EET301

Power Systems I
Module II
Suresh K Damodaran
9447002990
Professor
GECT
Syllabus
• Module II (10 Hours)
• Power Transmission System(Electrical Model)
• Line parameters -resistance- inductance and capacitance (Derivation of three phase
double circuit) –
• Transmission line modelling
• Classifications-short line, medium line, long line- transmission line as two port network
parameters -derivation and calculations
Line parameters (Constants)

• The transmission line has mainly four parameters:

• Resistance
• Inductance
• Capacitance and
• Shunt conductance
• These parameters are uniformly distributed along the line
• The conductance (G) is due to leakage current. It is very small, can be neglected
Line parameters (Constants)
• Line Resistance:
ρl
R dc = Ω
A
ρ = Resistivity of conductor (Specific resistance) in -m

l= Length of conductor in m

A= Area of crossetion in m2
ρ =dependson temperature
ρ 0 = Specific resistance at 00C

Specific resistance at t10 Cis given by,

ρ1 =ρ0 1+α 0 ( t1 -0 ) 

where α 0 =temperature coefficient at 00 C

Line parameters (Constants)
• Line Resistance:
Resistance at t10Cis given by,
R1 =R 0 1+α 0 ( t1 -0 ) 

R 0 = Resistance at 00C

α0 for copper is0.00427 α0 for aluminiumis0.00434

If the atmosperic temperatureis t 0C, then

R t1 =R t 1+α t ( t1 -t ) 
Line parameters (Constants)
• Inductance:
• A current carrying conductor produce, magnetic lines of force (magnetic flux) around it.
• Whenever the magnetic flux changes an emf induced in the conductor

Theinduced emf is given by,

dλ dλ di di
e= = . =L
dt di dt dt
dλ
L= is theinductncein Henry
di
• If the flux linkage is linear with the current,

λ
L= Henry
i
Line parameters (Constants)
• Inductance:
• If the current is sinusoidal with a rms value I, the flux linkage is also sinusoidal; say, rms value, ψ
• Then, ψ
L= Henry
I
• By Amper’s law, H (field strength) and I relates as,  H .dl = I enclosed

• The flux density H is given by, B = H

where,  = 0 r

where, 0 = 4  10−7 H / m is the permeability of free space and r is the relative permeability
Inductance of conductor due to internal flux
• A conductor with radius r carrying a current I Amps (rms)
• The return path is away from forward path so that no flux linkage due to return
current
• The magnetic lines of flux are concentric circles within the conductor
• Let the field intensity at x mtr from the center is Hx (const. at all points
equidistance from center)
• If Ix is the current enclosed at a distance x the from center
• By Amper’s law, the mmf around any closed path = the current enclosed by the Cross section
path of a conductor

 2 xH x = I x
• It is assumed that the current is uniformly distributed over the cross section of
the conductor
I I  x2  Ix Ix
 2 = x2  Ix =  2  I  Hx = = AT / m
r  x r  2 x 2 r 2
Inductance of conductor due to internal flux
• The flux density Bx at a distance x from the center,
I x
Bx =  H x = Wb / m 2

2 r 2
• Consider a tubular element of thickness dx,

I x
The flux / mtr length, d = Bx x 1x dx = dx Wb / m 2

2 r 2
  x2 
the flux line positioned at x(0  x  r ) links with  2  of thetotal current
 r  Cross section
of a conductor
 x2  I x3
thus the flux linkage for flux d is given by, d = 2 d = dx Wb − T / m
r 2 r 4

r
 I x3 I
 total internal flux linkage,  int = dx = Wb − T / m
0
2 r 4
8
since the conductor material is non − magnetic, r = 1,  = 0 = 4 10−7 H / m
4 10−7 I  int
 int = = 0.5I 10−7 Wb − T / m  Lint = = 0.5 10−7 H / m
8 I
Inductance of conductor due to external flux
• Consider two points D1 and D2 distance from the center of the conductor

