L1: Introduction to STS

Serendipitous- occurring or discovered by chance in a happy Science follows a basic method- Scientific Method
or beneficial way.

Alexander Flemming
●​ Scottish scientist and nobel price laureate
●​ History:
-​ In 1928, Alexander Fleming accidentally discovered
penicillin when mould spores contaminated a Petri
dish of staphylococcal bacteria. He noticed the mold
killed nearby bacteria and identified it as Penicillium.
Fleming found it effective against many Gram-positive
pathogens and realized the active substance was a
secretion from the mould, which he named
penicillin—the world’s first antibiotic.

Dr. Abelardo Aguilar

●​ Erythromycin (1949)- A new kind of antibiotic
discovered by a doctor from Iloilo, that was made
available to those who were allergic to penicillin.
Maria Currie
●​ pioneered the study of radioactivity and discovered
two new elements, radium and polonium, which were
highly radioactive.
●​ Her years of working with these dangerous
substances caused aplastic anemia, leading to her
death in 1934.

Louis Pasteur
●​ Known for developing the process of pasteurization,
creating the first vaccines for rabies and anthrax,
providing foundational support for the germ theory of
disease.

Science
●​ Come from a latin word scientia (knowledge)
●​ It is a systematized body of knowledge
●​ An organized and dynamic inquiry (following scientific
method)
●​ It is knowledge gained through observation and
experimentation

Technology
●​ As material products: results of scientific inquiry;
hardware produced by scientists.
●​ As application of knowledge: use in solving scientific
and practical problems that will help humans to
survive and improve human life.

Society

Not everything is resolved by debate or argument but rather

through experimentation. It is done to:
1.​ Discover phenomena and relationships
2.​ Verify laws and test theories, models and predictions
L2: Ancient, Middle, and Modern Technology ●​ Days after ice age
●​ Socialize
●​ Antecedent is defined as a precursor to the unfolding
or existence of something. Thus, Bronze Ages (3,300 to 1,200 BCE)
●​ Historical antecedents in science and technology ●​ Middle East and parts of Asia
are factors that paved the way for the presence of ●​ Major human advancements: scale urbanization, birth
advanced and sophisticated scientific and of writing system, and extensive trade networks.
technological innovations today. ●​ Homo species appriciate the use of fire
●​ Knowledge of the history of science and technology ●​ Birth of use of bronze, copper, and other elements
is useful in appraising these innovations today. materials
●​ By understanding how previous generations ●​ Death of stone age
influenced and were influenced by developments in
science and technology, today’s generation can come Iron Age (1,200 BCE)
up with informed decisions on the proper application ●​ Widespread of iron and steel for tools and weapons,
of science and technology to daily life. which began in the Middle East and spread across
Europe, Asia, and parts of Africa.

Development in Agriculture (Irrigation System)

Ancient Period Neolithic period- birth of agriculture
Significant pattern of agriculture are in Europe, :
Homo Habilis (Handyman)
●​ Ape like features Sumerians (Southern Mesopotamia)
●​ Live roughly 2.4 to 1.4 Billion years in the eastern and ●​ Pioneered the development of irrigation canals, dams,
southern part of africa and levees to bring water to farmlands and at the
same time, to control the flooding of the Tigris and
Homo Erectus (Upright Man) Euphrates rivers.
●​ Human like body ●​ Mesopotamia (modern day Iraq)
●​ Live roughly 2 million to 1.2 m years in the past 1.​ Plow- make farming efficient, rather than doing it all
●​ Move from South america to nearby continents by hand.
●​ Imitation of a sumerian plow
Homo Sapiens (Wise Man)
●​ Larger brain
●​ They evolve from africa and migrated to other nerby Egyptians
continent 1.​ Basin irrigation
●​ Skeleton are lighter and they are much intelligent ●​ productive adaption of the natural rise and fall of the
river.
Ancient civilizations- advances on science and technology
improve ways of communication, transportation, 2.​ Shadoof (Shaduf)
self-organization, and living in general.

Stone Age
Paleotic Period
●​ Early humans first created and used stone tools
●​ From 3.3 million years to roughly 12,000 years ago.

Mesolithic Period
●​ Period of transition between paleothic and neolithic
eras
●​ Characterized by the development of smaller, more
refined stone tools known as microliths.
●​ Invented and used by ancient Egyptians to irrigate
land. Among Egyptians who lived near the Nile river,
New Stone Age
irrigation was necessary to their crops.
Neolithic Period
●​ It is a hand operated device used for lifting water.
●​ Birth of agriculture, permanent settlements, social
organization, and the developement of more
suphisticated tools.
Navigation/ Transportation ●​ Hittites (2000 BCE)- 1st civilization to incorporate
●​ Map- Babylonian World Map known as Imdago Mundi, steel into their weaponry.
created in 600 BCE, considered the ealiest map of the ●​ Earliest examples of metal armor come from the
world . greek Mycenaean Era in 1400 BCE.

Communication and Writing 1.​ Chariots (3000 BCE)

●​ Cunieform- earliest known writing systems. Comes ●​ Mesopotamia: used in funeral processions, and later
from latin word cuneus meaning wedge, as the script on it was used for war, racing, and hunting.
composed of wedge-shaped marks pressed into clay
tablets.

Architecture and Engineering Aeolipile (Hero Engine)

1.​ City of Ur: Located in ancient southern Mesopotamia
(Sumer), Ur was one of the world’s first true cities. Believed to be the ancient precursor
2.​ Pyramids- built as monuments to house the tombs of of the steam engine. Hero of
pharaoh. In relation to the future, its importance is its Alexandria is credited for the
mathematical measurement that they are practicing demonstration of the use of the
during that time and how strong this structure is. aeolipile during the 1st Century A.D.

