ENMA220126 – Materials Science

Goals Goal description

(After finishing this course, students are able to)
G1 Distinguish the common engineering materials and have the ability
to choose metal materials for specific applications

G2 Investigate the common evaluation criteria such as mechanical

properties, composition, usage, and standard notations for metal
materials, plastics, and composite materials.

G3 Work in groups, communicate and read English technical

documents in English.
 References
1. Smallman, R.E., (2014): Modern Physical Mettalurgy, 8th ed.,
Butterworths, London.
2. Callister, M.S.E., (2006): Fundamentals of Materials Science
and Engineering, John Willey & Sons, Inc., New York.
3. Askeland, D., (2006): The Science and Engineering of
Materials, 5th ed., Thomson, Canada.
4. Dieter, G.E, (1976): Mechanical Metallurgy, McGraw Hill,
New York.
CHAPTER 1:
 what do we mean by

Let’s think about it for a minute

 The simplest definition is simply stuff
People interact with stuff all the time,
we can think of natural stuff
-wood, bone, straw, wool, cotton –

-and man-made stuff –

steel, pottery, plastic, semiconductors, concrete,
textiles, paper
 Materials
Substances of which something is composed of

Engineering Materials
Materials used to produce technical products
1. Why does each material behave the way it does?
2. How can I exploit the properties of a material to make
something better or cheaper?
To explore how we can answer these questions
we need to be able to study
the science of the structure, properties and
processing of the materials
 The central concept in Materials Science and
Engineering is that the properties and behavior
of every material are dependants on its
microstructure, and that microstructure can be
controlled by the way in which the material is made
and processed.
 Target

1. Properties, compositions, uses, and

notations of metal materials in standard,
plastics, and
composite materials.
2. Classification of common technical
materials
3. Common methods of heat treatment
4. Mechanical properties and application of
common mechanical materials
 MATERIALS SCIENCE
• Volume: 2 credits
= 2 periods/week x 15 weeks = 30 periods
• Lecturer: Dr. Pham Thi Hong Nga
• Email: hongnga@[Link]
• Office: High-tech center, 2nd floor
• Phone: 094 869 1160
call, send the message in working time
 INFORMATION
• Assessment: - Mid term exam: 50%: checking attendance,
unannounced exam (2 times), presentation - Final project: 50%:
fabricate a material model
• Textbook: Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction,
8th Edition, Williams D. Callister, Jr., David G. Rethwisch, John
Wiley & Sons, Inc.
• References:
1. Vật liệu học cơ sở - Nghiêm Hùng – 2008
2. Vật liệu học - Lê Công Dưỡng-2002
3. Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering 5th ed –
William Calister (file)
4. Giáo trình vật liệu đại cương- Trần Thế San - 2013
5. Kim loại học – Lê Ngọc Quý
6. Công nghệ nhiệt luyện và xử lý bề mặt- Nguyễn Văn Dán.
MATERIALS SCIENCE
Pham Thi Hong Nga
vatlieuhocckm@[Link]
 Mechatronics

Materials
and
Energy
Manufacturing
Conversion
Designing and
Construction
 Unit Cell
smallest grouping that can be arranged in three dimensions
to create the lattice

Thus the Unit Cell

is basic structural unit or building block of the crystal structure
 Crystal Systems – Some Definitional
information
Unit cell: smallest repetitive volume which
contains the complete lattice pattern of a crystal.
7 crystal systems of varying
symmetry are known
These systems are built by
changing the lattice parameters:
a, b, and c are the edge
lengths
, , and  are interaxial
angles
 Primitive Body- Face- Base-
Crystal System Parameters
(Simple) Centered Centered Centered
abc
Cubic X X X
 90
abc
Tetragonal X X
 90
abc
Orthorhombic X X X X
 90
abc
Rhombohedral X
 90
abc
Hexagonal X
90,  120
abc
Monoclinic X X
 90, 120
abc
Triclinic X
90

Unit cell
Simple cubic
 FACE CENTERED CUBIC STRUCTURE
(FCC)
• Close packed directions are face diagonals.
--Note: All atoms are identical; the face-centered atoms are shaded
differently only for ease of viewing.

