CHAPTER – 7
ALTERNATING CURRENT
Important Formulae:
1. Alternating Voltage
V = V0 sint,
2. Alternating Current
I = I0 sin t
3. Mean value Alternating Current: (i)For complete cycle: Iavg = 0
2I
(ii) For half cycle : Iavg = 0 = 0.637I0
π
4. Mean value Alternating Voltage: (i)For complete cycle: Vavg = 0
2V 0
(ii) For half cycle : Vavg = = 0.637V0
π
5. Root Mean Square value Alternating Current For complete cycle:
I0
Irms = = 0.707 I0
√2
6. Root Mean Square value Alternating Voltage For complete cycle:
V0
Vrms = = 0.707 V0
√2
7. Phase difference Between the Voltage and the Current in an AC Circuit
(i) For Resister:
Alternating Voltage V = V0 sint,
and Alternating Current I = I0 sin t.
The voltage and the current are in same phase i.e. phase difference = 0.
(ii) For Capacitor:
Alternating Voltage V = V0 sint,
π
and Alternating Current I = I0 sin (t+ ¿.
2
The phase difference between voltage and the current is = π/2.
V0
Capacitive reactance Xc = 1/ωC. Peack value of ac I0 = .
XC
(iii) For Inductor:
π
Alternating Voltage V = V0 sint, and Alternating Current I = I0 sin (t - ¿.
2
The phase difference between voltage and the current is = π/2.
V0
Inducitive reactance XL = ωL. Peack value of ac I0 = .
XL
(iv) For LCR ac circuit:
Alternating Voltage V = V0 sint, and Alternating Current I = I0 sin (t + ϕ¿.
√ 2
The phase difference between voltage and the current is . Impedance Z = R2 + ( X C −X L ) .
V X −X l
Peack value of ac I0 = 0 , and ϕ = tan−1 c
Z R
8. Power in and AC Circuit:
R
Average power: Pav = Vrms x Irms cos and Power factor cos
Z
(a) For pure Resistor Power factor, cos 1
(b) For pure inductor and capacitor Power factor, cos 0
R
(c) For LCR circuit Power factor, cos
Z
1
9. Resonant Condition: X C =X L OR = ωL
ωC
1
10. Resonant Frequency: f r=
2 π √ LC
es N s I p
11. Transformer: = = =r (transformation factor )
ep N p I s
P out
12. Efficiency of transformer: η = ×100
P¿
13. AC Generator: Induced emf – e = e 0 sin ω t and e0 = NBAω