Heat Treatments
Working conditions
- Strength of materials
Technical Require - Principle
- tolerance
- Economic
Drawing+ Materials
- Casting
Rough draft
- Press
- Welding
Heat treatment
Cutting
Heat treatment
Heat Treatment of Steels
• Heat Treating – defined as the controlled heating and
cooling of metals for the primary purpose of altering
their properties (strength, ductility, hardness,
toughness, machinability, etc)
• Can be done for Strengthening Purposes (converting
structure to martensite)
• Can be done for Softening and Conditioning Purposes
(annealing, tempering, etc.)
Microconstituents vs. Cooling Rate
• Spheroidite: Spherical “globs” of Fe3C in Ferrite
Increasing Cooling Rate
• Pearlite: Layers of ferrite and Fe3C
– Course Pearlite
– Fine Pearlite
• Bainite: 200 – 500 C Transformation
• Martensite: Rapid Cooling
RAPID COOLING
• Rapid cooling: Vcooling > Critical cooling rate
• γ → Martensite : supersaturated solution of
carbon in ferrite (FCC → BCT).
• Extremely fast, v =1000÷5000 m/s.
• Always remain →residual γ.
C45
P F M residual
MARTENSITE
• Diffusionless
transformation of FCC
to BCT (more volume!)
• Lenticular structure.
• Very hard & very brittle.
MARTENSITE
%C ≤0.3: not enough
(≤ 30HRC).
→ no quenching
(carburizing).
0.35 ≤%C ≤0.75: good
hardness→ 60 HRC
%C>0.8 slight
increase. (≥60 HRC).
MARTENSITE
Toughness:
%C ≤0.8:
depend on dmax of M sơ cấp ≤ dγ.
ak
Decrease D → ak increase.
%C >0.8:
depend on dmax of M sơ cấp .
ak
Increase %C → ak decrease.
Hardenability
Tempering
(Self-teaching)
Quenching
The steels shown in blue on the following slide can
be heat treated to harden them by quenching.
Final step:
Temper!
QUENCHING
QUENCHING refers to the process of rapidly
cooling metal parts from the austenite or solution
treating temperature.
Increasing hardness, strength, or toughness
while minimizing residual stress, distortion, and the
possibility of cracking.
Temperature:
+Hypo-eutectoid and Eutectoid (100% γ):
tquenching = Ac3+ (30~50)oC
+ Hyper-eutectoid (γ+CeII):
tquenching = Ac1+ (30~50)oC
C45
P F M residual
Quenching
Quenching
• Depending on how fast steel must be quenched
(from IT diagram), the heat treater will determine
type of quenching required:
– Water (most severe).
– Oil
– Molten Salt
– Gas/ Air (least severe)
What is Tempering?
• Martensite needs to be tempered to get better
ductility. This happens when Fe3C is allowed to
precipitate from Martensite.
TEMPERING
• TEMPERING OF STEEL is a process in which previously
hardened or normalized steel is usually heated to a
temperature below the lower critical temperature and
cooled at a suitable rate.
• Increase ductility and toughness , relieve quenching
stresses and to ensure dimensional stability.
• Obtain specific values of mechanical properties.
Tempering Temperatures
Tempering
A. LOW TEMPERING
• 150÷250oC (High carbon steel);
microstructure: Tempered martensite (60
HRC)
• High wear-resistance
Ex: wood cutting tool, cold-working die,
Piston pin, cam shaft, gear...
B. MED TEMPERING
• 300÷450oC.
• Microstructure: Troostit with highest
elastic modulus.
• For elastic steel 0.5~0.7%C
Ex: spring...
C. HIGH TEMPERING
• 500÷650oC; applied to 0.3~0.55%C steel.
• Microstructure Sootbite, exellent
toughness.
• Strength and hardness decrease so much.
Surface hardening at some specific
location.
Ex: gear…