Lok | 1002C_is ISS mm ig. Caleutale the molar mass of Golute. AL Ino Vober pressure \aler: = Po= Fgemm # ae Fd, INGA ae Mapowr pressure of 21% selution cf a nen-clectoble i Te Wa - Pio : Wa iy eae Pe AA M2 0, Napourr_presstrs ¢ A gol” = P= Iss eae a Countain 21 7% mass: Moss_of solute. Cw) = (alon-cledrolyle) #21 gm, ae ne =(wh) 2 teo- 24 = qzg qm, Joe et_nfoss af Waker (oti) = “18 gmot J slees_mass Non electoly k= 2 yi? i her PW 00 Mp -(L es 0 ee ‘Scanned with CamScannerHever yey x 21x18 : (160-7s5)x q7-4 : T6OKAAKIE : “l9tarra) = Aik a eg egy. g (re) 2 to © 76 8S) Aah ~ = TOOK3TB ee 8 Aas : 28728 484s ‘Scanned with CamScanner8 x14 mol dm? = ke. tabn, +8 x10" mot dm’? at” ee mmol dov'3 Sime! x $304 x154 nol dav of No is reduced to Sax oan : » fore Be the henry’ le cons} 53 yl Gleutake “he = oe he oe “al 25 | aaaees »conchant > k= iar ml 25 obm_,— Salubilihy 6 = 2s low, ste p-= Chas xo 2 se 8125 4103 mol dmd-___ yee Fa at _clsselved onygen.. to ar'e tc acne —[Link] Ftd Gar, | Sotubiliy a Oy §}2 26153 mol dav, Tales "stop 2 2 ab, Final press Cos BS Isdutsh, of Gas, = a —i)_By Bs ow 2 Se : Scanned with CamScannereee NM ame ON 1d The unpour pressure of water of 2ote iS 47mm he vapour pressure S a solution nati Qa ~Catyycontty) in “Sgn -gf Ho (NM, C212, OFIG, udly ——> Given: aes Vepaus press ot solvent (waler) = 1° = «7m. S . mass. _sdvent Cu) = sdqm_ ‘Molo mass.C \eGmori) > mass urea Cus). + QaChm. _molere-mass. (Used) =r 60-9 mats Yalpour press st soll: P=? . — i Gy, he, | + +4 Raulls lg bee a waa EP, _ 23x18 __ SDL = C0168. " ” STOKED 3000 ciIzep + 00168 KIGZ = 0-285 ~12 40-2856 sp = pe tr-o-ass6 = L614 mais as In an emerinert, (Bos an A monnifl were dissdved iy Wolter The vapour pressure oF 20 las lowered by 0-369 ma “Hy -fam__12gas om... Qelle he _malor_ mass A _manvitl, — \ Mess Soule C mannitol) = Was 1604 a° : moss 6 Solvent Cwater) + Wh? 100.4m. ae \apour pressure ¢f solveat Cwabor).= fo 2° (7-85. sun tg 2 Lowering sf vapour pressure = AP = oBe}g mm Hg , ae olor.” mass._woter = y+ 18h mol a mlor mass of seule {mantifat)” =P bce) tna” GeeP Waxty + S642 a Je Fa Re Wing aq eos 5 pe=p2 ap + [ia] 31S asr85) ~ ap Mat eect Zi | sép2se0 ee ai OMS C26 ya 0804 nloo Scanned with CamScanner‘ Pate iain mot i Ottis Conkanin ning, sia6.4, inal Condes ein es woes 0 ling -point_elevation_E o-4ax°e: i sotuhien GF 0-62 gn oh a eg a —mass_st Solvent gives_a~ builia priat elevation é_0:647%e. Find the |molar_smiass Sf the Known _saluke. Chey, for Celg = 5:03. tg mnot*_at_sslveut:) Py Ie 4 -dt_S ee eae oa osi6 gm Wi: Se ge Mo_= kb =_S:03 Kkg not { 128-(7 gq mol, ATp = O-Goa"c . _—_Far_unknown tule, Wis Sogn; ® AW £68 “sale yates oie" magi = foe sat tiie.» a= ke x _ Wh! 1000 He a _ EX My, ‘Scanned with CamScannerr s Mie legxwla x tooo = $:03x 0-646 6 | ea | Wt 4x 4Tb Sox 0-647 Br: |asouedln ma : J Beh 3 16-65 hol! places ret (eb foe Chemo = 343K kgmot*) > 1 Mp5 Io gmat, \nl, = 80 chlawfonn, AWasPas am oad, ke: : Sth = kiya Maina [ep rsc0e. 3-eaxtooo -——| = [ouiaeg : Beh © _Briling point sf a solvent is go-2%e- \nhen_o-41g. ga at the | Getule Deh maar mass 252-4 gmot is ducati 7s-am sf t-theabove_sdvent , the bsiling “pl- af seubion is found 19 | go-2s6%c-... Find the dal. Zlevation Constant: a gsaal “gece gn ow prae| Cashak, 1 Tes Q73} 80056 I, whe 1 1g 5252-4, nett — kp =?” ‘Scanned with CamScanner| Keb: ovese XIs Kasay lace oss) | L i ‘3 2) point_stoquecus sol is_n%a.93 k. Gil- the molalily metal depression —Cmstant=~fox_wabes_is "| ak, fos sol, Tp = 22098. 