Navigation/ Transportation It is a steam powered turbine which

1.​ Ancient Wheel (3,500 BC) spun when the water container at its center was
●​ Ancient civilizations used animals as transportation. heated, thus making it practically the first rudimentary
●​ No one knows exactly who invented the wheel and steam engine.
when. But argue to be created by mesopotamians,
Asians, and Egyptians
●​ The wheel is said to be made of potter’s wheel, a
heavy flat disk made of hardened clay which was EUROPEANS
spun horizontally on an axis.
●​ Arrived after the invention of agriculture, boats, woven Architecture and Engineering
cloth, and pottery.
●​ During the transition between the Neolithic and the 1.​ Greece’s Parthenon (447-438 BCE)
Bronze Age. It is made of wood, with the hole in the ●​ Built in ancient Greece for goddess Athena in
core for the axle. ●​ Ionic Column and Doric Column
●​ Stone Wheel > wooden wheel> add rubber to make it
more convenient > attached cart and donkey 2.​ Rome’s Pantheon (126 CE)
●​ Mainly used for transporting heavy equipment, ●​ Built to celebrate all the Roman gods
agricultural produce, and materials for infrastructure. ●​ Rotunda Dome

Communication and Writing 3.​ Aqueducts

1.​ Hieroglyphics ●​ Used in ancient Greece, the ancient Near East,
●​ Complicated way of writing involving 1,000 symbols ancient Rome, Acient Aztecs, and ancient Inca
●​ Some symbols represent sounds, like our letters, and ●​ Channel used to transport fresh water to highly
others represent entire words. populated area.
●​ Before: reservoir > conduit > Aqueduct Bridge > City
2.​ Paper (3,000 BCE) ●​ Modern: reservoir > underground conduit >
●​ the ancient Egyptians began writing on papyrus, a Treatment Plant > City
material similar to thick paper.
●​ It is made from the pith of the papyrus plant cyperus Mathematics and Science
papyrus. It is lightweight, strong, durable, and most 1.​ Antikythera Mechanism (2nd Century BCE)
importantly, portable.
●​ Used for important documents and religious texts.

Military/ Warfare and Technology

Weapons and Armory

 ●​ Invented in early Han Dynasty
●​ Around 850 AD, Chinese alchemists accidentally
invented black powder of gunpowder.
●​ Multiple accounts suggest that the gunpowder might
have been an unintended by-product of attempts
made by the Chinese to invent the elixir of life, which
is why the Chinese called it huoyao, roughly
translated as “fire potion”.
●​ 1st known analog computer ●​ They believe that when they fire fireworks will bring
●​ Used to calculate and predict astronomical positions luck.
and eclipse decades in advance. ●​ But Europeans were the ones who originally used it
●​ The remaining fragments- 30 gear wheels. as gunpowder.

Military/ Warfare Technology

1.​ Siege Catapults (Early 400s BCE)
●​ Machine that can hurl heavy objects or shoot arrows MIDDLE AGES (500 AD to 1500 AD)
with great force invented by ancient Greeks and in ●​ Medieval technologies around the world. The start of
ancient India. the Middle Ages was marred by massive inventions
and migrations.
ASIA: CHINA ●​ War was prevalent during this time causing population
Communication and Writing decline.
1.​ Paper (25-220 CE) ●​ Medieval period (Dark Ages)
●​ 1st papermaking process was documented in China -​ It is between the fall of the Roman Empire in 5th
during the Eastern Han Period Century AD and the beginning of the Renaissance or
colonial expansion of Western Europe in the late 15th
Architecture and Engineering century AD.
1.​ Great Wall of China
●​ Longest man made structure ever designed or built-in 1.​ Printing Press (15th Century)
history. ●​ Invented by Johannes Gutenberg
●​ Build to serve as a defense against enemy attacks ●​ Use a cast type made of extracted juices firmly
from nomadic tribes north of China. pressed into the piece of paper.
●​ Revolutionized printing by making it faster, cheaper,
Navigation/ Transportation and more efficient.
1.​ Magnetic Compass ●​ 1st book printed using it Bible

2.​ Heavy Plough.