the field intensity ' H x ' at a distance ' x ' is,  H . dl = I  2 xH

x x =I

I
I H x =
Flux density, Bx = Wb / m 2 x
2 x
I
The flux / mtr in the tubular element of thickness, dx is, d = Bx x1 x dx = dx Wb / m
2 x
I
this flux links the full current , thus, d = dx Wb − T / m
2 x
D2
I  I  D2 
 flux linkage up to a distance D2 is, ext = 
D1
2 x
dx = ln   Wb − T / m
2  D1 
taking r = 1,  = 0 = 4 10−7 H / m
D2
I D   ext −7  D2 
 ext = 
D1
2 x
dx = 2 10−7 I ln  2 
 D1 
 Lext =
I
= 2 10 ln   H / m
 D1 
Inductance of a single phase transmission line
• Consider a two wire transmission line with radius r,
spaced at a distance D
• The inductance of conductor due to internal and external
flux
• Assume that the flux produced by one conductor is
extended up to the center of other conductor and links full
current
• The flux linkage by a line beyond D+r is zero (since the current in the conductor is opposite
direction)
L1int = 0.5  10−7 H / m
D
L1ext = 2 10−7 ln   H / m
r
Totalinductancedue tocurrent in1, L1 = L1int + L1ext
D
= 0.5 10−7 + 2 10−7 ln  
r
Inductance of a single phase transmission line
1 D  −7  1
D 
L1 = 2 10−7  + ln    = 2 10  ln e + ln   
4

4 r   r 

   D
D
= 2 10−7  ln  −7
= 2 10  ln  H / m
 −
1   r' 
 re
4


−
1
D
r'= re 4
= 0.7788 r L1 = 0.4605log mH / m
r'

 D −7
Similarly, L2 = 2 10  ln  H / m
 r' 

Total inductance of the circuit, L = L1 + L2

D
−7 D L = 0.921log mH / m
L = 4 x10 ln H /m r'
r'
Flux linkage of one conductor in a group
• Let 1,2,3…n a group of conductors
• The current carried be the strands 1, 2, 3, …n are I1 , I 2 , I3 ,...I n
• Then the total current, I1 + I 2 + I3 ... + I n = 0
• Let us consider a point P, far away from the composite conductor
• Distance from each strand to point P as, D1 p , D2 p ,..., Dnp
• The flux linkage between the strand 1 and point P due to current I1 in strand 1
D1 p
 1P1 = 2 10 I1 ln
−7
Wb − T / m
r'
• The flux linkage between the strand 1 and point P due to current I2 in strand 2
D2 p
 1P 2 = 2 10−7 I 2 ln Wb − T / m
D12
• The flux linkage between the strand 1 and point P due to current In in strand n
Dnp
 1Pn = 2 10 I n ln
−7
Wb − T / m
D1n
Flux linkage of one conductor in a group
• The total flux linkage between the strand 1 and point P due to all current In in n strands
 1P =  1P1 + 1P 2 + ... + 1Pn
 −7
D1 p D2 p Dnp 
= 2 10  I1 ln + I 2 ln + ... + I n ln 
 r ' D12 D1n 

 1 1 1 
= 2 10−7  I1 ln + I 2 ln + ... + I n ln + I1 ln D1 p + I 2 ln D2 p + ... + I n ln Dnp 
 r' D12 D1n 
−7 1 1 1 
= 2 10  I1 ln + I 2 ln + ... + I n ln + I1 ln D1 p + I 2 ln D2 p + ... + I n −1 ln D( n −1) p − ( I1 + I 2 + ... + I n −1 ) ln Dnp 
 r' D12 D1n 
I1 + I 2 + ... + I n−1 + I n = 0
−7 1 1 1 D1 p D2 p D( n −1) p 
= 2 10  I1 ln + I 2 ln + ... + I n ln + I1 ln + I 2 ln + ... + I n −1 ln 
 r' D12 D1n Dnp Dnp Dnp
 
Flux linkage of one conductor in a group
• Because the point P is very far away from the composite conductor,
D1 p D2 p D( n −1) p
  ...  1
Dnp Dnp Dnp

D1 p D2 p D( n −1) p
 ln  ln  ...  ln 0
Dnp Dnp Dnp
 1 1 1 
 1P −7
= 2 10  I1 ln + I 2 ln + ... + I n ln  Wb − T / m
 r' D12 D1n 
• The effective radius r’ can be represented by D11 equation can be rewritten as,

 1 1 1 
 1 = 2 10  I1 ln
−7
+ I 2 ln + ... + I n ln  Wb − T / m
 D11 D12 D1n 
Flux linkage of a composite conductor lines
• Consider a single phase transmission line consisting of two composite conductors
• Current is assumed to be equally divided amongst all strands
• ‘A, B’ are forward and return conductor respectively
• Current in a single strand of A=I/m
• Current in a single strand of A=-I/n
• The flux linkage of strand 1 due to all current in all conductor is given by,
I  1 1 1  I 1 1 1 
 1 = 2 10−7  ln + I 2 ln + ... + I n ln  − 2  10 −7
 ln + I 2 ln + ... + I n ln  Wb − T / m
m  D11 D12 D1m  n  D11' D12' D1n 