9g" “rg IE bath Tog pul of on gues Sdute ie tsite—fnd_ fet | ky osak I mot p= Lie tt, Give Tips loots +223 sa78B 318-8 te peed Heys eg mot! = oSz ‘Scanned with CamScanner‘id. 12th Chemistry) Concentration : ~The ratio amount of solute to solvent inthe solution [alld concentration, [Link] the term. 1 % by weight : The weight of solution per 1 00 parts weight of solution i called % by weigh Wt of solute x 100 Wi. of solution 2) Mole fraction : The ratio of mole of solute or moles of moles of solvents to the number of moles solute and solvent present in the solution is called Mole fraction. It is denoted by "xX" by weight = For moles of solvent itis denoted by X ao Moles of solvent I” oles of solute + moles of solvent oR= In solution X,+X, ‘The Numbers of moles calculated by ‘vt, of sub. in gm or ke. ‘Molecular wt, of sub. in gm or kg “The numberof moes of salute erie or 1 dn’ of soon called molarity. The unit “of motarty is mol dm®, (depends on temp.) “The number gf moles of solute per kg of solvent, called moaiy. The unit of molty jg mol kg! 3) Molarity = 4) Molalty Molarity = Weight of solvent per | ke, ‘5)Normality : The gramequivalent ¥t of solute per lit or dr of volume of solution i called normal ity. (depends on temp.) iy = omen of normality ~~ Cjume of solution (dm?) ‘Scanned with CamScannerae Std. 12th Chernsty Eee S SALSA Solubility of solution solvent Q. Define the term solubility “The amount of solute dissolved completly in certain ampunt of solvent at constant temperature is ey, solubility, It is denoted by ‘The unit of solubility is mole/dm? or moles of solute /1 00 cm’ of solvent Solubility depends on temp, ‘Types of solution on the basis of amount of solute present in the solution. 1, Salurated solution : The solution in which equilibrium attained between dissolved solute and ung solved solute i called saturated solution. eg. equil” attained between solubility and reerytalisation. Solubility ‘Sugar (s) ———__ Sugar sol” reerysalistion “The solution in which minimum amount of solute is present is called unsaturate solution, 2. Unsaturated soluti In this solution more amount of solute can be dissolve up to certain limit which is converted into saturate solution. 3. Super saturated : It contains more amount of solute, than present in saturated sol” Its not dissolve another amount; of solute ‘Mention factors attracting solu ute, A) Factors affecting solubility of solid solute in liquid sol 1. Temp : - The temp is directly proportional to solbily of sold solute It is temp of solution is increased by 10° then solubility become doubled, ‘The solubility of solutes like Na,SO,, Ca80, in water decreased with increased in temp due to faction crystallization. KNO,, NaNO, Sats solubility immediately increases with increee in temp, due to they cannot recrysalis Itis takes place of 0°C ‘The solubility of NaCI, KCI, NaBr slightely changes with temp. 2. Pressure : Solubility of solid solute is independent to pressure because solid st imcompressible 3. Solubility of gases solute in liq ‘Q. Mention factors affect solubility of gases solute is liquid. 1, Temp : The Solubility of gases solute is inversely proportional to temp. 4g, 0, or Cl, gases are more solubile in cold water. ‘Scanned with CamScannerof pressure on solubili nd o Ys pressure statement : “The solubility of gases solute in liquid at constant temp is diretly proportion to pressure.” ‘The gases solutes are highly compressive ‘The solubility of gases solute increased with increase in external pressure Sa Pext Henry's constant. Henry's const : The one mole of gases solute dissolve in 1 dm’ of liquid under 1 atm pressure at given. temp [Link] Henry's const. Up=tatm, ‘Then [At higher external pressure solubility of gas is higher At lower external pressure solubility