VECTOR ALGEBRA

PHYSICAL QUANTITIES

The quantities which can be measured are called physical

quantities. These are divided in two categories.
❑ Scalar quantities

❑ Vector quantities
 VECTOR ALGEBRA

SCALAR QUANTITIES

Definition : A physical quantity having only magnitude (but

not related to any direction in space) is called a scalar
quantity.
For example, length, mass, volume, time, temperature,
density, work done by a force are scalar quantity.
 VECTOR ALGEBRA

Two specify scalar two things are needed

(i) A unit in terms of which it is measured.

( ii ) A real number ( + ve, - ve, or zero )

E.g. : A person covered a distance of 100 m from origin is scalar as

it can be covered in any direction
The scalars are usually denoted by, a, b, c, ……. l , m, etc.
 VECTOR ALGEBRA

VECTOR QUANTITIES

A physical quantity which has magnitude as well as

direction and obeying laws of vector algebra is called
vector quantity or simply vector.

For example, velocity, acceleration, force, momentum,

weight are few examples of vector quantities.
 VECTOR ALGEBRA

Two specify a Vector three things are needed

(i) A unit in terms of which it is measured.

( ii ) A real number ( + ve, - ve, or zero )

( iii ) A particular direction.

A person covered a distance of 100 m from origin is scalar as it can
be covered in any direction while distance 100 m covered in N45E
is vector, because distance is 100 m while direction is NE.
 VECTOR ALGEBRA

The vectors are usually denoted by single letter with an

arrow head on it, like , 𝒂 , 𝒃 , 𝒄 …. etc. The magnitude of
the vector 𝒂 is denoted by |𝒂| or simply by a.
 DIRECTED LINE SEGMENT

We know that a line 'l' on a plane (or in space) can be extended to

any length along it, in two directions determined by the line. The
two directions of the line can be specified by putting arrow heads
on it .

'l'
 DIRECTED LINE SEGMENT

A line, with one of these directions, specified is called a directed

line.
 DIRECTED LINE SEGMENT

The portion AB of a directed line is called a directed line segment.

This line segment determines specific direction ( from A to B) in fig
(i) and ( from B to A ) in fig. (ii) and has definite length
(magnitude). So geometrically, a vector can be represented by a
directed line segment AB and we denote it by 𝑨𝑩 and read as
vector 𝑨𝑩. 𝑩 𝑩

𝑨 𝑨
 DIRECTED LINE SEGMENT

If 𝒂 is represented by a directed line segment 𝑨𝑩 , than point

A is called initial point and the point B is called terminating
point of the vector 𝒂 . The direction of the vector 𝒂 = 𝑨𝑩 is
from A to B and magnitude of a is the length of the line
segment AB i.e l 𝒂 I = I 𝑨𝑩 I = AB.
𝑩

𝑨
 SOME IMPORTANT REMARKS

❑ A directed line segment, say 𝑪𝑫 , on a plane (or in

space) represents a unique vector, whose direction is
from C to D and magnitude is the length of the line
segment CD.
 SOME IMPORTANT REMARKS

❑ A vector 𝑨𝑩 is different from the vector 𝑩𝑨 for the

reason the direction of 𝑨𝑩 is from A to B, whereas the
direction of 𝑩𝑨 is from B to A. However, the
magnitudes of 𝑨𝑩 and 𝑩𝑨 are equal. We bring a
relation between these two vectors latter.
 SOME IMPORTANT REMARKS

❑ On a same line l one can represent different vectors,

having same direction or opposite directions, of
different magnitudes.
𝑐Ԧ

𝒂
 SOME IMPORTANT REMARKS

❑ The line l on which the vectors are represented is called

the support of the vectors.