●​ Most important technological innovations during the

​ middle ages
●​ Use by seaman ●​ Harnessing clay oil become possible, despite its
heavyweight
Mathematics and Science ●​ Clay soil is more fertile than lighter types of soil
1.​ Abacus
●​ 1st counting machine by sliding counters along rods
or in grooves.
●​ It was thought to be 1st utilized in Sumeria around 3.​ Paper Money
2700 to 2300 BCE, which used a base 60 ●​ 17th century- bank notes began to be used in Europe
(sexagesimal) system. as an offshoot to the invention of the printing press by
Johannes Gutenberg.
Military/ Warfare Technology
1.​ Gunpowder (1st Century CE)
 4.​ Mechanical Clock ●​ Spectacle makers created the 1st telescope:
●​ Accurately keep track of time. a.​ Hans Lippershey
b.​ Zacharias Janssen
5.​ Spinning Wheel c.​ Jacob Metius
●​ Machine that transform fiber into thread or yarn and ●​ Galileo Galilei- Astronomer, physicist, engineer, and
eventually woven into a cloth or loom. mathematician, he created telescopes with higher
magnification and better quality.
●​ Optical instrument using lenses, curved mirrors, or a
Time combination of both to observe distant objects, or
1.​ Mechanical clocks ●​ Various devices used to observe distant objects by
●​ Use gears and springs to measure and indicate time. their emission, absorption, or reflection of
●​ During the Middle Ages, it provided a visible electromagnetic radiation
timekeeping reference for the community.
3. Steam Engine
2.​ Astrolabe ●​ Thomas Savery
●​ Used to measure the position of the Sun and the -​ In 1698, he patented a pump with hand-operated
different stars in the sky accurately. valves to raise water from mines by suction produced
●​ On the past people believe that the center of the solar by condensing steam. Also, considered the Inventor
system is Earth and other heavenly objects are just of the first steam engine.
evolving around us.
●​ Thomas Newcomen
War Weapons -​ He developed a more efficient steam engine with a
●​ Since war was widespread during the Middle Ages, piston separating the condensing steam from the
development in great weaponry technology also water called the “ atmospheric steam engine."
occurred.
●​ It both includes offensive and defensive instruments; ●​ James Watt
these include longbows, highwalls, and body -​ In 1765, he greatly improved the Newcomen engine
fortresses, iron and armor chainmail. by adding a separate condenser to avoid heating and
cooling the cylinder with each stroke.
Tidal Mills
●​ A structure that harnesses energy of tides to power Engine-Powered Airplane
machinery. They have been used for centuries to ●​ With the use of engines, the airplane can move
grind grain, pump water, and generate electricity. forward with a great force that is produced by a
tremendous thrust and causes the plane to fly very
fast.
●​ All jet engines (gas turbines) work on the same
MODERN AGES (1590- 20th century) principle.
●​ People realize the importance of the efficiency of
transportation , communication, and production. 4. Transistor
●​ Industrialization took place but with greater risk to ●​ Point-Contact Transistor
human health, food safety, and the environment. -​ In 1947, it was invented by a team of researchers at
Bell Labs (John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William
Shockley), it is the first working transistor in history, it
1.​ Compound Microscope amplifies electrical signals, making it a significant
●​ Creator: Hans Janssen and Zacharias Janssen breakthrough in electronics.
●​ Use two lenses to enlarge the image of a sample.
a.​ Ocular (eyepiece) lens and ●​ Junction Transistor
b.​ Objective turret or Revolver (to hold multiple objective -​ It is a more robust version of the transistor, developed
lenses). by Wiltiam Shockley in 1948. It is instrumental in the
development of modern electronic circuits.
Single Lense Microscope
●​ Have exceptional magnification 5. Telephone (1876)
●​ Creator: Antoine Van Leewenhoek ●​ A communication device that allows for distances, has
-​ Dutch draper and amateur microscopist revolutionized the way we connect with each other.
●​ Invented by a Scottish- born scientist, Alexander
2.​ Telescope Graham Bell.
 ●​ Common swords found in Sulu & Mindanao.
6. Television (TV) (1920’s) ●​ The waves of each Kris denote a flame or a serpent
●​ Invented by John Logie
●​ A telecommunication medium used for transmitting 2.​ BLOWGUN
moving images in monochrome (black and white), or ●​ Sumpit and sumpitan are general terms for blowguns,
in color, and in two or three dimensions and sound. usually tipped with iron spearheads, used for hunting
●​ British Broadcasting Corporation used this for its and warfare.
earliest television programming in 1929
3.​ LANTAKA
7. Computer ●​ It was a type of bronze portable cannon or swivel gun
●​ Charles Babbage "father of the computer" sometime mounted on merchant vessels and
-​ known for his invention of the "Analytical Engine" warships
-​ first mechanical computer and laid the foundation for
modern computers FILIPINO SCRIPT
1.​ BAYBAYIN
●​ John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly (1946) ●​ Baybayin Script was the primary script used by
-​ Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer various indigenous across the archipelago, with 17
(ENIAC) basic characters representing different syllables.
-​ First electronic general-purpose computer
SPANISH REGIME 1666-1860
●​ A machine that can be instructed to carry out ●​ The beginnings of modern science and technology in
sequences of arithmetic or logical operations the Philippines can be traced to the Spanish regime.
automatically via computer programming. ●​ Schools and hospitals were established, and there
●​ Modern computers have the ability to follow was development of scientific research.
generalized sets of operations, called programs. ●​ The Medicine and Pharmacy field thrived in the
-​ These programs enable computers to perform an Philippines.
extremely wide range of tasks. ●​ The Spaniards also introduced the technology of town
planning and building with stones, bricks, and tiles.