of gas is lower ‘eg, scaled soft drink more solubility of CO, Open soft drink less solubility of CO, Because decrease in external pressure, Define the term solid solution, explain. Solid solution : The homogenous mixture of two oF more components of solid is called Solid Solution, “The metal alloys are called solid soluionln alloys properties of metal at improved. ‘Name of Alloy ‘Compounds Duralummin Al+ Cut Mg +Mn Aluminium bronze ‘Alt Seu+ Ma ‘Sn-+ Cu + its used as antifiition Babbit metal Sin tel Fe +Cr+NiAntcorosive Ferromagnaneous Mn (70=80%) + Fe hard sted for ral safes machines Mangan Cut Mn + Ni electra resistance Aly of Mercury is called amalgam, Mercury is wed to separate gold and silver fom their oes ‘Scanned with CamScanner‘Que. Define the term colligative property of solution, Ans: ‘on the number of particles or ions or molecules op ‘The physical properties of solution depends tt 1d size particles is called coligative properties, solute but independent to chemical nature a “The main coligative properties of solution are. Que. Ans. Factors affecting vapour of pressure: 3 9. Temperatu Lowerign vapour pressure Elevation of boiling point of solvent * Depression of freezing point of pure solvent Osmotic pressure Define the term vapour pressure or Explain, Mention factors affecting V.P. ‘Vapour pressure of liquid :- At given temp, pressure exerted by vapour in equilibrium with Baud is called vapour pressure, “Let us consider, Liquid is placed in closed cylinder The liquid molecules randomely move due to K.E ‘The maximum number of molecules are closed to its surface. Due to collision of molecules K.E is evolved in the form of heat But to intermolecular force of attraction between them" vapours are further converted into Tiquid state [condensation] ‘Thus vaporization and condensation attained eauilbrium in closed cylinder. }—Liquid Intermolecular force of attraction : ‘The intermolecular force of attraction is inversely proportional to rate of vapourrsation. The rate of vapourisation of alcohol is more than water due to minimum intermolecular force of attraction. “The rate of vapourisation directly proportional to temp “The rate of vapourisation increases with increase in temp with decrease in intermolecular force of attraction. Number of molecules close tothe surface of the liquid : ‘fnumber of molecules close to the surface, it increases the rate of vapourisation, (surface ares] Concentration of solution : ‘The concentration of solution is inversely proportional to vapour pressure. Eg 1M,2M, 3M CuSO, solution in which IM solution has maximum Vapour pressure. Define the term partial vapour pressure. At constant [given temp] the total vapour pressure exerted by solution, is equal to sum of vapout pressure solute and vapour pressure of solvent present in the solution, is call&4 partial vapou! pressure. : ‘Vapour resure of solution “vapour pressure oolite + vapour pressure of solvent Scanned with CamScanner’s+ Py me pail api presse = mol acon x vapour pee (Nae: -hton conning non oad soa thenvput peso eto VP solvent] * Vapour pressure ofslovent is always gerater than vapour pressure of solution. (Que Define the term lowering vapour pressure OR : Exp lverng apr peste ow Explain effect of nonvolatile solute on vapour pressure of solvent. + Ans: |. When non volatile solute is added in soltion, 2. It decreases the tender ney of solvent molecules convert [éscape] vapour state from the surface of solution ie, vapour Dressure of solvent, 3. The vapour pressure of solutions les than vapour pressure of pure solvent, i. lowering VP. 4. Lowering vapour pressure : ‘The diference between