𝑐Ԧ

𝒃 ❑ Here white colour line

is support of all the
𝒂
vectors
 NEGATION OF VECTOR

Negation Of Vector OR Negative of a Vector : Two vectors are said to

be negation of each other if they have same length, same or parallel
line of support but senses are in opposite direction.
𝑩
𝒃
𝑩
𝑩
𝒃
𝑨 𝒂
𝑨 𝑨
𝑩
𝒂
𝑨 Here 𝑩𝑨 is negation of 𝑨𝑩, i.e. 𝑩𝑨 = − 𝑨𝑩
 EQUALITY OF VECTOR

Equality of Vector : Two vectors are said to be equal if they have

same lengths, same or parallel line of support and same sense. Two
equal vectors need not have same initial point.
𝑫
𝒃 𝑪
𝑪 𝒂 𝑨
𝑩 𝑫 𝒃

𝒂 𝑩
𝑨
 EQUALITY OF VECTOR
𝑫
𝒃
𝑪
𝒂 𝑨
𝑪
𝑫 𝒃
𝑩
𝑩
𝒂
𝑨

In the adjoining figure 𝑨𝑩 = 𝑪𝑫 , also line of support same in figure

(i) and parallel in figure (ii) also senses (or directions) are same, so
𝑨𝑩 = 𝑪𝑫,
 EQUALITY OF VECTOR

𝑫
𝑪
𝒃
𝒂 𝑨
𝑪
𝑫 𝒃
𝑩
𝑩
𝒂
𝑨
EQUALITY OF VECTOR
 TYPES OF VECTORS

ZERO VECTOR

A vector whose magnitude is zero is called a zero vector and

it is denoted by 𝑶 . Geometrically, a vector whose initial
point and terminal point coincide is called a zero vector (or
null vector) and is denoted by 𝑶 , 𝑨𝑨, 𝑷𝑷 .

e.g. A boy throwing a ball up and catching it back in his hand,

the displacement of the ball is a null vector.
 TYPES OF VECTORS

ZERO VECTOR

NOTE

As null vector is of zero magnitude, so there is no specific

direction of null vector or alternatively we can say that any
direction can be assigned to null vector.
 TYPES OF VECTORS

PROPER VECTOR
Any vector whose magnitude is non - zero and has specific
direction is called a proper vector.
𝑨
𝒂

𝑩
Here vector 𝑨𝑩 is a proper vector.
NOTE : Zero vector is an improper vector.
 TYPES OF VECTORS

CO- INITIAL VECTORS

If two or - more vectors have same origin (initial point) then
they are said to be co-initial vectors.

In adjoining figure 𝑷𝑩 , 𝑷𝑨 and 𝑷𝑪

all are co-initial vector as they have
same initial point P .
 TYPES OF VECTORS

CO-TERMINAL VECTORS
If two or more vectors have same terminal point then they
are said to be co-terminal vectors. Hence,

In adjoining figure 𝑩𝑷 , 𝑨𝑷 and 𝑪𝑷

all are co-terminal vector as they
have same terminal point P .
 TYPES OF VECTORS

FREE VECTORS
A vector is said to be a free vector ( or a sliding vector) if its
magnitude and direction are fixed but position in space is
not fixed.
We are also define Free vectors are those vectors which
when transformed into space from one point to another
point without affecting their magnitude and direction, can be
considered as equal vectors.
 TYPES OF VECTORS
𝑨
FREE VECTORS
𝒂 𝑨
𝑩 𝒂
A vector whose initial point or 𝑩
terminal point or both are not
fixed.
𝑨
We shall be dealing, most of
𝒂 𝑨
the time, with free vectors. 𝒂
𝑩
𝑩
 LOCALISED VECTORS

If a vector is specified by fixing at least one of its end points

i.e., initial point or terminal point is called a localised vector.
A vector is said to be localised vector if it passess through a
fixed point in space and has unique direction.
So, a localised vector can not be shifted parallel to itself.
 NOTE

If not mentioned in the question all vectors are considered

to be free vectors.
PARALLEL ( COLLINEAR ) VECTORS

Two or more vectors are said to be parallel if they have same

or parallel line of support . Parallel vectors may be of
different lengths and also of different senses.
PARALLEL ( COLLINEAR ) VECTORS

Two or more vectors are said to be parallel if they have same

or parallel line of support . Parallel vectors may be of
different lengths and also of different senses.
PARALLEL ( COLLINEAR ) VECTORS

In the above figure support of the vectors 𝒂 , 𝒃 and 𝒄 all are

parallel, but length of all vectors are different and also
direction of 𝒂 and 𝒄 are same which differ from 𝒃 , but all
these vectors are parallel.
PARALLEL ( COLLINEAR ) VECTORS

We know vectors 𝒂 , 𝒃 and 𝒄 all are free vectors so if be shift

𝒂 and 𝒄 such that the coincide 𝒃 , then all three vectors
become collinear. So, we can say that parallel vectors are
also collinear vector.
NON COLLINEAR VECTORS

Two vectors having non parallel line of support are called

non collinear vectors. So, we can say that non collinear
vectors have different directions.
LIKE VECTORS

Two parallel vectors having same sense are said to be like

vectors.