Philippine Technology 19th Century

PRE-COLONIAL ●​ Due to world trade, Manila developed into a
There were numerous, scattered, thriving, relatively cosmopolitan center, where a waterworks system,
self-sufficient, and autonomous communities long before the stream tramways, electric lights, and even a banking
Spaniards arrived. However, Filipinos were known to have system were introduced.
simpler technology than neighboring countries. ●​ Manila Observatory was also founded in 1865. By the
year 1879, Fr. Federico Faura issued the first public
The early Filipinos learned to make metal tools and typhoon warning.
implements -- copper, gold, bronze, and, later, iron. By 100 CE,
Filipinos were also weaving cotton, melting iron, making AMERICAN COLONIZATION, COMMONWEALTH AND
pottery, and glass ornaments, and engaged in agriculture. JAPANESE COLONIZATION 1898-1946
●​ During the American era, the Americans taught the
Filipino people about English speaking, personal
TERRACING
hygiene, and education.
The Banaue Rice Terraces are terraces that were carved into
●​ Science and Technology during the American period
the mountains of Banaue, Ifugao, in the Philippines, by the
heavily focused on the development and improvement
ancestors of the Igorot people. It was estimated that it was built
of infrastructure, education, health care,
for around 100s CE
industrialization, and agriculture.
●​ Despite all the efforts of the Commonwealth
BOATS
government, the Philippines wasn't still able to
The oldest recovered boats in the Philippines are the 9 to 11
achieve economic self-reliance and the state of
balangay found in Butuan dated to 320 CE. These boats were
science and technology remained stagnant in the
also built for trading purposes. Other Filipino boats: Karakoa
Philippines.
and Vinta.
●​ The Japanese colonization during the War also put a
halt to educational and scientific activities in the
Philippines. Manila was severely affected, which
FILIPINO WEAPONRY
destroyed what had been built up before
1.​ KRIS & KAMPILAN
MODERN/POST-MODERN FILIPINO INVENTIONS 3.​ Barong/Barung – Leaf-shaped short sword from
BAMBOO INCUBATOR Mindanao.
4.​ Gunong/Punyál – Small dagger used for self-defense,
1.​ Bamboo Incubator commonly among the Maranao.
●​ Dr. Fe Del Mundo devised the bamboo incubator in 5.​ Kampilan – Long sword used by Lapu-Lapu in the
the 1940s as a cost-effective solution to provide a Battle of Mactan.
nurturing environment for premature infants in 6.​ Kalis – Double-edged sword with a wavy blade,
resource-limited settings. similar to a keris.
●​ She did not invent the incubator but rather created a
bamboo / improvised incubator. Firearms and Cannons
●​ 1st filipina who study in Harvard 1.​ Lantaka (Kanyon) – Bronze swivel cannons used on
ships; made by panday piray (blacksmiths) in
2.​ FILIPINO JEEPNEY Pampanga.
●​ It can be traced back to the immediate aftermath of 2.​ Portable cannons (arquebuses) and large
World War II. To solve the then mass problem, culverin-type cannons were also used pre-colonially.
Filipinos upcycled the surplus transportation jeeps
brought to the Philippines by American troops Architecture and Civil Engineering
1.​ Igorot Stone Forts – Built around 2000 BC with stone
DIOSDADO BANATAO'S INVENTIONS walls for defense.
Nasa SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERIES sa baba 2.​ Idjang – Fortified hilltop citadels in Batanes, likened to
castles.
PLASTIC PYROLYSIS 3.​ Torogan – Royal Maranao house; elevated, ornately
Jayme Navarro of Bacolod discovered a method of converting carved with okir designs. Contains a Sarimanok
plastic bags into fuel such as gasoline, diesel, and kerosene. figure.

MOSQUITO OVICIDAL-LARVICIDAL (OL) TRAP SYSTEM Music and Instruments

Dr. Nuna E. Almanzor and her team have developed the 1.​ OPM (Original Pilipino Music) – Fusion of indigenous,
Mosquito Ovicidal Larvicidal (OL) trap system which has Spanish, American, and Asian musical styles.
significantly reduced mosquito densities and dengue virus 2.​ Kudyapi – Two-stringed boat lute used across
transmission in various schools and communities nationwide Mindanao and the Visayas.
3.​ Palendag – Bamboo lip-valley flute, hardest of its kind
to play.
4.​ Gambang – Wooden xylophone-like instrument in
Filipino Inventions and Discoveries southern Philippines.
Fashion 5.​ Gandingan – Set of hanging gongs used for melodic
1.​ Barong Tagalog – Traditional Filipino embroidered and communicative purposes (“talking gongs”).
shirt worn by men for formal occasions. Worn
untucked; popularized by Pres. Ramon Magsaysay.
2.​ Baro’t Saya (Filipiniana) – Traditional dress for Transportation and Mobility
women; "Baro at Saya" = blouse and skirt. Marine Vessels
3.​ Bahag – Loincloth worn by indigenous people, 1.​ Balangay (Butuan boat) – First wooden boat
especially the Cordillerans. excavated in SE Asia; used in migration, origin of
word "barangay".
Literature and Arts 2.​ Karakoa – Fast Visayan/Kapampangan warship; three
1.​ Hudhud – Ifugao epic chants sung during harvest, times faster than Spanish galleons.
funerals, and rituals, mostly by elder women. 3.​ Vinta (Lepa-lepa/Sakayan) – Colorful sailboats used
2.​ Pabása – Chanting of the Pasyón during Holy Week, by the Bajau/Tausūg for transport in Mindanao and
narrating the life, passion, death and resurrection of Sulu.
Jesus Christ.
Land Transport
Weapons and Warfare (Swords and Blades) 1.​ Jeepney – Iconic Filipino transport from modified
1.​ Panabas – Large curved sword for combat and military U.S. jeeps post-WWII; evolved into
execution. E-Jeepneys for urban transport.
2.​ Balisong – Butterfly knife from Batangas, used for
flipping tricks and defense. Food and Food Technologies
 1.​ Adobo – Indigenous cooking method using vinegar c.​ Local bus concept and first Windows Graphics
and salt for preservation; predates Spanish Accelerator Chip.
colonization. ●​ Co-founded: Mostron, Chips and Technologies, S3
2.​ Sinigang – Tamarind-based sour soup; popular Graphics.
Filipino dish. ●​ Innovated one-chip video camera in CMOS
(combined analog + DSP circuits).
Contributions by Maria Orosa ●​ Education: Ph.D. from Stanford in Mixed-signal
1.​ Banana Catsup – Tomato catsup substitute using CMOS IC Design.
bananas. ●​ Holds 6 U.S. patents and co-authored 13 papers.
2.​ Soyalac – Powdered soy-based food; saved lives in
WWII. 3. Eco-G Nanotechnology
3.​ Calamansi Nip – Dried/powdered calamansi juice. ●​ Created Eco-G3000/ Eco-G5000
●​ A fuel-emission reduction device.
Traditional Snacks and Desserts ●​ Reduces vehicular gas consumption and toxic
1.​ Halo-halo – Mixed dessert with shaved ice, milk, emissions.
beans, and fruits. ●​ Low-cost and low-maintenance.
2.​ Binignit (Ginataang Halo-Halo) – Visayan hot dessert
similar to halo-halo but with coconut milk. 4. Justino Arboleda
3.​ Palitaw – Sticky rice cakes that float when done ●​ Invented Coconet: A biodegradable net made from
boiling. coconut husk.
4.​ Otap – Flaky puff pastry from Cebu with a multi-step ●​ Sturdy and environmentally friendly.
baking process.
5.​ Bibingka – Rice cake baked in banana leaves, 5. Edgardo Vazquez
popular during Christmas. ●​ Invented Vazbuilt Modular Housing System:A
6.​ Puto – Steamed rice cake often eaten with savory prefabricated housing system.
dishes. ●​ Components: Walls, floors, columns, window panels,
7.​ Kutsinta – Jelly-like steamed rice cake, paired with tied beams.
puto. ●​ Fast to build, potential solution to the Philippines’
8.​ Taho – Silken tofu with syrup (arnibal) and sago; housing backlog.
popular street snack.
9.​ Nata de coco – Invented in 1949 from coconut as a 6. Marc Loinaz
gelatin dessert. ●​ Co-invented the One-Chip Video Camera: Created at
10.​ Macapuno – Developed commercially using "embryo Lucent Technologies.
rescue" tech in the 1960s by Dr. Emerita V. De ●​ Small (size of cigarette lighter), low power, cheap.
Guzman. ●​ Replaces CCD (Charge-Coupled Devices).
●​ Based on silicon chips.