vapour pressure of pure solvent and vapour pressure of solution, is called lowering ‘vapour pressure AP=P'-p Lowering vapour pressure = vapour pressure of solvent — vapoure pressure solution 5. Relative low= ering vapour pressure : 5. Relative Lowering vapour pressure : ‘The ratio of lowering vapour pressure to the vapour pressure of pure solvent, is called relative lowering vapour pressure Relative lowering vapour pressure ‘The partial vapour pressure of any volatile component ofa solution is the product of vapour pressure of pure component and its mole faction Letus consider, ,*and Pare the vapour pressure of solute and solvent = Pex, Bu, PePixy + BE (1x4) Po EP ait Pot pate) Renal pe Be BG-ta) a {solution contains non volatile solute and solution i very ted then m= 0 Above equation becomes, Peo+@r+0)X, Pepex,= x1 ‘Scanned with CamScannerStd, 12th Ch Bui, relative lowering vapoure pressure is, Substituting above value, weget, RX — ah ROX + The relative lowering vapour pressure is equal to molefraction of soluble or ration of moles of solute to the moles of solvent, soluble Q. Define the following terms. Boiling point : The temp, at which vapour pressure of liquid is equal to atmospheric pressure or external Pressure, is called Boiling point. ig point : The difference between boiling point of solution and boiling point of solvent is called Elevation of boiling point. “The boiling point of puresolvent increase by addition of non volatile solute, is called Elevation of boiling Elevation of boi point. Elevation of boiling point = boiling point of solution - boiling point of solvent ATb=T-To Q. Explain relation between boiling point elevation and lowering of vapour pressure. Explain graphically relation between boiling point elevation and lowering of vapor pressure. Ans." A] When we ploted graph of vapour pressure of pure solven against temp. In which uppers represent vapour pressure of pure solvent whichis greater than vapour pressure of sotion. BB] When w ploted graph of vapour pressure of soliton against temp. The lower curve repres= ‘vapour pressure of solution i ss than, vapour pressure of pure solvent. Explanation : According 0 graph, a ‘A! vapour pressure of solvent is equal to atmospheric pressure? boiling point of pure solvent. [T,] At point’B'vapour pressure of solution is= equal © atmospheric pressure ie. boiling point soltion (T) Scanned with CamScanneros eit seem ‘Ar poit “A! nd “C vapour pressure 6 solvent and vapour pressure of olution atthe sme emp te lenghAB= Tete, length AC = [P*-P] ifsoltion is further dilute, we get another curve which is almost parallel tothe above curve ie MAB) @ (AC) Ta aP Elevation of boiling points is directly proportional to lowering of vapour pressure Am pres = Pol AB \Vaprour pressure 0} Tet Temperature > Q. State Raoult’s aw for the elevation of boiling point. ‘Ans: Statement : ‘The elevation of boiling point due to addition of non volatile solute [non electrolyte] is directly proportional to molality of solution, ATbam 4 Tb=Kbm where Kb = molal elevation constant Or Ebulloscopic cont, ‘The same number of moles of diferent solute is added in the same amount of solvent, then increase in boiling point is same Hence elevation of boiling point is collgative property Q. Determination of molecular weight from elevation of boiling point? Ans : According to Raoult’ law ATo=Kbm where Kk ‘molal elevation constant ‘number of moles of solute ‘WE of solvent per kilogram w, «1000 ame Where W, = wt. of solute M,= molecular wt. of solute _ W, = wt. ot solvent Now, Substituting the valvue of in above equation, we get, K, [Wz x 1000] TM x Wi] Weak ra ‘Scanned with CamScannerQ. Define the term molal elevation constant or boiling point elevatin constant or Ebuloscopic constant. Ans. ‘The difference between boiling point of solution and boiling point of solvent by adlitiog of one mole non volatile solute in 1 K g of solvent, i ealled ebuloscopic constant Oy ‘molal equation constant, Itis denoted by Kb ‘The unit of Kb is K Kg / mole II) FREEZING POINT Que. Define the term freezing point : The temp of substance at which vapour pressure of its solid equiliy, rium with liquid state, is called freezing point. ‘The vapour pressure of liquid decreases with decrease in temp and finally liquid is converted into solid state, ‘The temp at which liquid equilibrium with its solid state, is called freezing point Depression of freezing point : The diference between feeding point of pure solvent and freezing pint of solution, called depression fering point Wis denoted by. Ty="T?=T Relation between depression of freezing joint and laeing of vapour pressure : Explanation: When snall quantity of non vlatie [yon electrolyte] solute added, it decreases the fering point of pure sont is elled depression of ering A) when we pote graph of VP of pre slven against ep, we gst Inthis graph the upper curve ‘BC represents VP of pure soe sete han VP of pure solition | B)"The graph of VP of solution agsinstemp. we gt “i ©)Atpoint'B’:~ The VP of pure solvent (Pos rete han VP of soon (P] ie lowering of VP. YAL point TV: The temp at pont Ds the fikezing pit of soliton [1] ‘According the paph, 1(BF) a lowering WP. \(BF)aPo-P (DF) a depression of feezing point 1(0F)= 47, Depression of frezing point in solution i directly proportional othe lowering V.P. and AT,aP*-P Scanned with CamScannerso. 2h Cen” ERE Raolut’s law for depression in freezing point: of the solution aT, = Ky Xm where k= eryoscopic constant OR Mola, depression constant. at; = 10005. W, xk, MW, im, = 1000 x Wy K, ™, eT, W,= wt ofsolvent : M, = molecule wt, of solute Cryoseopie constant : The depression neering pot to presence of ne mle of sole pe kigram of solvent is ald ceotcopi constant Its denoted by K, and unt W mole kg OR k Kg le" Q Define the terms 1, OSMOSIS : The unidirectional spontaneous flow of solvent through semipermeable membrane from the Solution, is called osmosis. In this process transfer of solvent molecules fiom lower concentrated solution [dilute] to higher concen- trated solution through semipermeable membrane, 2, OSMOTIC PRESSURE : The applied external pressure which stops flow of solvent through semi- permeable membrane is ealled osmotic pressure. ‘Types of solution on the basis of osmotie pressure, I. sotonie solution : The different solutions having same osmotic pressure, are called isotonic solution, 2. Hypertonie solution : The different soaton in which solation with higher osmotic pressure than other Solutio are called hypertonie solutions. 2. Hlypotonic solutions + The dierent solution with minimum osmotic pressure, ae ale hypotonic Solutions. s 4 Semipermeable membrane [SPM] : The membrane which pases only solvent molecule through it but not solute molecule, is called semipermeable membrane, Eg, - Bladder, cell walls etc. cuprous ferrocynide ext fFRe-{EN}F-Ca}{PO3,, parchment paper, etc, . Cutrdcade) + Cax(pei), ‘Scanned with CamScannerance LAWS OF OSMOTIC PRESSURE 1. Vant Hoft’s hoyles law + At constant temp osmotic presaure of wolution (lilac) is directly {oils cone, OR inversely proportional to Dilution" [Volume] mae but He volume Hop oH av © constant iy,“ constant and x, V, ~ const myn YS 2, Vant Hoff s Charle’s law “At constant concentration the os otic pressure of