EXTRACTION
EXTRACTION
PRESENTED BY
TEJASWINI MOHANTY
Introduction
❑ Extraction refers as to process for the isolation of the active ingredients from
drug materials.
❑ This may be by physical means or by dissolving in a suitable medium
menstruum or solvents and obtained the therapeutically desirable portion and
eliminate the inert material from crude drugs.
❑ Extraction of crude drugs can be carried out by various processes, and the
selection of process depends on the chemical properties of the drug's active
constituents.
❑ The separation of medicinally active portions of plant or animal tissues from the
inactive or inert components by using selective solvents.
❑ In this method the wanted components are dissolved by the use of selective
solvents known as menstruum & undissolved part is a marc.
Ideal characteristics of menstrum
❑ Be highly selective for the compound to be extracted.
❑ Not react with the extracted compound or with other compounds in the plant
material
❑ Have a low price.
❑ Be completely volatile.
❑ Should not mix up with water.
❑ Should have the big capacity in relation to extractive.
❑ The density of solvent should be difference from water density.
❑ Should have the minimum viscosity.
❖ Some crude drugs contains a number of constituents that may be soluble in a
given solvent, the products of extraction , termed extractives, do not contain
just a single constituents but rather varying constituents, depending on the
drug used and condition of extraction.
❖ Extractive solvents are highly selective in nature because some active
ingredients are soluble in particular solution.
Methods of Extraction
Infusion Decoction
Methods
of Digestion
Extraction
Percolation Maceration
Infusion
❑ Fresh infusions are prepared by macerating the crude drug for a short period
of time with cold or boiling water.
❑ These are dilute solutions of the readily soluble constituents of crude drugs.
❑ Infusions are prepared by simply soaking a drug in water for a specified time.
❑ This might be hot or cold, depending on whether decomposition of ingredients
could occur at higher temperatures.
❑ Infusions would normally be prepared for immediate use, as there is no
preservative present.
❑ In some cases, concentrated infusions might be boiling to reduce the water then
adding a preservative such as alcohol.
❑ Examples:- Infusion of orange
Decoction & Digestion
DECOCTION
❑ In this process, the crude drug is boiled in a specified volume of water for a defined
time; it is then cooled and strained or filtered.
❑ This procedure is suitable for extracting water-soluble, heat stable constituents.
❑ Decoctions are prepared in a similar way to infusions but with the ingredients and water
boiled for a specified period (about15minutes) of time or until a certain volume is
achieved. Ex- Tea , Coffee
DIGESTION
❑ Digestion is a modified maceration process. It involves extraction at such a high
temperature which does not put adverse effects on the active ingredients.
❑ Higher temperature enhances the solvent action of menstruum and constant mechanical
agitation of the system speed up the attainment of equilibrium
❑ If at the used temperature the menstruum gets volatilised easily, a reflux condenser
should be attached to the vessel in which the digestion process is being performed;
❑ This facilitates the condensation of menstruum, so that it can be recovered and returned
back to the container. Ex- Extraction of morphine
Maceration
❑ The word maceration denotes softening. The maceration process (or Process M) is
used for producing tinctures, extracts, and concentrated infusions.
❑ In maceration the drugs are left in contact with the menstruum, usually alcohol but
sometimes water is permitted to soak in the menstruum until the cellular structure
is softened and penetrated by the menstruum and the soluble constituents are
dissolve.
❑ In this process solid ingredients are placed in a stoppered container with the
whole of the solvent and allowed to stand for a period of at least 3 days (3 - 7
days) with frequent agitation, until soluble matter is dissolved.
❑ The mixture is then strained (through sieves / nets), the marc pressed and the
combined liquids clarified (cleaned by filtration) or by decantation, after standing.
❑ For drug containing little or no cellular material, such as benzoin, aloe, and tolu,
which are dissolve almost completely in the menstruum.
❑ Maceration is the most efficient method of extraction and it is usually conducted at
a temperature of 15° to 20°C for 3 — 7 days until the soluble matter is dissolved.
Example- Tincture preparation, benzoin extract.
Process of Maceration
Types of Maceration
Maceration is broadly classified into three types which includes:
1. Simple Maceration
➢ The extraction of the drug with a solvent with several daily shakings or stirrings
at room temperature. Simple maceration involves structures, e.g., roots, stems,
leaves, flowers, etc.
➢ It is a very simple method and does not require trained operators.
➢ Tincture of myrrh and compound tincture of benzoin are examples of products
prepared by simple maceration.
➢ Simple maceration involves extraction of organised drugs having specific cell
structures, e.g., roots, stems, leaves, flowers, etc.