6
 ATOMIC PACKING FACTOR: FCC
• APF for a body-centered cubic structure = 0.74

Unit cell contains:

6 x 1/2 + 8 x 1/8
= 4 atoms/unit cell
a

7
 68%
of the unit cell volume is
occupied by the atom,
32%
of the remaining volume
is vacant
 Body Centered Cubic Structure (BCC)
• Atoms touch each other along cube diagonals.
--Note: All atoms are identical; the center atom is shaded
differently only for ease of viewing.

ex: Cr, W, Fe (), Tantalum, Molybdenum

• Coordination # = 8

2 atoms/unit cell: 1 center + 8 corners x 1/8

 Atomic Packing Factor: BCC
• APF for a body-centered cubic structure = 0.68
3a

2a

Close-packed directions:
R length = 4R = 3 a
a
atoms volume
4
unit cell 2 p ( 3a/4 ) 3
3 atom
APF =
3 volume
a
unit cell
 HEXAGONAL CLOSE-PACKED
STRUCTURE (HCP)
• ABAB... Stacking Sequence
• 3D Projection • 2D Projection

A sites

B sites

A sites

• Coordination # = 12
• APF = 0.74

10
 Số ngtử Bán kính Mật độ Phân bố không gian
Hình
Kiểu mạng trong 1 khối nguyên tử thể tích còn trống Ví dụ
vẽ
cơ bản n lý thuyết Mv (Lỗ hổng)
Lập
1
phương
đơn giản
Lập
Khối 4 mặt = 0.221 dngttử Cr, Mo,
Lập phương 2
Khối 8 mặt = 0.154 dngttử W...
phương thể tâm
Ni, Cu,
Lập
Khối 4 mặt = 0.225 dngttử Al, Pb,
phương 4
Khối 8 mặt = 0.414 dngttử Ag,
diện tâm
Au...
Chính
Mactenxit
phương
Khối 4 mặt Zn,
Lục giác 6
Khối 8 mặt Cd…
Lục giác Lục giác
xếp chặt
Mg, …
c/a =
1.633
 BCC FCC

n2 n4
nv nv
Mv   68% Mv   74%
V V
BCC FCC
Now that we know how atoms arrange themselves to form
crystals,
we need a way to identify the directions and planes of
atoms.
1. Deformation under loading (slip) occurs on certain
crystalline planes and in certain crystallographic
directions.
2. Before we can predict how materials fail, we need to
know what modes of failure are more likely to
occur.
3. Other properties of materials (electrical
conductivity, thermal conductivity, elastic modulus)
can vary in a crystal with orientation.
• It is often necessary to be able to specify certain directions and
planes in crystals.
• Many material properties and processes vary with direction in
the crystal.
• Directions and planes are described using three integers -
Miller Indices
 Miller indices are used to specify directions and planes.
 These directions and planes could be in lattices or crystals.
 The number of indices will match with the dimension of the
lattice crystal.
 E.g., in 1D, there will be 1 index, and in 2D, there will be two
indices, etc.
 (h,k,l) represents a point – note the exclusive use of commas
 Negative numbers/directions are denoted with a bar on top of
the number
 [hkl] represents a direction
 <hkl> represents a family of directions
 (hkl) represents a plane
 {hkl} represents a family of planes
 Alternate
Symbol
symbols
[] [uvw] → Particular direction
Direction
<> <uvw> [[ ]] → Family of directions
() (hkl) → Particular plane
Plane
{} {hkl} (( )) → Family of planes
.. .xyz. [[ ]] → Particular point
Point
:: :xyz: → Family of point
Dr. Sharon Cobb of NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center
 Real Crystalline Solids are rarely
Perfect
These imperfections can be classified according
to their dimensionality:

Point defects (0-Dimension)

Line defects (1-D)
an atom fits in between the metal atoms in the crystal,
usually a small nonmetal atom
 one metal atom substitutes for another
– crystal structure may stay the same or change
Hume-Rothery Rules
 are line defects,
 slip between crystal planes result when dislocations move,
 produce permanent (plastic) deformation.
 a) b) c)

The perfect crystal in a) is cut and an extra plane of atoms is inserted

in b). The bottom edge of the extra plane is an edge dislocation in c).
A Burgers vector b is required to close a loop of equal atom spacings
around the edge dislocation.
Dislocations