I  1  I 1 
 1 = 2 10−7
 ln  − 2 10
−7
 ln 
m  D11 D12 ...D1m  n  D11' D12' D1n 

 1   1   n D11' D12' ...D1n 

 1 = 2 10 I  ln
−7 −7
 − 2 10 I  ln   1 = 2 10 I  ln
−7

 m D D ...D   n D D ...D   m D D ...D 
 11 12 1m   11' 12' 1n   11 12 1m 
Flux linkage of a composite conductor lines
• Inductance of a strand 1 of conductor A is
1  n D11' D12' ...D1n
−7

L1 = = 2m 10  ln  H /m
I   m D D ...D 
   11 12 1m 
m
• Inductance of a strand 2 of conductor A is
2  n D21' D22' ...D2 n
−7

L2 = = 2m 10  ln  H /m
I   m D D ...D 
   21 22 2m 
m
 n Dm1' Dm 2' ...Dmn
m −7

• Similarly, inductance of a strand m of conductor A is Lm =  I  = 2m 10  ln m H / m

 Dm1 Dm 2 ...Dmm 
 
m
• The average inductance of conductor A is
L1 + L2 + L3 ... + Lm
LA, ave =
m
Flux linkage of a composite conductor lines
• Conductor A composed of m strands, electrically in parallel
• Here all the strands have different inductance
• Therefore, inductance of conductor A is
LA, ave L1 + L2 + L3 ... + Lm
LA = =
m m2
 mn ( D11' D12' ...D1n )( D21' D22' ...D2 n )...( Dm1' Dm 2' ...Dmn )  D 
−7
LA = 2 10 ln  2  = 2 10−7 ln  m 
 m ( D D ...D )( D D ...D )...( D D ...D )   Ds 
 11 12 1m 21 22 2m m1 m2 mm 

• The numerator Dm is known as Geometric Mean Distance (GMD) or Mutual GMD

Dm = mn ( D11' D12' ...D1n )( D21' D22' ...D2 n )...( Dm1' Dm 2' ...Dmn )
• The numerator Ds is known as Geometric Mean Radius (GMR) or Self GMD

Ds = m ( D11 D12 ...D1m )( D21 D22 ...D2 m )...( Dm1 Dm 2 ...Dmm )

2

• Total inductance L= LA +LB

Transposition of overhead lines
• When the conductor of a s phase lines are not spaced symmetrically, the flux linkage and
inductance per phase are not same
• The unbalance magnetic and electric fields induces voltage in the power lines can induce
unwanted voltages and currents in nearby communication circuits
• This undesirable characteristics is overcome by interchanging the position of conductors
at regular intervals.
Inductance of a 3 phase line with symmetrical spacing
• Consider a 3 phase conductor with radius ‘r’ and spacong ‘D’
• Assume the current is balanced, Ia+Ib+Ic =0
• Flux linkage of cond. a due to current in all conductors
D
 a = 2 x10−7 I a ln
r'

• Inductance of cond. a/unit length,

a D
La = 2 x10−7 I a ln H /m
Ia r'
Inductance of a 3 phase line with unsymmetrical spacing
• Ave flux linkage of conductor ‘a’
 a1 + a 2 + a 3
a =
3
−7
3 D12 D23 D31
= 2 x10 I a ln
r'
a −7 D12 D23 D31
3
La = = 2 x10 ln H /m
Ia r'
−7
Deq
= 2 x10 ln H /m
r'

where, Deq = 3 D12 D23 D31

Inductance of double circuit 3 phase line with
unsymmetrical spacing
• The GMD of the conductor in phase a with other
conductors in position 1
1
GMD1 = Dm1 = ( d  2d  h  g ) 4

