups, who point out that laws aimed at reducing global terrorism have penalised many
legitimate refugees fleeing war-torn countries or repressive regimes. Furthermore, these
measures have had far-reaching effects. Repressive regimes around the world have seized upon
the precedent being set by the West to legitimise their own previously questionable human rights
practices, with only NGOs like Amnesty International left to cry foul.

Individuals have unwittingly contributed to the erosion of their own personal freedom by
adopting new technologies that offer more convenience and security (eg — extensive use of
credit cards, smart cards, customer loyalty cards, etc), while compromising their freedom. It is
easier to trace a person's movements when such cards are used. Willingness to give up privacy in
exchange for security will remain a strong force, and some companies have jumped on the
bandwagon, offering "personal location" devices aimed at parents who fear for their children's
safety. Whilst this may seem reasonable, consider the following: at what age does a rebellious
teenager have the right to remove such a tracking chip?

It seems a strange concept that, in the twenty-first century, the very peoples who have fought for
their freedom of expression and movement and freedom of the press are now allowing their
governments to have access to personal and confidential information which would have been
unthinkable a decade ago. For countries like Britain to be found to have acted unlawfully by
discriminating against foreign nationals would also have been unthinkable once, given Britain's
strong legislation against racial discrimination and the existence of a commission whose sole
purpose is to investigate charges of such acts. There used to be a distinction between countries
which had poor records of human rights abuses and more liberal countries, but the dividing line
has become a trifle blurred.

George Orwell predicted that the age of surveillance would be 1984; he was 17 years out in his
calculations, but Orwell would have been horrified to discover that convenience and security
have become more important to the majority than basic human rights

34 In the second paragraph, the writer implies that

A certain NGOs are having to resort to undemocratic action.
B state repression is much more commonplace in countries that used to guard against it.
C civil liberties activists are endangering privacy.
D certain European Union countries lack respect for individual freedoms.
35 The writer indicates that before September 2001
A terrorism wasn't considered a threat in countries that now act against it.
B the police in some countries didn't have enough resources to fight terrorism.
C the police in some countries had been demanding more powers.
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D some countries had dispensed with laws that had given the police more powers.
36 What does the writer feel about government attitudes to the individual in the 1990s?
A There was a move towards building public confidence with regard to the subject of personal
information.
B No careful thought had been given to using personal communications to combat crime.
C. Information about phonecalls and e-mails wasn't kept long enough.
D. Government policies unwittingly encouraged child abductions.
37 What is the general attitude of citizens to the question of the right to privacy?
A. People see this as their inalienable right.
B. They are prepared to surrender their liberty to some extent.
C. People have been placated with jargon about reducing crime.
D. People are not convinced that their rights are under threat.
38 What point is made about tracing people's movements or activities through financial
transactions?
A. It makes people feel more secure.
B. People have willingly exchanged privacy for convenience.
C. It could help parents who fear for their children's safety.
D. People who rely on "plastic" money facilitate such surveillance.
39 What does the writer suggest about some of the new legislation in the second-last
paragraph?
A. Most people in the countries concerned find it unacceptable.
B. People had to struggle to achieve this.
C. It is contrary to the spirit of other existing legislation.
D. It is mainly relevant to foreigners.
40. What point does the writer make about George Orwell and his predictions?
A. Orwell would have been dismayed at the reasons underlying the current situation.
B. If he were alive, he would say that he had been right.
C. The prediction was fairly inaccurate.
D. Orwell would have been horrified by the importance of security.
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34 D
democratic countries that formerly valued the freedom of the individual suddenly became the
targets of criticism for non-governmental organisations (NGOs) such as Amnesty
International and civil liberties campaigners like Statewatch, an independent group which
monitors threats to privacy and civil liberties in the European Union.
35 D
In some countries, civil liberties had already been compromised. Many Europeans had been
living with closed circuit television cameras in public places for many years, for example, and
accepted their existence as a necessary evil which would reduce the risk of street crimes, thus
assuring the safety of the majority. However, after the September 11th attacks, governments
hastily dusted off and revived ancient statutes or drafted sweeping new acts which were aimed at
giving themselves and the police considerably more powers with a view to cracking down on
terrorists, wherever they were to be found.
36 A
In the decade prior to 2001, government policies were put in place which aimed to provide
citizens with access to information. People were empowered to check their personal data to
ensure its accuracy wherever the data was held (ie — in banks, local government offices,
etc).
37 B
While balking at the idea of telephone-tapping and uncontrolled information-swapping among
government agencies, the public, by and large, have been receptive to other such measures,
but they may yet live to regret their compliance.
38 D
Individuals have unwittingly contributed to the erosion of their own personal freedom by
adopting new technologies that offer more convenience and security (eg — extensive use of
credit cards, smart cards, customer loyalty cards, etc), while compromising their freedom.
39 C
For countries like Britain to be found to have acted unlawfully by discriminating against foreign
nationals would also have been unthinkable once, given Britain's strong legislation against
racial discrimination and the existence of a commission whose sole purpose is to investigate
charges of such acts
40 A
Orwell would have been horrified to discover that convenience and security have become more
important to the majority than basic human rights.
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Exercise 20.