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY INVENTIONS 7. Bobby Murphy

Modern Filipino Innovations ●​ Filipino-American co-founder of Snap Inc. (Snapchat).
●​ Products include:
1.​ Danvic Briones 1.​ Snapchat
●​ Rescue 72 – Life vest and emergency survival kit 2.​ Spectacles
●​ Designed to last 72 hours during disasters (Typhoon 3.​ Bitmoji
Ondoy-inspired). 4.​ Zenly

2.​ Diosdado “Dado” Banatao 8. Rolly Palladio

●​ Developed the first single-chip, graphical user ●​ Invented Water-Supplemented Stove: Uses water as
interface (GUI) accelerator. LPG enhancer.
-​ Allowed faster computer processing and graphical ●​ Claimed to be efficient, though some sources
interface use (no longer just typed commands). consider it potentially scam-like.
●​ 1st single chip or 16-bit microprocessor based
calculator
●​ Credited with: GAMES & SPORTS
a.​ First 10-Mbit Ethernet CMOS with silicon coupler
data-link control & transceiver chip. 1.​ Sofronio H. Pasola, Jr.
b.​ First system logic chipset for IBM PC-XT & PC-AT. ●​ Invented the Game of the Generals: A military-themed
board game.
 ●​ Objective: Capture the opponent's flag or move your
own flag to the opponent’s end while evading the
opponent's soldiers and spies. Urban Legends (Disputed/Not Credible Inventions)
●​ Features strategy and hidden information. 1.​ Fluorescent Lamp​
●​ The name of the invention was supposedly from the
2.​ The Spike (Volleyball) surname of the purported inventor “Flores"
●​ Developed by Filipino players in the early 20th ●​ Attributed to Agapito Flores​
century. ●​ Disputed; name similarity only
●​ Originally known as the “Manila Bomb”.
2.​ Yoyo​
●​ Claimed to be Filipino weapon​
MARTIAL ARTS ●​ No solid proof; mostly a toy

1.​ Eskrima / Arnis / Kali (also known as Filipino 3.​ M16 Rifle​
Martial Arts or FMA) ●​ Invented by Armando Lite​
●​ Traditional Filipino weapon-based martial arts. ●​ Hoax; fake origin
●​ Focus on sticks, knives, bladed & improvised
weapons, and empty-hand techniques. 4.​ Lunar Rover (Apollo missions)​
●​ Regional Names: ●​ Designed by Eduardo San Juan​
a.​ Luzon: Arnis de Mano, Pananandata, Sinawali, ●​ Proven false by NASA
Sitbatan, Didya, Kabaroan
b.​ Visayas & Mindanao: Eskrima, Kali, Kaliradman,
Pagaradman, Kalirongan
●​ Styles vary: Some focus on weapons; others on
hand-to-hand combat.

SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERIES

1.​ Dr. Abelardo Aguilar

●​ Discovered Erythromycin (antibiotic).
●​ Worked for Eli Lilly & Co.
●​ Discovery made in 1949, declared a new drug in
1952.
●​ Treats infections with fewer side effects than
penicillin.

2.​ Rodolfo Aquino

●​ Discovered 9 rice breeds at IRRI in 1966.
●​ Helped prevent famine in Asia.

3.​ Josefino Comiso

●​ Filipino physicist at NASA Goddard Space Flight
Center.
●​ Discovered recurring polynya (open water in sea ice)
in Cosmonauts Sea.
●​ Important for climate & global warming studies.

