SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

WORK:

CHANNELS

COURSE:

HYDRAULIC WORKS

TEACHER:

[Link] ENRIQUES, JUANA MARIBEL

STUDENT:

RUBEN OCHOA BUSTAMANTE

MOYOBAMBA - PERU

2019
 INDEX

I. INTRODUCTION : -------------------------------------------------------------------- 03
--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 04
2.1. GENERAL OBJECTIVE: --------------------------------------------------------
2.2. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:
III. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK :
IV. HYDRAULIC CONDITIONS FOR DESIGN : --------------------- 05
4.1. CHANNEL SLOPE: --------------------------------------------------- 06

4.2. CHANNEL SLOPE :

4.3. CHANNEL ROUGHNESS: -------------------------------------------------

4.4. CHANNEL DESIGN : ------------------------------------------------------- 07

4.5. CRITERIA FOR THE CHOICE OF THE SPAN : -----------------

V. CLASSIFICATION OF CHANNELS : ------------------------------------- 09

VI. GEOMETRIC ELEMENTS OF A CHANNEL SECTION: -- 12
VII. CALCULATION OF GEOMETRIC RELATIONS FOR A
SECTION: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14
7.1. RECTANGULAR : --------------------------------------------------------
7.2. TRAPEZIAL SECTION: ------------------------------------------------ 15
7.3. TRIANGULAR SECTION : --------------------------------------------- 17
7.4. CIRCULAR SECTION : ------------------------------------------------- 18

VIII. CONCLUSIONS : ------------------------------------------------------------------ 21

IX. BIBLIOGRAPHY: ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 22
I. INTRODUCTION:
The channels are intended to conduct the captured flows.
from the intake work to the loading or distribution site, according to
the nature of the project and under conditions that allow transporting the
Volumes necessary to meet the demand in an irrigation project.

Thus, the flow rate, a key factor in the design and the most important in a
Irrigation project is a parameter that is obtained based on the type.
of soil, cultivation, climatic conditions, irrigation methods, etc., that is
through the conjunction of the water-soil-plant relationship and the
hydrology, so that when it comes to planning of
channels, the designer will have a broader vision and will be more efficient,
reason why the agricultural engineer stands out and predominates in a
irrigation project.

In engineering, a channel refers to a construction intended for

fluid transport generally used for water and which, unlike
of the pipes, it is open to the atmosphere. They are also used as channels.
navigation artificials. The description of hydraulic behavior
The channels are a fundamental part of hydraulics and their design.
it belongs to the field of hydraulic engineering, one of the specialties
of civil engineering.

The flow of water in a conduit can be open channel flow or flow in

pipeline. These two types of flow are similar in many ways but
they differ in a very important aspect. The flow in an open channel
it must have a free surface. A surface is subjected to pressure
atmospheric.
II. OBJECTIVES
2.1. GENERAL OBJECTIVE:
Learn how to design a channel.

2.2. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:

Learn to calculate the hydraulic calculation of a channel.
Appreciate the shapes of channels (rectangular, trapezoidal)
Calculate the slope of a channel.

III. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK :

Definition of a channel
Basically, a channel is nothing more than an artificial watercourse, being its
a very varied form. The perfect shape of a channel would be one that offers
the least resistance to the advance of the waters and that nature has
it has been demonstrated that it turns out to be semicircular, but given the difficulty of

execution of it (there are no machines with curved blades), it is opted

by trapezoidal sections, which are inscribed within a
circumference.

PARTS OF A CHANNEL.
IV. HYDRAULIC CONDITIONS FOR DESIGN:
Hydraulic section
There are different types of channel sections, such as section
rectangular, trapezoidal, triangular, circular, and parabolic among others
combinations of these
The cross-section of a natural channel is generally very
irregular and varies from one place to another.

Cross section: It is always used in earth channels and in channels.

coated
Rectangular section: It is used for wooden aqueducts for
channels excavated in rock and for lined channels.
Triangular section: It is used for lined ditches on roads,
also small earth channels. It is also used in coatings,
like road drainage.
Parabolic section: It is sometimes used for lined channels and is the
the shape that many natural channels and channels approximately take
old ones of the earth.

Semi-circular section and horseshoe section: It is commonly used.

for sewers and important hydraulic structures.
4.1. CHANNEL SLOPE:

Directly related to the topography that follows the route of

channel, also depends on the type of material that makes up the box of the
canal.
4.2. CHANNEL SLOPE:

It is the slope of the channel wall with respect to the horizontal.