You are going to read an excerpt from a book about oral culture in Britain in the 1600s.
For questions 31-36, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according
to the text.

The Confusions of Communication in Early Modern

England
In early modern England, there were so many dialects that it was almost impossible to speak of a
national language. The use of language clearly labelled its speaker, serving both to unite
communities and to exclude outsiders.

Given the often highly-localised nature of spoken English in the myriad speech communities
which made up England in the 1600s, it is hardly surprising that communication between them
could be very difficult. To those from outside a district or region, the vocabulary and
pronunciation of locals could be as opaque as any other foreign language. Unsurprisingly, given
the devices which characterise speech (i.e. inflection and intonation, rapid speed of delivery and
collo-quialisrhs), the practical business of comprehension did not so much rear its head on paper;
it revealed itself in oral culture. As Daniel Defoe acknowledged when he tried to portray the
dialect of Somerset, 'it is not possible to explain this fully by writing, because the difference is
not so much in the spelling of words, as in the tone, and diction'.

The confusions of communication in early modern England go some way towards explaining the
patterns of migration in the 17th century. Although a society in which people were highly
mobile, the great majority of movement and resettlement tended to be over relatively short
distances. Youngsters who travelled in search of service or apprenticeship, for example, usually
ventured no further than the nearest large town, often a distance of less than a dozen miles. They
rarely journeyed, in other words, outside their 'country, or speech community. As for those
individuals who were driven to seek subsistence or opportunity further afield, there is some
evidence to suggest that they gravitated towards the neighbourhoods of towns or cities where
other of their 'countrymen' were already settled. D - it was easy for locals to make their speech
incomprehensible and to feign misunderstanding of an unwitting outsider.

Interestingly, dialects varied not only between regions but also between particular trades and
groups of workers. Occupational speech patterns were thus superimposed upon an already
complex configuration of geographically determined ones, and individuals often belonged
simultaneously to a number of separate linguistic communities. Most specialised trades and
crafts had their own words for their particular tools and practices and in many cases different
professions used different terms to describe the same object. When Samuel Johnson came to
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compile his famous English dictionary, he was compelled to omit the bewildering terminology of
'art and manufacture' owing to its sheer size.