𝒃
UNLIKE VECTORS

Two parallel vectors having opposite sense are said to be

unlike vectors.

𝒃
REMARKS

Note : Symbolically, two non zero vectors 𝒂 and 𝒃 are

collinear if and only if,

𝒂 =𝒃 Where ∈ 𝑹
If     like parallel vectors
If  <   unlike parallel vectors
 COPLANAR VECTORS

Vectors are said to be coplanar if they lie on same plane or

parallel planes. In other words we can say, that a given
number of vectors are said to be coplanar if all vectors are
parallel to the same plane.
 COPLANAR VECTORS

Two vectors (collinear or non collinear) are always coplanar.

And also all parallel vectors are coplanar.
 UNIT VECTORS

A unit vector is a vector that has the magnitude equal to 1.

The unit vectors are denoted by the "cap" symbol ^. The
length of unit vectors is 1. Unit vectors are generally used to
denote the direction of a vector.
A unit vector has the same direction as the given vector but
has a magnitude of one unit
ෝ
For a vector 𝒂 a unit vector is 𝒂
𝟏
ෝ=
𝒂 𝒂
|𝒂|
 UNIT VECTORS

Remark : We have the following standard notations

Unit vector along X-axis represent 𝒊Ƹ

Unit vector along Y-axis represent 𝒋Ƹ

෡
Unit vector along Z-axis represent 𝒌
 UNIT VECTORS

Remark : Unit vector is used to import direction i.e. it is

used to write a vector of given magnitude along a given
direction.
If we want to write a vector of magnitude 10 unit in the
direction of 𝒂
ෝ
Required vector = 10 𝒂
KAAM KI BAAT

❑ Number of distinct unit vectors in space

perpendicular to a given plane is 2. (one upward and
one downward)
𝑛ො 1

𝑛ො 2
SCALAR MULTIPLE OF A VECTOR

Let 𝝀 be any scalar and 𝒂 be any vector.

Then scalar multiply of 𝒂 and 𝝀 is a vector denoted by
𝝀 𝒂 and such that
(i) The magnitude of 𝝀𝒂 = | 𝝀 | times magnitude of 𝒂
i.e., |𝝀𝒂| = |𝝀||𝒂|
(ii) The direction of 𝝀𝒂 is same as of 𝒂 if 𝝀 > 0
(ii) The direction of 𝝀𝒂 is opposite as of 𝒂 if 𝝀 < 0
ADDITION OF TWO VECTOR

The vector addition is not as straightforward as the addition

of scalars. Vectors have both magnitude and direction, and
one cannot simply add two vectors to obtain their sum.
RULES OF VECTOR ADDITION
(i) Triangle law of vector addition
(ii) Parallelogram law of vector addition
(iii) Polygon law of vector addition
ADDITION OF TWO VECTOR

(i) Triangle law of vector addition

If two vectors are represented by two consecutive sides of a
triangle then their sum is represented by the third side of
the triangle, but in the opposite direction. This is known as
the triangle law of addition of vectors.
Let 𝑨𝑩 = 𝒂 , 𝑩𝑪 = 𝒃 and 𝑨𝑪 = 𝒄

𝑨𝑩 + 𝑩𝑪 = 𝑨𝑪
ADDITION OF TWO VECTOR

(i) Triangle law of vector addition

ADDITION OF TWO VECTOR

(ii) Parallelogram law of vector addition

If two vectors are represented by two adjacent sides of
parallelogram, then their sum is represented by the
diagonal of the parallelogram whose initial point is the
same as the initial point of the given vector. This is known
as the parallelogram law of addition of vector.