• In position 2
1
Dm 2 = ( d  d  g  g ) 4

• In position 3 1
Dm3 = ( d  2d  h  g ) 4
Transposed double circuit line

• Equivalent GMD
GMD = Dm = 3 Dm1  Dm 2  Dm 3

 14 1 1 1
 1 1
 1 1 1 1

=  2  d  h  g  d  g  2  d  h  g 
3 2 4 4 2 2 4 2 4 4

   
1 1 1 1
= 2 d h g
6 2 6 3
Inductance of double circuit 3 phase line with
unsymmetrical spacing
Self GMD (GMR) of phase aa' conductors in position 1,
GMR 1 =Ds1 = r ' f
Self GMD (GMR) of phase aa' conductors in position 2,
Ds2 = r ' h
Self GMD (GMR) of phase aa' conductors in position 3,
Ds3 = r ' f Transposed double circuit line
Equivalent GMR, 1 1 1 1

Ds = ( r '3 f 2 h ) 6 = r '2 f 3 h 6
1 1 1 1 1 1
d g
1
Dm 2 d h g
6 2 6 3 2 3
Inductance/phase = 2  10 ln
-7
= 2  10 ln
-7
= 2  10 ln 2     H m ph
-7 6
Ds 1 1 1
 r'  f 
r' f h
2 3 6

Here the conductors of two phases are placed diagonally opposite. plane, in all the three positions.
By doing this the self GMD of the conductors is increased whereas the GMD reduced, thereby the
inductance per phase in lowered.
Skin Effect
• The ac distribution in a wire is not uniform, current density near the surface is more than near to
the center. This effect is known as skin effect.
• Due to this effect the effective ac resistance becomes more than the dc resistance.
• The conductor consisting of large number of annular filaments, each
carrying a small part of current.
• The filament near the center are surrounded by a greater magnetic flux and
hence larger inductance
• The high reluctance of the inner filament causes the ac to flow near the
surface of the conductor
• Skin effect depends on:
• Nature of material
• Diameter of conductor- increases with dia of wire
• Frequency- increases with frequency
• Shape of wire- less for stranded wire
• Resistivity of material
• Permability of material
Proximity Effect
• Consider two conductors are placed closer to each other
• The inductance of the conductor due to internal and external flux linkage
• The flux linkage on a conductor due the flux produced by the other conductor is more the farther part of the
conductor
• Therefore the current density is more at the farther part of the
• Proximity effect depends on:
• Diameter of conductor-
• Frequency
• Resistivity of material
conductor
• Permeability of material
• Distance between the conductor
Potential difference between two points due to a charge
• Consider a long straight conductor carrying a charge ‘Q’ coulombs/m
• According to the Gauss’s theorem, the field intensity, E at a distance x from the circle

Q
E= V /m
2 x

• The potential difference between two points P1 and P2 is;

D1 D1
Q Q  D2 
V = −  Edx = −  dx = ln  
D2 D2
2 x 2  D1 
• Negative sign used as unit charge is moving against the field

If the medium is air,  will be equal to  0

Capacitance of a Single phase line
• Consider two conductors A and B separated by distance D
• Charge density at conductor A is Q coulombs/m and conductor
radius r
• The electric field intensity at P situated at x meters from the center
of cond. A will be,
Q
E= V /m
2 x

• The electric field intensity at P from the center of cond. B having charge density –Q
coulombs/m (due to return path current I) will be,
−Q
E= V /m
2 ( D − x )
• Since both the fields are in the same direction, the total electricity field intensity at P will be

Q Q
Ex = +
2 x 2 ( D − x )
Capacitance of a Single phase line
• The potential difference between the cond. will be,
r
Q D−r
VAB = −  Ex dx = ln ( x ) − ln ( D − x )  r
D −r
2

Q
= ln ( D − r ) − ln ( r ) + ln ( D − r ) 
2

Q  (D − r)
= ln 
  r 

D Q
If D r , ( D − r )  r  VAB = ln  
  r 
Q 
• The capacitance between the conductor will be, C AB = = F /m
V D
ln  
r
Capacitance of a Single phase line
• The capacitance of the conductor with respect to neutral will be

2
C AN = CBN = F /m
D
ln  
r
Effect of Earth on Capacitance
• The earth can be assumed as a perfect conductor in the form of a
horizontal plane of infinite length
• The presence of earth alter the electric field of the line and affects its
capacitance
• Consider a single phase line conductor a and b placed at a height h above
groung. a’ and b’ represents their images

 Qa Dab Qb r Qa' Dba ' Qb' D 

Dab ' = Dba ' = D 2 + ( 2h )
2
Vab =  ln + ln + ln + ln bb '  Since,
 2 r 2 Dab 2 Daa ' 2 Dab ' 

