WELCOME
MAGNETO HYDRO
DYNAMICS (MHD) SYSTEM
Contents
● Introduction
● Need of MHDs
● Principle Of MHD Power Generation
● Types of MHD SYSTEM
● Open Cycle MHD System
● Closed Cycle MHD System
● Diffrence between Open Cycle and Closed Cycle MHD System
● Advantages OF MHD System
● Disadvantages of MHD System
● Applications
● Conclusion
Introduction
Magneto HydroDynamic (MHD) system is a non-
conventional source of energy which is based upon
Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction, which
states that energy is generated due to the
movement of an electric conductor inside a
magnetic field.
● Magneto Hydro Dynamic (MHD) Generation produces direct
current (DC) supply.
The reason lies in its basic principle of electromagnetic
induction (Faraday’s Law) combined with the motion of
charged particles in a magnetic field.
● Magneto Hydro Dynamic (MHD) Generation म सीधे DC सप्लाई पैदा होती है
इसका कारण है क इसका मूल स ांत फ़ैराडे का व त ं क य रे ण नयम (Faraday’s
ु चुब
Law of Electromagnetic Induction) है
Concept given by Michael Faraday in
1832 for the first time.
MHD System widely used in
advanced
countries.
Under construction in INDIA.
Need of MHDs
At present a plenty of energy is needed to sustain industrial and
agricultural production, and the existing conventional energy
sources like coal, oil, uranium etc are not adequate to meet the
ever increasing energy demands. Consequently, efforts have been
made for harnessing energy from several non-conventional
energy sources like Magneto Hydro Dynamics(MHD) System.
Principle Of MHD Power
Generation
Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction : When an
electric conductor moves across a magnetic field, an
emf is induced in it, which produces an electric current .
Working Principle:
Ionised gas (plasma) is passed through a magnetic fi[Link]
plasma contains charged particles (electrons and ions).When
these charged particles move in the magnetic field, they
experience a Lorentz Force:
Lorentz Force on the charged particle
(vector),
F = q(v × B)
where,
● v = velocity of the particle (vector)
● q= charge of the particle (scalar)
● B = magnetic field (vector)
● Use of Electrodes:
● Electrodes are placed on the sides of इलेक् ोड्स का योग (Use of
the plasma channel. Electrodes):गैस चैनल के दोन कनार पर
● Electrons move towards one इलेक् ोड लगाए जाते ह इलेक् ॉन्स एक दशा म
electrode and ions towards the
और आयन्स वपरीत दशा म खचते ह इससे
opposite electrode.
● This movement creates a continuous इलेक् ोड्स के बीच नरंतर (unidirectional)
unidirectional voltage across the वोल्टेज उत्प होता है
electrodes. सीधे DC सप्लाई (Direct DC
● Direct DC Output: Output):इलेक् ोड्स पर मलने वाला वोल्टेज
● The voltage obtained across एक ही दशा का होता है, यानी DC सप्लाई
electrodes is in one fixed direction, यहाँ कोई रोटे टग पाट (जैसे अल्टरनेटर) नह
hence DC.
होता, इस लए AC उत्प होने क संभावना
● Unlike an alternator, there are no
rotating parts that would reverse
नह रहती
polarity. AC क्य नह बनती?- AC बनाने के लए
● Why not AC? आवश्य़क है क चुंबक य फ्लक्स समय के साथ
● AC generation requires the magnetic बदले या उलटे MHD म चुंबक य े और गैस
flux to change or reverse with time. वाह र दशा म होते ह इस कारण केवल
● In MHD, both plasma flow and the DC वोल्टेज ही उत्प होता है
magnetic field remain steady in
direction.
● Therefore, only direct current (DC) is
produced.
Comparison between a
Turbo generator and a MHD
generator
Types of
MHD SYSTEM
(1)Open cycle System
(2)Closed cycle System
(i)Seeded inert gas systems
(ii) Liquid metal systems
OPEN CYCLE MHD SYSTEM
HYBRID MHD STEAM
PART OPEN CYCLE
CLOSED CYCLE MHD SYSTEM
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN OPEN CYCLE
AND CLOSED CYCLE SYSTEM
Open Cycle System
Closed Cycle System
● Working fluid after generating
● Working fluid is recycled to the
electrical energy is
heat sources and thus is used
discharged to the
again.
atmosphere through a stack .
● Operation of MHD generator is
● Helium or argon(with cesium
done directly on combustion
seeding) is used as the working
products .
fluid.
● Temperature requirement :
● Temperature requirement :
2300˚C to 2700˚C.
about 530˚C.
● More developed.
● Less developed.
NEED FOR FURTHER
RESEARCH
● The MHD channel operates on extreme
conditions of temperature, magnetic and electric
fields .
● So, numerous technological advancements are
needed prior to commercialization of MHD
systems .
● Search is on for better insulator and electrode
materials which can with stand the electrical,
thermal, mechanical and thermo-chemical
stresses and corrosion.
ADVANTAGES OF MHD
SYSTEM
● Conversion efficiency of about 50% .
● Less fuel consumption.
● Large amount of pollution free power generated .
● Ability to reach full power level as soon as started.
● Plant size is considerably smaller than conventional fossil fuel plants .
● Less overall generation cost.
● No moving parts, so more reliable .
DISADVANTAGES
OF MHD SYSTEM
● Suffers from reverse flow (short circuits) of
electrons through the conducting fluids around
the ends of the magnetic field.
● Needs very large magnets and this is a
major expense.
● High friction and heat transfer losses.
● High operating temperature.
● Coal used as fuel poses problem of molten
ash which may short circuit the electrodes.
Hence, oil or natural gas are much better
fuels for MHDs. Restriction on use of fuel
makes the operation more expensive.
APPLICATIONS
● Power generation in space craft.
● Hypersonic wind tunnel experiments.
● Defense application.
CONCLUSION
The MHD power generation is in advanced stage
today and closer to commercial utilization.
Significant progress has been made in development
of all critical components and sub system
technologies. Coal burning MHD combined steam
power plant promises significant economic and
environmental advantages compared to other coal
burning power generation technologies. It will not
be long before the technological problem of MHD
systems will be overcame and MHD system
would transform itself from non- conventional to
conventional energy sources.
THANK YOU !!