4.​ Jayme Navarro

●​ Invented a method to convert plastic bags into fuel in
2007.
●​ Process:
-​ Melting → Polymer extraction → Catalyst → Pyrolysis
→ Purification → Fuel.
●​ Result: 5,000 kg of plastic → 400 liters of diesel.
●​ Patented in November 2008.
●​ Fuel is low in sulfur and eco-friendly.
Topic 3: Paradigm Shift & Kuhnian’s Cycle ●​ no single framework competing ideas
●​ No current ideas who is the center of the universe
WHAT IS PARADIGM?
Paradigm comes from the Greek word Paradeigma, meaning 2.​ Normal Science
pattern, model, or example. (Meaning dictionary, 2024) ●​ shared paradigm guides puzzle-solving
●​ For instance, the establishment of Newtonian physics,
A paradigm is a basic framework of assumptions, principals study of motion of objects and the forces acting upon
and methods from which the members of the community work. them.
(McLeod, 2023)
3.​ Crisis
Paradigm is the set of beliefs and concepts people believe ●​ anomalies arise that cannot be explained
based on what people currently know or the information they ●​ Newtonian physics: Why the orbit of mercury is weird
have. and why the speed of light is constant

4.​ Revolution
PARADIGM SHIFT ●​ a new theory challenges the old
The concept was first formalized by physicist and philosopher ●​ Einstein's Law of Relativity explains the anomalies
of science Thomas Kuhn. that Newton cannot explain.

A paradigm shift is a major change in how people think and get 5.​ New Paradigm
things done that upends and replaces a prior paradigm. ●​ the new framework becomes the accepted "normal
science”
A paradigm shift can result after the accumulation of anomalies ●​ New theory become the standard
or evidence that challenges the status quo, or due to some
revolutionary innovation or discovery. EXAMPLE
Newtonian Physics - Einstein's Theory of Relativity
There is often resistance to a new paradigm coming from ●​ A paradigm shift that changed our understanding of
incumbents (people with power and autonomy). space, time, and gravity (Simply Psychology, 2023)

Agriculture Revolution (Neolithic Revolution)

Old information (old paradigm) debunked by the new A PARADIGM SHIFT IN HUMAN HISTORY THAT BEGAN
paradigm= paradigm shift AROUND 12,000 YEARS AGO (AROUND 10,000 BCE), AT
THE END OF THE LAST ICE AGE

SHIFT FROM HUNTER-GATHERER LIFESTYLES TO

Geocentric Model- Earth Centered Solar System SETTLED FARMING COMMUNITIES
Claudious Pytolom
Supported by the church NOT JUST ABOUT FOOD: IT TRANSFORMED SOCIAL,
Church are teachers TECHNOLOGICAL, AND ENVIRONMENTAL LIFE

Heliocentric Model- Sun Centered Solar System FOUNDATION FOR CITIES, STATES, WRITING, AND
1453- geo is debunked CIVILIZATION
Percunicuss

THOMAS KUHN'S CYCLE OF SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTIONS HUNTER-GATHERER SOCIETIES

●​ Lived by foraging, hunting, fishing
Thomas Kuhn, 1962: ●​ Small, mobile groups with varied diets
●​ Science does not progress in a straight line ●​ Limitations: unstable food supply, low population, no
●​ Instead, it advances through paradigm shifts (radical permanent homes
changes in perspective
CAUSES OF SHIFT
Just like in research, we find the gaps on previous research to Why did humans turn to farming?
formulate our own state of the problem ●​ Climate change after Ice Age made farming viable
●​ Population pressure strained wild food resources
THE FIVE STAGES ●​ Domestication of plants (wheat, barley, rice) and
1.​ Pre-paradigm Stage animals (goats, sheep, cattle)
●​ Allowed permanent settlements and food surplus
IMPACTS & TRADE-OFFS (POSITIVE IMPACTS)
●​ Demographic growth
●​ Economic surplus
●​ Technological innovation

Negative
●​ Health consequences
●​ Social inequalities
●​ Environmental crisis
TOPIC 4: INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION

Copernican
●​ Copernicus is a polish astronomer
●​ Challenged the Geocentric Model (Earth is the center
of universe)
●​ His work, published in 1543, argued that the Earth
and other planets revolved around the Sun
Heliocentric Model)
●​ This idea redefined humanity's place in the cosmos,
weakening the grip of traditional, religiously-based
views of the universe and laying the foundation for
modern astronomy.

Darwinian (1859)
●​ Charles Darwin revolutionized biology with his theory
of evolution by natural selection.
●​ In his 1859 work, "On the Origin of Species," he Meso-Americano (1500 BCE-16th CE)
argued that all species, including humans, evolved
●​ Developed in part of Mexico area
over time through natural processes rather than being
●​ Significant advancements in mathematics, astronomy,
fixed in their current form.
and writing, exemplified by the Maya's sophisticated
●​ He was actually put in prison due to his ideas and
calendar systems and hieroglyphic script
many challenges it due to lack of evidence.
●​ Impressive architectural achievements like the
pyramids of Teotihuacan and Maya cities
Freudian (1856-1939)
●​ Alongside complex religious and philosophical
●​ Sigmund Freud: father of Psychoanalysis
systems that shaped the region's cultural legacy.
●​ Known for his Psychosexual Development Theory
●​ He is credited for initiating a 20th century intellectual
●​ Mayan Civilization (250 to 900 CE)
revolution named after him; The Freudian Revolution
-​ Excelled in astronomy, mathematics, and writing,
using a complicated calendar and hieroglyphic
●​ Psychoanalysis
alphabet.
A theory and method of treating mental illness in
-​ They built pyramids and observatories in Tikal and
which a person is encouraged to talk about private
Chichen Itza.
thoughts and events to someone trained in this
-​ Their organized culture and religion included intricate
method.
ceremonies and a pantheon of deities.