All of these many and varied vocabularies of region and community, of occupation and
manufacture, point to the highly variegated nature of popular culture in this period. Each of these
linguistic systems was the signifier of mentalities and world views which were often quite
specific to particular places or groups of people. That communication could be difficult between
localities and trades reflects the fact that early modern England was less a unified nation and
more a constellation of communities which, while they may have shared some common cultural
features, stubbornly clung to chauvinistic and exclusive ways of acting, perceiving, and
speaking. There is no more graphic reflection of this than the lack of a national market economy
at this time, due, among other masons, to the fact that many agricultural 'countries' had their own
weights and measures and used different words to describe them. Much quantifying was done
simply by rule-of-thumb. In Essex, John Ray noted that his neighbours spoke of a 'yaspen' or
'yeepsen', which meant as much of something 'as can be taken up in both hands joined together'.
Bushels, strikes and pecks all varied, not only from town to town but also according to the
commodity in question. Wheat and corn, peas and potatoes, apples and pears, all had their own
standards and all were contingent on place: a strike could be anything from half a bushel to four
bushels. Equally, in the case of land, measures depended on the region, as well as both the type
of soil and the nature of the crops grown in it.

This lack of standardisation is also evident in the many dialect words used to denote animals and
plants. There were, for example, over 120 different names nationwide to describe the smallest of
a litter of pigs. Such names given to animals and plants often betrayed the popular beliefs held
about the animal or the uses to which they were put, and the same applies to much of the prolific
dialect vocabulary. In this now obsolete local terminology can be found evidence of everyday
practices and habits, of social customs and modes of thought, which might otherwise have
remained obscure or forgotten were it not for the words which denoted them.

31 What can be inferred from Daniel Defoe's quote in paragraph 1?

A that we can never fully know how dialects were spoken in Britain in the 1600's.
B that there was widespread illiteracy in Britain in the 1600's.
C that regional accents in Britain were much stronger than they are today.
D that Defoe abandoned his attempt to record the dialect of Somerset.
32 What was a characteristic of migration in 17th century Britain?
A Most people migrated because of the need to find work.
B Most people viewed migration as a last resort.
C Migrants only moved within their speech community
D Migrants were not looked upon favourably.
33 The writer implies that occupational linguistic communities
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A were much harder to penetrate than geographic linguistic communities.

B had a larger vocabulary size than geographic linguistic communities.
C were an additional means by which to pigeonhole people.
D made learning a trade a very difficult task.
34 The writer suggests that a fundamental reason why Britain was not a unified nation in
the 1600's was
A there was virtually no trading of goods between communities.
B communities had no desire to lose their individuality.
C people in general could not communicate with each other.
D there was an excess of regional dialects in the country.
35 What can you deduce about bushels, strikes and pecks?
A They were types of vegetable.
B They were measures of weight.
C They were measures of land.
D They were trading commodities.
36 The writer concludes by saying the study of Britain's 17th century dialects
A has revealed Britons were a superstitious lot.
B at times brings confusion to the study of social history.
C has informed current farming practices.
D has brought to light many things about the mentality of the time.
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31 A

As Daniel Defoe acknowledged when he tried to portray the dialect of Somerset, 'it is not
possible to explain this fully by writing, because the difference is not so much in the spelling
of words, as in the tone, and diction'.

32 D

Strangers or 'foreigners' were, however, regarded with suspicion and treated accordingly

33 C

Occupational speech patterns were thus superimposed upon an already complex

configuration of geographically determined ones, and individuals often belonged
simultaneously to a number of separate linguistic communities.

34 B

That communication could be difficult between localities and trades reflects the fact that early
modern England was less a unified nation and more a constellation of communities which, while
they may have shared some common cultural features, stubbornly clung to chauvinistic and
exclusive ways of acting, perceiving, and speaking.

35 B

Much quantifying was done simply by rule-of-thumb. In Essex, John Ray noted that his
neighbours spoke of a 'yaspen' or 'yeepsen', which meant as much of something 'as can be taken
up in both hands joined together'. Bushels, strikes and pecks all varied, not only from town to
town but also according to the commodity in question

36 D

In this now obsolete local terminology can be found evidence of everyday practices and habits,
of social customs and modes of thought, which might otherwise have remained obscure or
forgotten were it not for the words which denoted them