   
( )
2
1  D r D 2
+ 2 h 2h  
Vab = Q ln − Q ln − Q ln + Q ln  1 D 1 
2  r D 2h D 2
+ ( 2 h )
2  = Q ln  
    r 1+ D
2

 ( 2 h )
2 
Q   
Cab = = F /m
Vab  
D 1 
ln 
r 2 
 1 + D / ( 2h )  
 2
  
Capacitance of unsymmetrical three phase lines
• The line is transposed, therefore ave. capacitance of each conductor to P
neutral is same for all lines
Da
• Let point P be at a large distance D from the system, such that Da, Db and a Db
Dc are approximately same
b c
Dc
• It is required to find out the potential of cond. A due to charges Qa Qb
and Qc per unit length of the conductors a
c b
• Taking Qa as reference charge Qb = Qa  − 120 and Qc = Qa 120

• The potential of cond. a with respect to P due to charge on the cond. Itself,
Qa D 
Vaa = ln  a 
2 0  r 

Since the medium is air,  will be equal to  0

Capacitance of unsymmetrical three phase lines
P
• Similarly, potential of cond. a due to Qb and Qc are, Da
a Db
Qb  Db  Qc  Dc 
ln   and ln  
2 0  c  2 0  b  b Dc
c

1   Da   Db   Dc   c a b
 Va1 = Q ln   + Q ln + Q
  c   ln
2 0 
a b
 r   c   b 
• Similarly, potential of cond. a in the other two positions

1   Db   Dc   Da   P
 Va2 = Q ln   + Q ln   c + Q ln 
2 0 
a b
 r   a   c  Position 2
Da
c Db
1   Dc   Da   Db  
Va3 = Q ln   + Q ln + Q
  c   ln b c
2 0  Dc
a b
 r   b   a 
a a
b
Capacitance of unsymmetrical three phase lines

• The ave. voltage of phase a with respect to point P, V = a V 1

+ Va
2
+ Va
3

a
3
1   Da Db Dc   Da Db Dc   Da Db Dc  
=  Qa ln   + Qb ln   + Qc ln  
6 0   r 3
  abc   abc 
Now Qa + Qb + Qc = 0 Qb + Qc = −Qa
1   Da Db Dc   Da Db Dc  
Va =  Qa ln   + ( Qb + Qc ) ln  
6 0   r 3
  abc 
1   Da Db Dc   Da Db Dc  
=  Qa ln   − Qa ln  
6 0   r 3
  abc  Here, GMD is
Qa  abc  Qa 3
abc Qa GMD nothing but the Self
= ln  3  = ln = ln GMD, Dm
6 0  r  2 0 r 2 0 r

Q 2 0 For symmetrical spacing a = b = c = D  C =

2 0
C= a = F /m D
F /m
Va ln GMD ln
r
Capacitance of double circuit line

• Two configuration used; Hexagonal Spacing and Flat Vertical a D

c'
Spacing
• Hexagonal Spacing D
• Assume a point P very far away from the system of conductors so
b 3𝐷 2D b'
that the distance of the conductor from P are almost same
• The potential of conductor a [Link] point P due to the charge on the
D
conductor itself and charge on conductors b, c, a’, b’ and c’ is given by

c a'
Qa D Q D Q D Q D Q D Q D
Va = ln a + b ln b + c ln c + a ' ln a ' + b ' ln b ' + c ' ln c '
2 0 r 2 0 D 2 0 3D 2 0 2 D 2 0 3D 2 0 D

Since Qa = Qa ' , Qb = Qb ' , Qc = Qc '

1   Da Da '   Db Db '   Dc Dc '  

Va = Qa  ln + ln  + Qb  ln + ln  + Qc  ln + ln 
2 0   r 2D   D 3D   3D D 
Capacitance of double circuit line

1  1 1 1 
Va = Qa ln ( Da Da ' ) + Qb ln ( Db Db ' ) + Qc ln ( Dc Dc ' ) + Qa ln + Qb ln + Qc ln 
2 0  2 Dr 3D 2 2
3D 

Since Da Da ' = Db Db ' = Dc Dc '

1 1  1 1 
Va = ( Qa + Qb + Qc ) ln ( Da Da ' ) + Qa ln + ( Qb + Qc ) ln 
2 0 2 0  2 Dr 2
3D 