●​ Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality

Personality is defined as our characteristic pattern of African Civilization
thinking, feeling, and acting. Our childhood sexuality
and unconscious motivations influences our ●​ Oldest civilization on the Earth.
personality. It is shaped by our past experience. ●​ It is referred to as the "cradle of civilization"

According to the famous psychoanalyst Sigmund ●​ Lineage and culture achievements:

Freud, children go through a series of psychosexual ○​ Mathematics
stages that lead to the development of the adult ○​ Engineering
personality. ○​ Astronomy
○​ Navigation
Freud's Psychosexual Stages ○​ Metallurgy
1.​ Oral Stage (0-1 year old) ○​ Medicine
2.​ The anal stage (from 1 to 3)
3.​ The phallic stage (from 3 to 6)
4.​ The latent period (from 6 to puberty) Ancient Egypt
5.​ The genital stage (puberty to death)
●​ One of the most powerful empires was built in the
regions of Africa, Ancient Egypt.
 ●​ Cubit System The Five Relationships
measurement of length and used it to build the 1.​ Ruler and Subject
pyramids and other massive structures of the ancient 2.​ Parent and Child
Egyptian state. It is an adoption from nearby countries 3.​ Husband and Wife
like Africa. 4.​ Older sibling and Younger sibling
5.​ Friend and Friend.

Asia
●​ Home to various religions that were introduced to us Asian Civilization
like Hinduism, Christianity, Islam, Taoism and many ●​ The Asian intellectual revolution has made a margin
more. on the large contribution of the ancient Asian
●​ This continent contributes a lot in our knowledge on civilization.
science, technology, and rich culture. ●​ The large continent has contributed a lot in the field of
science, technology, engineering, culture, arts and
●​ Mummification religion
Most known ancient scientific practices of the ancient
civilization, for it is the art and science of preservation. China Civilization
●​ The ancient Chinese civilization and the state
●​ History of Xia Dynasty supported the arts and sciences.
-​ Traditional China's first dynasty was the Xia. ●​ Made groundbreaking advances in science and
-​ Based on Chinese history and traditions, Yu the technology with developments such as the early
Great, a flood control expert, founded it. -​ writing system,
-​ The Xia Dynasty established Chinese civilization -​ paper printing,
through metallurgy, statecraft, and social organization. -​ compasses,
-​ gunpowder, and
●​ Xia Dynasty’s Contribution: -​ Astronomy
a.​ Yu the Great's Flood Control: His successful efforts in ●​ Rich tradition in medicine and societal organization
controlling the floods of the Yellow River are that significantly influenced both their civilization and
legendary and his irrigation system beyond.
b.​ Early Metallurgy: The Xia Dynasty is associated with
the early use of bronze tools and weapons, marking India Civilization
the beginning of the Bronze Age in China. ●​ Ancient India made remarkable contributions in
c.​ Calendar: Supported different astronomical science and technology, and mathematics:
researches to create a more accurate [Link] trigonometry
measured the length of the solar year and came up
with 365.25 days. ●​ Arthashastra
d.​ Writing system: The Xia Dynasty is thought to have Made remarkable contributions in science and
contributed to the development of early Chinese technology, including the development of
writing systems, which evolved significantly in the a.​ zero and the decimal system,
subsequent Shang Dynasty. b.​ advanced medical practices, and
c.​ engineering feats in architecture,
●​ Confucius (551-479 BCE) d.​ while also shaping societal and political thought
-​ One of the most influential philosophers and through Buddhism, Jainism, and the "Arthashastra."
educators in Chinese history.
-​ His ideas have deeply impacted Chinese culture, ●​ Aryabhata
politics, and social structures for over two millennia. An influential Indian mathematician and astronomer
known for his work "Aryabhatiya", where he
-​ Confucianism introduced key mathematical concepts like zero and
Core Teachings: Confucianism emphasizes place value and proposed a heliocentric model of the
the importance of ethics, morality, and proper solar system.
behavior in personal and political life. Key concepts
include: 19TH AND 20TH ASIAN REVOLUTION
a.​ Ren (benevolence or humaneness)
b.​ Li (ritual propriety or manners) ●​ Known as a time of "Rapid Change".
c.​ Xiao (filial piety) ●​ Whereas change was a daily and concrete
experience in a globalizing environment, it was also
the object of psychological fear and ideological desire.
 engineering skill, which has advanced car engines,
●​ Mahatma Gandhi television display technologies, videogames, optical
-​ His nicknames include "father of India" and clocks, and other industries.
-​ "Great soul in beggar's garb."
-​ He led India to independence from British colonial
control through peaceful political revolution.
Middle-East
-​ Gandhi's "ahimsa" stressed peaceful resistance and
morality. He advocated nonviolent political and social ●​ The middle-east has a very rich culture and tradition,
reform, which was important to the Indian they also have an enormous contribution in science
independence movement and many more. and technology.
1.​ Philosophy of Nonviolence (Satyagraha)
2.​ Champaran and Kheda Agitations (1917-1918) ●​ Abbasid Caliphate (750-1517)
3.​ Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922) where it served as a crossroad training zones for
Persia, India, Byzantine cultures, and various
4.​ Salt March (1930) religions, and many languages flourished in the
●​ At the time, the British had a monopoly on salt in civilization.
India. Indians were not allowed to collect or make salt
themselves, even though it was naturally available, ●​ Ibn Al-Haytham (Father of optics)
and they had to buy it from the British at high prices. -​ Renowned for his empirical proof of the Intromission
●​ In protest, Mahatma Gandhi led the Salt March, also Theory of Light. A pioneering scientific thinker who
known as the Dandi March, starting on March 12, made important contributions to the understanding of
1930. vision, optics, and light.
●​ He and about 78 followers walked around 240 miles -​ He experimented in a dark room called Al-Beit
(390 km) from his ashram at Sabarmati to the coastal Al-Muzlim or the Dark House
village of Dandi, Gujarat. Along the way, thousands -​ He did tests using lenses and mirrors
joined, and by the end the number had grown -​ He worked on Kitab al-Manazir (Book of Optics)
massively.
●​ On April 6, 1930, Gandhi picked up a handful of salty ●​ Muhammad Ibn Mūsā Al-Khwarizmi (Father of
mud from the seashore and symbolically made salt, Algebra)
breaking the British law. -​ al-Kitab al-mukhtasar fl hisab al-jabr wa'l-muqabala
●​ This act of nonviolent civil disobedience inspired (The Compendious Book on Calculation by
nationwide protests. Completion and Balancing).
●​ Gandhi and around 60,000 people were eventually -​ He is also famous for his mathematical works, which
arrested, but the Salt March became a turning point in introduced Hindu-Arabic numerals and algebra to
India’s independence movement. European mathematics.
-​ In fact, the words algorithm and algebra come from
his name and the title of one of his works,
respectively.
5.​ Quit India Movement (1942)
●​ During World War II, on August 8, 1942, Gandhi and ●​ Jabir Ibn Hayyan (Father of Arab Chemistry)
the Indian National Congress launched the Quit India -​ Abu Musa Jabir Ibn Hayyan Al-Azdi, sometimes
Movement, demanding an immediate end to British called al-Harrani and al-Sufi,
rule. -​ One of the founders of modem pharmacy.
●​ The slogan was “Do or Die.” -​ Credited with the introduction of experimental
●​ The movement involved strikes, boycotts, and civil methodology into alchemy and the invention of
disobedience. several chemical processes used in modern
●​ The British responded harshly, imprisoning Gandhi chemistry.
and other leaders, and suppressing protests with
violence. ●​ Abu Ali Al-Husain Ibn Abdallah Ibn Sina
(Avicenna)
-​ Pioneered the science of experimental medicine.
Japan Revolution
-​ The first physician to conduct trials.
●​ Excels in car technology, consumer electronics, -​ Most influential of all Islamic Philosopher-Scientists.
robotics, medical devices, space exploration, and -​ He wrote on medicine as well as geometry,
movies. astronomy, arithmetic, and music.
●​ Japanese culture's respect for engineers and
extensive mathematics education have helped create
Philippine Revolution ●​ Later on Browsers took flight and Search Engines
were developed for easy access of information.
●​ The Philippine intellectual revolution, particularly
during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, played a
Social Networks
critical role in shaping the country's struggle for
●​ Social structure made up of a set of social actors that
independence from Spanish colonial rule.
undergo social interactions through various social
medias.
●​ Propaganda Movement
●​ Facebook, created by Mark Zuckerberg and others is
a.​ Jose Rizal Writings
one of the most famous and widely used social media
●​ Noli me Tangere
platforms today.
●​ El Filibusterismo
-​ Examples: Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and others.
b.​ Katipunan and Andres Bonifacio
c.​ Apolinario Mabini
Advantages and Disadvantages of Information
Technology
Information Technology ●​ ADVANTAGES
a.​ Globalization of Knowledge
●​ “DIGITAL AGE" "NEW MEDIA AGE" 1970-Present
b.​ Improved Communications
c.​ Improved Innovation
●​ Transistors
d.​ Improved Entertainment
Revolutionized the field of electronics and allowed
e.​ Improved Social Discovery
radios, calculators and computers to be subjected to
f.​ Makes Life Easier
advancements.
●​ DISADVANTAGES
●​ Computers
a.​ People become too dependent on
-​ Machines or devices that perform processes,
technology
calculations, and operations based on instructions.
b.​ People are being replaced with machines
-​ Charles Babbage introduced the idea of
producing shortage of job offers
"programmable computers" way back in the 1800s.
c.​ People are becoming lazier
-​ The first ever computer was made in 1946.
d.​ Security issues may arise
-​ Forms of computers include desktop, laptop,
smartphones, calculator, and. abacus, etc.
REPORTER:

●​ Storage Devices
Refers to a computer hardware component that can The steam engine was invented to pump water
store or save information permanently temporarily. out of mines, but was later adapted to power
Computer Storage Devices trains, ships, and factory machinery,
Examples: Hard Disk Drive (HDD), RAM, SD Cards, revolutionizing industry and transportation.
CD ROM, Flash drives, etc. Early engines, like Thomas Newcomen's
What is a Storage Device? atmospheric engine in 1712, were primarily
a.​ Memory Cards used to remove water that flooded coal mines.
b.​ Hard Disk Drive James Watt's later, more efficient
Computer Storage Devices improvements enabled steam engines to drive
a.​ Floppy Disc factory machinery and ultimately led to the
b.​ Pen Drive development of steam locomotives and
c.​ Optical Discs
steamboats.
Internet
James Watt significantly improved the steam
●​ Is a Global Wide Area Network that connects
computer systems across the world. engine in the late 18th century by inventing the
●​ The Internet was known when the discovery of the separate condenser and other devices, which
World Wide Web (www) was introduced by Sir Tim made it far more efficient than earlier models.
Bemers-Lee.
His innovations, developed in partnership with
manufacturer Matthew Boulton, addressed the
waste of heat found in engines like the
Newcomen engine, allowing the steam engine
to become a powerful and widespread energy
source during the Industrial Revolution.

Industrial labor unions and early feminist arise.

Cotton Gin a machine, invented by Eli Whitney

in 1793, that quickly and easily separates
cotton fibers from their seeds, a process that
was previously slow and laborious.

A power loom is a mechanical device for

weaving fabric that uses mechanical power
(such as steam or electricity) to automate the
interlace of warp and weft threads. Invented by
Edmund Cartwright in 1785, the power loom
dramatically increased the speed and efficiency
of textile production, transforming the industry
from small cottage-based operations to large
factory systems and playing a crucial role in
the Industrial Revolution.