Situation is this:

strength of a material w/ no dislocations is

20-100 times greater than ordinary materials

Think of edge
dislocation as
extra plane of
atoms partially
inserted into
crystal
The perfect crystal in a) is cut and sheared one atom spacing in b)
and c). The line along which the shearing occurs is a screw
dislocation. A Burgers vector b is required to close a loop of equal
atom spacings around the screw dislocation.
 Điểm trống
Nguyên tử xen kẽ
Nguyên tử lạ (tạp chất)
Lệch biên
2 Lệch xoắn
Lệch mặt
7

1 8

9
3

4
5
Why Study Imperfection
The properties of some materials are profoundly
influenced by the presence of imperfections
 Amorphous Crystalline
Atoms in an amorphous solid Atoms in a crystalline solid are
are arranged randomly arranged in a repetitive three-
dimensional pattern
No Order
Long-Range Order

Semi
Crystalline
 Materials and Packing
Crystalline materials...
• atoms pack in periodic, 3D arrays
• typical of: -metals
-many ceramics
-some polymers crystalline SiO2

Si Oxygen
Noncrystalline materials...
• atoms have no periodic packing
• occurs for: -complex structures
-rapid cooling
"Amorphous" = Noncrystalline noncrystalline SiO2
Single Crystal & Polycrystalline
 Crystals as Building Blocks
• Some engineering applications require single crystals:
--diamond single --turbine blades
crystals for abrasives

• Properties of crystalline materials

often related to crystal structure.
--Ex: Quartz fractures more easily
along some crystal planes than
others.
 POLYCRYSTALS
• Most engineering materials are polycrystals.

1 mm

• Nb-Hf-W plate with an electron beam weld.

• Each "grain" is a single crystal.
• If crystals are randomly oriented,
overall component properties are not directional.
• Crystal sizes typ. range from 1 nm to 2 cm
(i.e., from a few to millions of atomic layers).
23
 SINGLE
• Single Crystals
VS POLYCRYSTALS
-Properties vary with
direction: anisotropic.
-Example: the modulus
of elasticity (E) in BCC iron:

• Polycrystals
-Properties may/may not 200 mm
vary with direction.
-If grains are randomly
oriented: isotropic.
(Epoly iron = 210 GPa)
-If grains are textured,
anisotropic.
 All metals are crystalline solids
Many ceramics are crystalline solids
Some polymers are crystalline solids
1. Since there are thousands of materials available
2. There are several criteria on which the final decision is
based on
3. There are fewer chances of material processing optimal or
ideal combination of properties
 Property is the way a material responds to a stimulus

 Properties can be mechanical, electrical, thermal,

magnetic, optical, deteriorative…
Mechanical Properties:
 strength, toughness, ductility, elasticity, hardness, fatigue, creep.

Physical Properties:
 density, specific heat, thermal expansion, thermal conductivity,
melting point, electrical and magnetic properties.

Chemical Properties:
 oxidation, corrosion, degradation, toxicity, flammability.
 The way metal is processed affects its structure,
which determines its properties,
which in turn influences its

Processing Structure Properties Performance

SEM

Confocal microscopy image of the wear track on T60 and T30 coatings
TEM
 SUMMARY
• Atoms may assemble into crystalline or
amorphous structures.
• We can predict the density of a material,
provided we know the atomic weight, atomic
radius, and crystal geometry (e.g., FCC,
BCC, HCP).
• Material properties generally vary with single
crystal orientation (i.e., they are anisotropic),
but properties are generally non-directional
(i.e., they are isotropic) in polycrystals with
randomly oriented grains.

27
 Summary

Make sure you understand language and concepts:

 Amorphous
 Anisotropy
 Body-centered cubic (BCC)
 Crystal structure
 Crystalline
 Face-centered cubic (FCC)
 Grain
 Grain boundary
 Hexagonal close-packed (HCP)
 Isotropic
 Lattice parameter
 Non-crystalline
 Polycrystalline
 Single crystal
 Unit cell
1. Cho nguyên tử Al có thông số mạng a = 0.4047 nm, tính bán
kính nguyên tử của Al, biết Al có kiểu mạng lập phương
diện tâm (Fcc):
A. 0.1431 nm
B. 0.2024 nm
C. 0.1752 nm
D. 0.3504 nm

2. Cho nguyên tử Cr có thông số mạng a = 0.2884 nm, tính

bán kính nguyên tử của Cr, biết Cr có kiểu mạng lập phương
thể tâm (Bcc):
A. 0.1249 nm
B. 0.2040 nm
C. 0.1442 nm
D. 0.1020 nm