Alsosince Qa + Qb + Qc = 0 Q  1 1  Qa 3D
Va = a  ln − ln  = ln
2 0  2 Dr 2
3D  2 0 2r

Qa 2 0 There are two conductors per phase

C= = F / m / conductor
Va 3D 4 0
ln C = F / m / phase
2r 3D
ln
2r
Capacitance of double circuit line

• Flat Vertical Spacing

a h c' c b' b a'
• The conductors of different phases are not g
symmetrically placed d
b f b' a a' c c'
• The ave. voltage of con. a in three different
positions due to potential of conductors b, c, a’, b’
and c’ is given by
c a' b c' a b'
• Assume a point P very far away from the system of
conductors so that the distance of the conductor 1 2 3
from P are almost same
• The potential of cond. a in position 1
1  Da Db Dc Da ' Db ' Dc ' 
V =
1
 Qa ln + Qb ln + Qc ln + Qa ' ln + Qb ' ln + Qc ' ln
2 0  h 
a
r d 2d f g

Da Db Dc Da ' Db ' Dc ' ; Qa + Qb + Qc = 0; Qa = Qa ' , Qb = Qb ' , Qc = Qc '

1  1 1 1 
Va1 = Q ln + Q ln + Q ln
2 0  2dh 
a b c
rf dg
Capacitance of double circuit line

• The potential of conductor a in position 2 1  1 1 1 

V =
2
 Qa ln + Qb ln + Qc ln 
2 0 
a
rh dg dg 

1  1 1 1 
• The potential of conductor a in position 3 Va3 = Q ln + Q ln + Q ln
2 0  dg 
a b c
rf 2dh

• The ave. potential of cond. a in three positions

1  1 1 
1  1 1 1  = Q ln − Q ln
Va = Q ln + Q ln + Q ln 6 0  2d 3 g 2 h 
a a
r 3 f 2h
6 0  2d 3 g 2 h 
a b c
r 3 f 2h 2d 3 g 2 h
2/3
Qa 2d 3 g 2 h Qa 3
2d  g 
= ln 3 2 = ln  
6 0 r f h 2 0 r f 

Q 2 0 4 0
C= a = 2/3
F / m / cond . C= 2/3
F / m / phase
Va 2d  g 
3
2d  g 
3
ln ln
r  f  r  f 
Transmission Line Modelling

Power delivered at receiving end

% Efficiency of transmission line = x100
Power send from sending end
Power delivered at receiving end
= x100
Power delivered at receiving end + losses

No-load voltage - Full load voltage

%Regulation= x100
Full load voltage
V ' - Vr
= r x100
Vr
• Classification of lines
• Short lines: length less the 80km. The line charging capacitance is ignored. Series resistance and
inductance are treated as lumped parameter
• Medium lines: length 80 to 160 km. Nominal -T and Nominal- π representations. Accordingly, the
shunt capacitance is lumped at the middle or each half of the lumped shunt capacitance arranged at
the two ends of the line
• Long line: length more than 160 km. Parameters are distributed and rigorous calculations are
required
Short Transmission Line
Vs jI r X

Vr Ir R

s
r Ir

From the phasor diagram,

Vs cos s = Vr cos r + I r R

Vs sin s = Vr sin r + I r X

Vs2 = (Vr cos r + I r R ) + (Vr sin r + I r X )

2 2

= Vr2 + 2 I r RVr cos r + 2 I r XVr sin r + I r2 ( R 2 + X 2 )

2
2 I r Rr cos r 2 I r X sin r I r The last term is negligible small
Vs = Vr 1 + + + 2 ( R2 + X 2 )
Vr Vr Vr
Short Transmission Line
Vs jI r X
1
  2 I r Rr cos r 2 I r X r sin r  2
Vs = Vr 1 +  + 
  V r Vr 
Vr
Using Taylor series of expansion and neglecting the higher order terms, Ir R

s
Vs  Vr + I r Rr cos r + I r X r sin r r Ir

Since there is no shunt part,

Is = Ir Vs = Vr
Vs − Vr  I r Rr Ir X r 
%regulation = x100 =  cos r + sin r  x100
Vr  rV V r 

regulation per unit = vr cos r + vx sin r

where vr and vx are the per unit values of resistance and reactance of the line
Generalised Circuit Constants