The selection of the slope of a channel takes into account the type of
soil in which the channel box is located. If the soil is sandy the
the slope must be greater (Z=H≥2), if the soil is rocky, the slope must be
(Z= 0).

4.3. CHANNEL ROUGHNESS:

It is the degree of resistance that the surface of the channel box offers.
With the passage of water, that is to say, it depends directly on the type of finish.

of the surface, which can be smooth or rough.

There are different values of roughness:

Uncoated channels 0.025≤ n ≤ 0.030

Coated channels (concrete) 0.014≤ n ≤ 0.016 (without finish)
4.4. CHANNEL DESIGN:

The water strap

In general, by increasing the height, according to the theory,
that the relative roughness decreases and therefore it must also
decrease the coefficient 'n'.

4.5. CRITERIA FOR THE CHOICE OF THE STRUT:

During the design phase, it is necessary to take into account the

results obtained in the basic engineering studies (geology and
soil mechanics). The selection of the slope has as a limitation the
type of material in which the channel box will be housed, that is to say for the
In case the box is lodged in rocky material, it is advisable that
the channel should not be deep in order to minimize the measurements of
excavation in rocks, with no limitation when the box of the channel
it has been excavated in rocky terrain.

STRAP (AND)
A commonly used rule of thumb establishes the maximum value
of the depth of the earth channels according to the following
relationship.

HYDRAULIC AREA (A)

It is obtained using the geometric relationship

FREE BOARD (B.L)

In the determination of the cross-section of the channels,

it is always necessary to leave certain differences between
free water surface for the normal height and the crown of
the edges, as a safety margin, in order to absorb the
extraordinary levels that may occur above the
design flow of the channel.

TOTAL DEPTH (H)

The total depth of the channel is determined once known the

water tension and the free edge that is.

CROWN WIDTH (C)

The crown width of the edges of the channels in Sumarte

superior essentially depends on the service that these will have
to provide. In wide channels, enough widths are made,
6.50m. As a minimum, to allow the transit of vehicles and
conservation equipment in order to facilitate the work of
inspection and distribution of water.
V. CLASSIFICATION OF CHANNELS

According to their origin, the channels are classified as:

a) Natural channels: Include all water courses that exist of

natural ways in the earth, which vary in size from small
brook in mountainous areas, down to streams, small rivers and
large streams, lakes, and ponds. The cross-section of a channel
natural is generally very irregular and variable during its
course the same as its alignment and the characteristics and roughness of
the beds.

b) Artificial channels: Artificial channels are all those

built or developed through the effort of the hand of
man, such as: irrigation channels, navigation channels, control of
floods, hydroelectric power plant channels, stormwater drainage,
sanitary, overflow channels, wooden gutters, ditches along
of roads, agricultural drainage ditches, and model channels
built in the laboratory. The most common cross sections
they are the following:
 Trapezoidal section: It is used in earth channels because
they provide the necessary slopes for stability, and in channels
coated.

Rectangular section: Because the rectangle has sides

verticals, is generally used for channels built with
stable materials, wooden aqueducts, for channels
excavated in rock and for lined channels.

Triangular section: It is used for lined ditches in the

roads, also in small dirt channels,
fundamentally for ease of stroke. They are also used
covered, like the sewers of the roads.

Parabolic section: It is used on some occasions to

covered channels and it is the shape they take approximately
many natural channels and old earth channels.

C) CLOSED SECTIONS:

Circular section: The circle is the most common section for

sewers and drains of small and medium sizes.
Parabolic section: They are commonly used for sewers and
important hydraulic structures.
5.1 IRRIGATION CHANNELS BY FUNCTION:

Irrigation canals adopt different functions.

following denominations:

a) First-order canal: Also called main canal or of

derivation and it is always drawn with minimum slope,
It is normally used on one side only as the other side gives
with elevated land (hills).
 b) Second order canal: Also called laterals, they are
those who leave the main channel and the spending that enters
they are distributed towards the sub-laterals, the irrigation area that
A lateral is known as an irrigation unit.
c) Third order canal: Also called sub-laterals and they originate
from the side channels, the expenditure that enters them is distributed
towards the individual plots through the farm connections.