➢ Drug is mixed with the entire volume of menstruum and shakes occasionally for
7 days. After that, strain the liquid and press the marc.
➢ Finally mix the liquid and clarify by filtration without any volume adjustment.
Example-tincture of lemon.
2. Modified Maceration
➢ A method for preparing tinctures from unorganised drugs, oleo-resins and gum
resins.
➢ The extraction of the drug with a solvent with several daily shakings or
stirrings at room temperature.
➢ The unorganized drugs are used because in short time complete reaction not
takes place. short time complete reaction not takes place.
➢ Because of no cellular structure in unorganized drugs, soluble components are
directly exposed to menstruum so the process is quicker.
➢ Drug is mixed with the 4/5th of menstruum and shakes occasionally for 2 - 7
days. After that, decant liquid, and marc is not pressed.
➢ Finally filter the liquid and final volume is adjusted by the remaining
menstruum.
3. Multiple Maceration
➢ The aim of multiple maceration is to achieve maximum extraction by using
proteins of the total volume of menstruum for successive maceration.
➢ A method for preparing concentrated extracts. This method includes:
i) Double maceration, ii) Triple maceration.
4. Vacuum Maceration
➢ It employs a designed maceration vessel with arrangement for connecting it to
vacuum line.
➢ Modification increase its permeability of cell walls considerably & facilitates
extraction in much shorter time.
Advantages & Disadvantages
Advantages
❑ Merits Small sample size.
❑ Strong swelling properties or high mucilage.
❑ Energy saving process.
Disadvantages
❑ Not exhaustively extract the drug.
❑ It is very slow process.
❑ Solvent required is more.
Percolation
❑ It is downward continuous displacement of the solvent through the bed
of crude drug material to get extract.
❑ Most frequently used to extract active ingredients in the preparation of
tinctures and fluid extracts. Most drug extractions are performed by
percolation.
❑ It is the method of short successive maceration or process of
displacement.
❑ A percolator (a narrow, cone-shaped vessel open at both ends) is
conical cylindrical generally used.
Steps of Percolation
2. Imbibition
1. Size reduction During imbibition the
The drug to be extracted is powdered drug is moistened
subjected to suitable degree of with a suitable amount of
size reduction, usually from menstruum and allowed to
coarse powder to fine powder. stand for four hours in a well
closed container.
4. Maceration
3. Packing After packing sufficient
menstruum is added to saturate
After imbibition the moistened the material.
drug is evenly packed into the
percolator. The percolator is allowed to
stand for 24 hours to macerate
the drug.
5. Percolation
The lower tap is opened and liquid
collected therein is allowed to drip
slowly at a controlled rate until
3/4th volume of the finished
product is obtained.
Working of Percolator
❑ Initially the powdered drug is dampened with
the menstruum left for four hours then packed
into a percolator; sufficient menstruum is added
to cover the drug and left for twenty-four hours.
❑ In this process the flow of liquid is generally
downward to the exit orifice, drawn by the force
of gravity as well as the weight of the column of
liquid (about twenty drops per minute).
❑ In certain specialized percolation, additional
pressure on the column is exerted with positive
air pressure at the inlet and suction at the outlet
or exit.
❑ Finally collect the liquid, then marc is pressed
and more menstruum added to make the
specified volume, then the whole liquid is
clarified.
❑ Percolation on a small scale generally involves
the use of glass percolators but at large
industrial scale stainless steel or glass lined
metal vessels are used.
Advantages & Disadvantages
Advantages
❑ Requires less time than maceration.
❑ Extraction of thermolabile constituents can be possible.
Disadvantages
❑ Requires more time than soxhalation.
❑ More solvent is required.
Maceration Vs Percolation
Application
❑ Herbal Medicine: Extracting bioactive compounds like alkaloids, flavonoids,
and glycosides from plants for therapeutic use.
❑ Drug Formulation: Purifying APIs to ensure their efficacy and safety in
medications.
❑ Biotechnology: Isolating enzymes, proteins, and other biomolecules for drug
development.
❑ Quality Control: Using extraction methods to analyze and verify the
composition of pharmaceutical products.
❑ Advanced Techniques: Employing methods like supercritical fluid extraction
for heat-sensitive compounds
❑ Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs): Extraction is used to isolate APIs
from plants, animals, or microorganisms, ensuring their purity and efficacy in
drug formulations.
❑ Pharmaceutical Excipients: Extraction methods like solvent extraction and
fermentation are employed to obtain excipients such as binders, diluents, and
disintegrants from natural resources
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