• A transmission line can be represented as a two-port network Is Ir

Vs = AVr + BI r I s = CVr + DI r Vs Vr

where A, B, C, D are the constants of the network

V V I Is
A= s B= s C= s D=
Vr Ir Vr Ir =0
Ir Vr = 0
Ir =0 Vr = 0

The A, B, C, D constants are related for a passive network as, AD − BC = 1

From the eqvt. network,
Vs = Vr + I r Z
Is = Ir
• Comparing with the constants of transmission line,
A = 1, B = Z , C = 0, D = 1
• Substituting these values, we get AD − BC = 1
Generalised Circuit Constants

• Normally the P, Ir ,cos r at the receiving end and A,B,C, D constants Is Ir

are given. Then determine Vs using, Vs Vr

Vs = AVr + BI r
• To determine the no-load voltage at receiving end Vr’ use eqn.
Vs
Vr ' =
A Ir =0
Vs
− Vr
%regulation = A x100
Vr

Power received at the receivind end

% = x100
Power received at the receivind end + losses
P
= x100
P + 3I r R
2
Medium transmission lines
• Length 80 to 160 km.
• Nominal -T and Nominal- π representations.
• Shunt capacitance is lumped at the middle or each half of the lumped shunt capacitance arranged
at the two ends of the line

Nominal -T configuration Nominal- π configuration

Medium Transmission Lines
• Nominal -T
• Receiving end current Ir is taken as reference vector
R X
Vc = (Vr cos r + jVr sin r ) + I r  + j 
2 2
I c = jCVc

I s = I c + I r = jCVc + I r

R X
Vs = Vc + I s  + j 
2 2
R X R X
Vs = (Vr cos r + jVr sin r ) + I r  + j  + I s  + j 
2 2 2 2
Medium Transmission Lines
• Nominal -T
• To calculate regulation, no-load receiving end voltage Vr’
is required
• For this the nominal-T circuit is reduced as shown

 j 
Vs  −
 C  %regulation =
Vr '− Vr
Vr ' = Vr
R X j
+j −
2 2 C
• % = Power delivered at receiving end
x100
Power delivered at receiving end + loss

Power delivered at receiving end P

% = % = x100
R 2 2
Power sent at sending end
P+3
2
( Ir + Is )
Eqvt. Circuit under no load
Medium Transmission Lines
• To determine A,B,C,D constants,
Vs = AVr + BI r I s = CVr + DI r

 Z
I s = I c + I r = YVc + I r = Y  Vr + I r  + I r
 2
 YZ 
ie, I s = YVr + I r 1 + 
 2 

Z  Z   Z Z
Vs = Vc + I s =  Vr + I r  + Y  Vr + I r  + I r 
2  2   2 2
I r Z YZVr I r YZ 2 I r Z  YZ   Z YZ 2 Z   YZ   YZ 2 
= Vr + + + + = Vr 1 +  + Ir  + +  = Vr 1 +  + Ir  Z + 
2 2 4 2  2   2 4 2   2   4 
 YZ   YZ 
ie, Vs = Vr 1 +  r 1 +
+ I Z 
 2   4 
 YZ   YZ 
• Comparing the coefficients A = D = 1 +  B = Z 1 +  C =Y
 2   4 
• From the above it is clear that, AD-BC=1
 Medium Transmission Lines
• Nominal -π
• Receiving end current Vr is taken as reference vector
Vs = Vr + Il Z I l = I r + I c1

I r = I r ( cosr − j sin r ) C
I c1 = jVr
2
C
 I l = I r ( cosr − j sin r ) + jVr
2
 C 
Vs = Vr + ( R + jX )  I r ( cosr − j sin r ) + jVr 
 2 

C  C  C
I s = I l + I c2 = I l + jVs =  I r ( cosr − j sin r ) + jVr  + jVs
2  2  2

 C  C   C  
=  I r ( cosr − j sin r ) + jVr + j  Vr + ( R + jX )  I r ( cosr − j sin r ) + jVr 
 2  2   2  
Medium Transmission Lines
• Nominal -π
• To calculate regulation, no-load receiving end voltage Vr’
is required
• For this the nominal- π circuit is reduced as shown
 
 j
Vs  − 
C Vr '− Vr
  %regulation =
Vr ' =  2 
j
Vr
R + jX −
C
2
• % = Power delivered at receiving end
x100
Power delivered at receiving end + loss