VI. GEOMETRIC ELEMENTS OF THE SECTION OF A CHANNEL:

The geometric elements are properties of a channel section that
can be entirely defined by the geometry of the section and the
flow depth. These elements are important for the calculation of
runoff.
Flow depth or water level: The flow depth (h) is the
vertical distance from the lowest point of the channel section to the
free surface.
Top width: The top width (t) is the width of the section of the
canal on the free surface.
Wet area: The wet area (a) is the area of the cross-section of the
normal flow in the direction of the flow.
Wet perimeter: The wet perimeter (p) is the length of the line of
intersection of the wet surface of the channel with the cross section
normal to the direction of flow.
Hydraulic radius: The hydraulic radius (r) is the ratio between the area
wet area and the wet perimeter is expressed as R=A/P
Hydraulic depth: The hydraulic depth (d) is the relationship of
wet area with the upper width, is expressed as D=A/T
Section factor: The section factor (z) for calculations of
Runoff or critical flow is the product of the wet area with the square root.
The square of the hydraulic depth is expressed as Z = [Link](D)
Slope 'm': It is the ratio of the horizontal projection to the vertical.
lateral wall (also called the slope of the lateral walls of the channel)
a. Section factor for the calculation of critical flow:

It is the product of the wet area and the square root of the depth.
hydraulics.

Appropriate slopes for different types of materials in the design

of channels.

Values of the Manning roughness coefficient to be applied

in its equation.
VII. CALCULATION OF GEOMETRIC RELATIONS FOR A
SECTION:

7.1. RECTANGULAR:

Hydraulic area: A = base x height = b x h

Where:

A=Hydraulic area of the channel in m2.

b = Channel template width in m.
Water level in the channel in m.

Wet perimeter: P=b+2d

7.2. TRAPEZOID SECTION:

Hydraulic area = A = A1 + 2A2 = Area of the rectangle + area of the 2

triangles.

But we know that the slope is expressed by the relationship of its projection.
horizontal between the vertical projection:
Therefore =, = ,substituting the value of x in the equation
(1.17) it is given:

Where: A = hydraulic area of the channel in m2.

b=width of the channel template in m.

d=water tension in the channel in m.
m=ctg ( )Slope of the channel walls or angle of repose of
canal.
 Perimeter. The wet perimeter of the channel is formed by the base and the
slopes of it up to the place where the free surface is located
of the water, that is, it is the perimeter of the hydraulic area, in contact with the
water (the wet perimeter is the length of the figure. According to
with this figure it is necessary to:

Hydraulic radius. It is the relationship that exists between the hydraulic area of the channel and

the wet perimeter.

 7.3. TRIANGULAR SECTION:

The wet perimeter

7.4. CIRCULAR SECTION:

For this section, it has been established that regardless of the

shape of the section, if a sealed duct is not subjected to
the pressure difference is actually a channel and should be treated as such
such in the calculation.
QUESTION

Why does a circular channel operate at 90% of its capacity?

Due to the atmospheric gases that are formed, through the pressure exerted by the
water makes up about 10% of the section worked with air.

Formulas for the calculation of conductances.

Continuity Equation: Q = S x V

m3/s

Slope: tag = sin / cos

2 per thousand = 0.2% = 2m/km = 0.002 m/m

per thousand

J = in percentage (m/m).

Bazin's formula.

Ganguillet and Kutter formula.

Calculation of the section.

Q=SxV
Rh = S / P
Hazen-Williams equation

To check the speed.

V = 0.8494* C* R0, 62 S*0, 54

V200.8494* (12O)* (0,53)0, 62* (4,13x10-5)0, 54

V200.135

V500.8494* (120)* (0.53)0, 62* (7.89x10-5)0, 54

V500.191

V800.8494* (120)* (0.53)0, 62* (5.99x10-5)0, 54

V80= 0.165
conclusions

IX. The most commonly used channel shapes in irrigation are the
trapezoidal.
X. The channels must be designed appropriately, especially the
pending to have a balanced liquid flow neither too fast nor
very slow to cover the entire area.
XI. Regarding the dimensions of the channel, it must be done according to
the flow that will pass; if it becomes very small and the flow
It is high, we will have spills, and otherwise it would become very large.
For little water, in addition to taking up space, more would be used.

investment in vain.
IX. BIBLIOGRAPHY:
[Link]
Channels/[Link]
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hydraulic_design_of_channels.pdf