■ Class 10 Science – Complete Board Notes (2025)
■ 1. Chemistry (Chemical Substances)
1. Types of Chemical Reactions
• Combination Reaction: 2H■ + O■ → 2H■O
• Decomposition Reaction: 2Pb(NO■)■ → 2PbO + 4NO■ + O■
• Displacement Reaction: Zn + CuSO■ → ZnSO■ + Cu
• Double Displacement Reaction: Na■SO■ + BaCl■ → BaSO■ + 2NaCl
2. Difference between Ionic and Covalent Bonds
Property Ionic Bond Covalent Bond
Formation Transfer of electrons Sharing of electrons
Physical State Solid, crystalline Gas or liquid
Melting/Boiling Point High Low
Electrical Conductivity Good (in molten state) Poor
3. Preparation of Washing Soda from Baking Soda
2NaHCO■ → Na■CO■ + H■O + CO■
Na■CO■ + 10H■O → Na■CO■·10H■O
Uses: (1) Removes hardness of water (2) Used in glass, soap & paper industries.
4. Mechanism of Cleansing Action of Soap
Soap has a hydrophobic tail (attaches to oil) and hydrophilic head (attaches to water).
They form micelles that trap dirt and get washed away with water.
5. Extraction of Zinc (Medium Reactivity Metal)
ZnS (Zinc blende) → Roasting → ZnO + SO■
ZnCO■ (Calamine) → Calcination → ZnO + CO■
Then ZnO + C → Zn + CO (reduction).
6. Plaster of Paris (POP)
Formula: CaSO■·½H■O
Formed by heating gypsum (CaSO■·2H■O) at 373 K.
Uses: Making casts, statues, and immobilizing broken bones.
7. Important Extra Q: Why is respiration considered an exothermic reaction?
During respiration, glucose is broken down with oxygen to release energy (heat):
C■H■■O■ + 6O■ → 6CO■ + 6H■O + Energy.
■ 2. Biology (World of Living)
1. Photosynthesis Process
6CO■ + 6H■O → C■H■■O■ + 6O■ (in presence of sunlight & chlorophyll).
2. Human Heart & Double Circulation
4 chambers: Right atrium & ventricle (deoxygenated blood), Left atrium & ventricle
(oxygenated blood). Blood passes twice through the heart – pulmonary & systemic
circulation.
3. Nephron Structure & Function
Bowman’s capsule + Glomerulus + Tubule. Functions: Filtration, Reabsorption, Urine
formation.
4. Human Brain
• Fore-brain: Intelligence, memory, voluntary actions.
• Mid-brain: Reflex movements.
• Hind-brain: Balance & involuntary actions.
5. Mendel’s Law of Segregation (Monohybrid Cross)
TT × tt → F■ (Tt – all tall); F■ ratio: 3 Tall : 1 Dwarf (Genotypic 1:2:1).
6. Sex Determination in Humans
Mother: XX, Father: XY. X from mother + X from father = Girl; X from mother + Y from
father = Boy. Thus, sex is determined by father’s sperm.
■ 3. Physics (Effects of Current & Light)
1. Equivalent Resistance
Series: R = R■ + R■ + R■
Parallel: 1/R = 1/R■ + 1/R■ + 1/R■
2. Joule’s Law of Heating
H = I²Rt. Applications: Electric heater, iron, fuse.
3. Fleming’s Left-Hand Rule & Electric Motor
Thumb → Motion, Forefinger → Field, Middle finger → Current. Electric motor works on
the principle that current-carrying conductor in magnetic field experiences a force.
4. Vision Defects
Myopia (near-sighted) → concave lens; Hypermetropia (far-sighted) → convex lens.
5. Mirror Formula & Magnification
1/f = 1/v + 1/u and m = -v/u. Concave mirror forms real or virtual images depending on
object position.
6. Extra Q: What happens to current when resistance increases (V constant)?
From Ohm’s law V = IR, if R increases and V is constant, I decreases.
■ 4. Environment & Natural Resources
1. 10% Law of Energy Transfer
Only 10% of energy transfers to the next level; rest lost as heat. Example: Grass (1000J)
→ Deer (100J) → Lion (10J).
2. Biological Magnification
Increase of harmful non-biodegradable chemicals (like DDT) at each trophic level in a food
chain.
3. Ozone Layer & Its Depletion
Ozone (O■) in stratosphere protects from UV rays. CFCs destroy ozone, causing more
UV radiation → skin cancer, eye damage. Protected by Montreal Protocol.