Power delivered at receiving end

% = % =
P
x100
Power sent at sending end P + 3I l R
2

Eqvt. Circuit under no load

Medium Transmission Lines
• To determine A,B,C,D constants,
Vs = AVr + BI r I s = CVr + DI r

Y
Vs = Vr + Il Z I l = I r + I c1 = I r + Vr
2
 Y
 Vs = Vr + I l Z = Vr + Z  I r + Vr 
 2
 YZ 
ie, Vs = Vr 1 +  + ZI r
 2  Y Y
I s = I l + I c2 = I r + Vr + Vs
Y  2  2 Y  Y Y Y YZ Y 2Z
= I r + Vr +  Vr + Z  I r + Vr   = I r + Vr + Vr + I r + Vr
2   2  2 2 2 2 4
 YZ   YZ 
ie, I s = Vr Y 1 +  r 1 +
+ I 
 4   2 
 YZ   YZ 
• Comparing the coefficients A = D =  1 +  ; B = Z ; C = Y 1 + 
 2   4 

• From the above it is clear that, AD-BC=1

Long Transmission Lines
• For accurate solutions, in case the lines are more than 160
km long, the parameters must be taken as distributed
uniformly along the length
• Hence, the voltages and currents will vary from point to
point on the line

• Let,
z = series impedance per unit length
y = shunt admittance per unit length
l = length of the line
Z = zl = total series impedance
Y = yl = total shunt admittance

• For analysis consider the elemental length Δx at x distance

from receiving end
• V and I are voltage and current x distance
• V+ΔV and I+ΔI are voltage and current x+Δx distance

V = zI x I = yV x
Equivalent of a differential length of line
Long Transmission Lines

V I dV dI
= zI = yV when x → 0 = zI = yV
x x dx dx

d 2V dI d 2V
Differentiating we get 2
= z = zyV ie, 2
− zyV = 0
dx dx dx
Solution to this equation is V = Ae yz . x
+ Be − yz . x
= Ae x + Be − x

where  = yz is called the propagation const.

ie,  =  + j ,  iscalled theattenuationconst. and  iscalled phaseconst.

yz
Also,
dV
= A e x − B e − x = zI I=

( Ae x
− Be − x
) I=
z
( Ae x − Be− x )
dx z
yz yz y 1
I=
z
( Ae x − Be− x ) =
z 2 ( Aex
− Be − x
) =
z
( Aex
− Be − x
) =
Zc
( Ae x − Be− x )

z
Thecharacteristicimpedance, Z c =
y
Long Transmission Lines
1
x
V = Ae + Be − x
I=
Zc
( Ae x − Be − x ) At , x = 0 V = Vr and I = I r
1 Vr + I r Z c V −I Z
ie, Vr = A + B and I r = ( A − B ) A= B= r r c
Zc 2 2

Vr + I r Z c  x Vr − I r Z c − x 1  Vr + I r Z c  x Vr − I r Z c − x 
V = e + e and I =  e − e 
2 2 Zc  2 2 

Note:
It can be seen that V and I are functions of the distance x, receiving end voltage Vr and current
Ir and the parameters of the line, which means they vary as we move from receiving end
towards the sending end
z r + j L
The quantities Zc and  are complex, Z c = =
y g + jC

L
For a losslessline r = 0, g = 0 Z c = Zc is called surge impedance loading
C
Long Transmission Lines

Let us rewrite the equation V = Ae x + Be− x by sustituting the values of A and B

Vr + I r Z c  x Vr − I r Z c − x
V= e + e
2 2
Vr + I r Z c  x  x Vr − I r Z c − x −  x
V= e e + e e
2 2
incedent voltage wave reflected voltage wave

Simillarly the current wave equation is also the sum of incident current wave and reflected current wave

e x + e −  x e x − e −  x
V = Vr + I r Zc =Vr cosh  x + I r Zc sinh  x
2 2
1  e x − e −  x e x + e −  x  1 Vr
I= Vr + I r Zc  = Vr sinh  x + I r Zc cosh  x  = sinh  x + I r cosh  x
Zc  2 2  Zc Zc
Long Transmission Lines

V = Vr cosh  x + I r Z c sinh  x

For x=l, V=Vs and I=Is

sinh  l
Vs = Vr cosh  l + I r Z c sinh  l I s = Vr + I r cosh  l
Zc
Comparing these equations with the general equation Vs = AVr + BI r I s = CVr + DI r

A = D = cosh  l

B = Z c sinh  l

sinh  l
C=
Zc