𝑶𝑨 + 𝑶𝑩 = 𝑶𝑪
 ADDITION OF TWO VECTOR

(iii) Polygon Law of Vector

According to the polygon law of vector
addition, if the number of vectors can be
represented in magnitude and direction by
the sides of a polygon taken in the same
order, then their resultant is represented by
magnitude and direction such that the
closing side of the polygon is taken in the
opposite direction.
 POSITION VECTOR

“Often, vectors that start at the origin and terminate at

any arbitrary point are called position vectors. These are
used to determine the position of a point with reference
to the origin.
The direction of the position vector points from the origin
towards the given point.
POSITION VECTOR

In a plane or space if O is a fixed point

(origin) and P is any point, then 𝑶𝑷 is
called the position vector of the point P
w.r.t. O or simply the position vector of P '
The position vector of P is denoted by 'P.V'
of P'
 VECTOR JOINING TWO POINTS IN TERMS OF
POSITION VECTORS

Let O be the fixed point on a plane (or in space). Let A and

B are any two points on the plane (or in space).
Then 𝑶𝑨 is called position vector of A w.r.t. O
Then 𝑶𝑩 is called position vector of B w.r.t. O
By triangle law of addition we have
Then 𝑶𝑩 = 𝑶𝑨 + 𝑨𝑩
Then 𝑨𝑩 = 𝑶𝑩 - 𝑶𝑨
 VECTOR JOINING TWO POINTS IN TERMS OF
POSITION VECTORS

Then 𝑨𝑩 = 𝑶𝑩 - 𝑶𝑨
Then 𝑨𝑩 = p.v. of point B - p.v. of point A
SO A given vector can be expressed as "position vector of
the terminal point minus position vector of the initial
point". Then 𝑷𝑸 = 𝑶𝑸 - 𝑶𝑷
Then 𝑩𝑪 = 𝑶𝑪 - 𝑶𝑩
SECTION FORMULA

In this section, we shall find the position vector of the

point which divides the line joining two points, whose
position vectors are known.
SECTION FORMULA ( Internal Division)

The position vector of the point which divides the join of

two given points A and B, whose position vectors are 𝒂
mb + na
and 𝒃 in the ratio m : n internally is
m+n
Let O be the fixed point on a plane (or in space). Let A and
B are any two points on the plane (or in space).
Then 𝑶𝑨 = 𝒂 is called position vector of A w.r.t. O
Then 𝑶𝑩 = 𝒃 is called position vector of B w.r.t. O
𝒃 m
Let P be any point on the line AB, which
n
divides AB in the ratio m : n internally. 𝒂
𝒃 m

n
𝒂
 NOTE - 1

If P be the mid point of line joining A(𝒂 ) and B(𝒃) then

position vector of mid-point P is given by
p.v. of point B + p.v. of point A
OP =
2
b +a
OP =
2
 NOTE - 2

If P divides the line joining A(𝒂 ) and B(𝒃) in the ratio m : n

externally, then the position vector of point P is given by

mb − na
OP =
m−n
POSITION VECTORS OF POINTS IN A PLANE In 2-D System
Let O-XY be a 2-D rectangular coordinate system
Let P(x , y) be any point in this 2-D
rectangular coordinate system
Then 𝑶𝑷 is called position vector of P
w.r.t. O
In ∆𝑶𝑴𝑷 𝑩𝒚 𝑻𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 𝒍𝒂𝒘
𝒐𝒇 𝒗𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒅𝒅𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
POSITION VECTORS OF POINTS IN A PLANE In 2-D System
In ∆𝑶𝑴𝑷 𝑩𝒚 𝑻𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 𝒍𝒂𝒘 𝒐𝒇 𝒗𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒅𝒅𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

OP = OM + MP

OP = ( OM ) iˆ + ( MP ) ˆj

OP = ( x ) iˆ + ( y ) ˆj
POSITION VECTORS OF POINTS IN A PLANE In 2-D System
Thus If P ( x , y ) be any point in a 2D plane then position
vector of point P (x, y) on a plane is given by
OP = xiˆ + yjˆ
Here 𝑥 and 𝑦 are called scalar
components of vector 𝑂𝑃 = 𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑦𝑗Ƹ
Here 𝑥 𝑖Ƹ and 𝑦𝑗Ƹ are called vector
components of vector 𝑂𝑃 = 𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑦𝑗Ƹ .
This form of any vector is called
component form.
POSITION VECTORS OF POINTS IN A PLANE In 2-D System
In ∆𝑶𝑴𝑷 By Pythagoras theorem
OP = OM + MP
2 2 2