dilute sol proportional to temp" nat 1 Q. Derive Vant Hoffs equation for so 1. According to Vant Hoff's boyle's law nat Ras liutennst. temp, 2. According to Vant Hoff charle's law nat (4 a1 constant volume Combing equation () and (i) we wet, nud v ae y Mt Where, R = Solution con a Ww, RT nC) on x 2 Rr xo RT cnr 7 ORY 3-Vant Hols factor; The ratio of observed or actual osmotic pressure to the calculated osmoté Pressure when pressure are measured under same condition of temp and coms of solution is called Vant Hoff ctor, ° Tit is denoted by i, (observed) i ( 1 (calcula ‘Scanned with CamScannerSil 12 Chis ES ‘Que. Define aby The decrease or increase in molecule mass of solute present inthe solution due to dissociation or association of solute particles which is caleulated by using colligative properties, i called abnormal moleculer mass of solute, : [solute ehanges its molecular form then change in its osmatic pressure itassociation or miner of ions or particles inreases with increase in osmotic pressure. 'g. NaCI sol has maximum osmotic pressure than expected due to dissociation, Hence ealculted 1 mass of sodium eloride is 3 3. [association of molecules gives big colar particle it derease number of practices with de- crease in osmotic pressure, Eg. Benzoie acd in benzene has minimum osmotic pressure than expected due to association of molecule x. dimmer formation ie. (C,H, COOH} hence ealeulated mass of benzoie acid is doubled due to mal osm pressure. dimer formation by hydrogen Txmejing IC’ | then no dissociation oF association INT < 1 then dissociation IFi> 1 then dissociation Q. What is Van Hof factor The ratio oF abserved coligative property of detojte soho tthe toe eoligatv property ofthe Same solution is called vat oft Betor ‘ non dechat te indented by bserved coligative propery of eo “Theoretical coligativeproperyojelecvolye solution 2) According to lowering vapour pressure. Min Elecndgle aPlobsened) A «ey TFthewoncia) APS mw En ePt > ixPREP Want PP PP” gw; b) According to elevation of boiling point fRceened OTH = Takgem = Txkb # Wa x00 ©) According to depression freezing pont. me XW oT, (tre . TT tihenorocie + ATEHRH Te kp am = Arley x Wy xto00 4) According osmotic pressure. MaeWy (obs) = tp Wet iM(theo) v v oP _aTb_ Tf _ Ml __ observed aPaTb aT Ml thenorocical But, Colligative, property depends on number of Particles of solute. ‘Scanned with CamScannerStd. 12th) Cent ELS La, no. of particle of solute (theo) ‘moleculer mass L observed moleCuTer Therotical moleculer mass Therotical moleculer mass ‘Observed moleculer mass Q, Derive relation between vant Hoff factor and degree of dissociation a ans Let us consider, ‘in’ moles of AxBy electrolyte undergoes dissociation into X ions of cation and Y ‘anions when itis dissolved into one kg. of solvent. MOE eh AxBy = Inat moles 1 ° ° rmokes at equll = ea. « @ Total moles ma) mea mya Total numberof moles of solute and ins present at equim : mT =m(-a)t ma tmya + = mi(ta) + ax + ay] = mflt(aty- 1a] But, x ya! mumber ions formed in disséiation total number of molecules of solute and ions at quill i, m=m{149"-1) a) But, According to wnt - Hof fctor , j= -bserved no of moles . “Tperotical no of moles fla! -1) a] m s1ta ‘Scanned with CamScanneru Sid. 20h hens elt ree eI a a= (a 1) Q. state Vant Hoff s Avogadros law. “The equal volmes of isotonic solutions contain same number of solute particles at the given temp’ It is applicable for solutions having same osmotic pressure, According to ideal soh i ° 1,V, =a RT (i) Vy =n,RT. (ii) Osmotic pressure of two solutions is same compare above equation, we get, n, RT = ny =n, ‘Scanned with CamScanner