OP = x + y
2 2 2

OP = x + y
2 2

Thus, the magnitude of the vector

𝑂𝑃 = 𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑦𝑗Ƹ is given by 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐
POSITION VECTORS OF POINTS IN A PLANE In 3-D System
Let O-XYZ be a 3-D rectangular coordinate system
Let P(x , y, z ) be any point in this 3-D
rectangular coordinate system
Then 𝑶𝑷 is called position vector of P
w.r.t. O
In ∆𝑶𝑴𝑷 𝑩𝒚 𝑻𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 𝒍𝒂𝒘
𝒐𝒇 𝒗𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒅𝒅𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
POSITION VECTORS OF POINTS IN A PLANEIn 3-D System
In ∆𝑶𝑴𝑷 𝑩𝒚 𝑻𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 𝒍𝒂𝒘 𝒐𝒇 𝒗𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒅𝒅𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
OP = OM + MP ........( i )
In ∆𝑶𝑴𝑵
𝑩𝒚 𝑻𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 𝒍𝒂𝒘 𝒐𝒇 𝒗𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒅𝒅𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
OM = ON + NM ........( ii )
𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒊 𝒂𝒏𝒅 (𝒊𝒊)
OP = ON + NM + MP
OP = xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ
POSITION VECTORS OF POINTS IN A PLANE In 3-D System
Thus If P ( x , y, z ) be any point in a 3D plane then position
vector of point P (x, y, z) on a plane is given by
OP = xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ
Here 𝑥 and 𝑦 are called scalar components of vector 𝑂𝑃 =
෠
𝑥𝑖Ƹ + 𝑦𝑗Ƹ + 𝑧𝑘.
Here 𝑥𝑖,Ƹ 𝑦𝑗Ƹ and 𝑧𝑘෠ are called vector components of vector
෠
𝑂𝑃 = 𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑦𝑗Ƹ + 𝑧𝑘.
This form of any vector is called component form.
POSITION VECTORS OF POINTS IN A PLANE In 3-D System

Thus, the magnitude of the vector 𝑂𝑃 = 𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑦𝑗Ƹ + 𝑧𝑘෠ is

given by 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐
POSITION VECTORS OF POINTS IN A PLANE In 3-D System

Let 𝑎Ԧ = 𝑎1𝑖Ƹ + 𝑎2𝑗Ƹ + 𝑎3𝑘෠ and 𝑏 = 𝑏1𝑖Ƹ + 𝑏2𝑗Ƹ + 𝑏3𝑘෠ be any

two vectors in space, in component form. Then, we have
the following algebra of such vectors.
A. 𝑎Ԧ + 𝑏 = (𝑎1 + 𝑏1)𝑖Ƹ + (𝑎2 + 𝑏2)𝑗Ƹ + (𝑎3 + 𝑏3)𝑘෠
B. 𝑎Ԧ − 𝑏 = (𝑎1 − 𝑏1)𝑖Ƹ + (𝑎2 − 𝑏2)𝑗Ƹ + (𝑎3 − 𝑏3)𝑘෠
C. 𝑎Ԧ = (𝑎1)𝑖Ƹ + (𝑎2)𝑗Ƹ + (𝑎3𝑘෠
POSITION VECTORS OF POINTS IN A PLANE In 3-D System

Let 𝑎Ԧ = 𝑎1𝑖Ƹ + 𝑎2𝑗Ƹ + 𝑎3𝑘෠ and 𝑏 = 𝑏1𝑖Ƹ + 𝑏2𝑗Ƹ + 𝑏3𝑘෠ be any

two vectors in space, in component form. Then, we have
the following algebra of such vectors.
D. 𝑎Ԧ = 𝑏 ⇒ (𝑎1 = 𝑏1) , 𝑎2 = 𝑏2 , (𝑎3 = 𝑏3)

E. 𝑎Ԧ = 𝑂 ⇒ (𝑎1 = 0) , 𝑎2 = 0 , (𝑎3 = 0)
POSITION VECTORS OF POINTS IN A PLANE In 3-D System
Let 𝐴𝐵, be any vector in space with A(x1 , y1 , z1 ) and
B(x2 , y2 , z2 )

Then 𝑂𝐴 = 𝑥1𝑖Ƹ + 𝑦1𝑗Ƹ + 𝑧1𝑘෠ and 𝑂𝐵 = 𝑥2𝑖Ƹ + 𝑦2𝑗Ƹ + 𝑧2𝑘෠

Then 𝑨𝑩 = 𝑶𝑩 - 𝑶𝑨
Then 𝑨𝑩 = 𝑥2𝑖Ƹ + 𝑦2𝑗Ƹ + 𝑧2𝑘෠ - 𝑥1𝑖Ƹ + 𝑦1𝑗Ƹ + 𝑧1𝑘෠

Then 𝑨𝑩 = (𝑥2 − 𝑥1)𝑖Ƹ + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1)𝑗Ƹ + (𝑧2 − 𝑧1)𝑘෠

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Section Formula - Vector Algebra
The section formula in vector algebra is a useful formula for finding a
point that divides a line segment into a certain ratio.
Let 𝐴𝐵 be a vector such that position vectors of points A and B having

position vector 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 with respect to origin O. Let R be any point on

𝐴𝐵 which divides vector 𝐴𝐵 in the ratio m : n internally than position

vector of R is given by
A
m
𝑚𝑏 + 𝑛𝑎Ԧ R
𝑂𝑅 = n
𝑚+𝑛
B
O
Section Formula - Vector Algebra

Let 𝐴𝐵 be a vector such that position vectors of points A and B having

position vector 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 with respect to origin O. Let R be any point on

𝐴𝐵 which divides vector 𝐴𝐵 in the ratio m : n externally than position

vector of R is given by

A
m
𝑚𝑏 − 𝑛𝑎Ԧ 𝑎 B
𝑂𝑅 = n
𝑚−𝑛 𝑏
R
O
Section Formula - Vector Algebra

Let 𝐴𝐵 be a vector such that position vectors of points A and B having

position vector 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 with respect to origin O. Let R be any point on

𝐴𝐵 which divides vector 𝐴𝐵 in two equal parts it means R is the mid-

point of line segment AB than position vector of R is given by

A
𝑏 + 𝑎Ԧ m
𝑂𝑅 =
2 R
n

B
O
 QUESTION NO 01
Find the position vectors of the points
which divide the join of the points
𝟐𝒂 − 𝟑𝒃 and 𝟑𝒂 − 𝟐𝒃 internally and
externally in the ratio 2 : 3.
 QUESTION NO 02
If 𝒂 and 𝒃 are the position vectors of
points A and B respectively, then find
the position vector of points of
trisection of AB.
 QUESTION NO 03
Find the position vectors of the points
which divide the join of points with
position vectors 𝟐𝒂 − 𝟑𝒃 and 𝟑𝒂 − 𝟐𝒃
internally and externally in the ratio
2 : 3.
 QUESTION NO 04
If 𝒂 and 𝒃 are the position vector of A
and B respectively, then find the
position vector of a point C on BA
produced such that BC = 1.5 BA.
 QUESTION NO 05
Find the position vector of a point which
divides the join of the points with
position vectors 𝒂 − 𝟐𝒃 and 𝟐𝒂 + 𝒃
externally in the ratio 2 : 1.
 QUESTION NO 06
The position vectors of point P and Q
are 𝒑 and 𝒒, respectively. The point R
divides the line segment PQ in the ratio
3 : 1 and S is the mid-point of the line
segment PR, then find the position
vector of S.
 QUESTION NO 07
Show that the three points A (1, -2, -8),
B (5, 0, - 2) and C (11, 3, 7) are collinear,
and find the ratio in which B divides AC.
 QUESTION NO 08
If 𝜶 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝜷 and are position vectors of
two points P and Q respectively, then
find the position vector of a point R in
𝟑
QP produced such that 𝑸𝑹 = 𝑶𝑷 .
𝟐
 QUESTION NO 09
If 𝒂 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒃 are position vectors of point
A and point B respectively, find the
position vector of point C on BA
produced such that BC = 3BA
 QUESTION NO 10
A man needs to hang two lanterns on a
straight wire whose end points have
coordinates A (4, 1, − 2) and B (6, 2, − 3).
Find the coordinates of the points
where he hangs the lanterns such that
these points trisect the wire AB.
 QUESTION NO 11
Position vector of the mid-point of line
segment AB is 𝟑𝒊Ƹ + 𝟐𝒋Ƹ − 𝟑𝒌 ෡ . If the
position vector of the point A is
෡ , then find the position
𝟐𝒊Ƹ + 𝟑𝒋Ƹ − 𝟒𝒌
vector of the point B.