TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC DUY TÂN

KHOA TIẾNG ANH

WRITING LEVEL 3

Lớp : ENG 217 KI

Giảng viên: Đoàn Minh Hữu

Đà Nẵng, tháng 9 năm 2025

 HỌ VÀ TÊN MSSV
Nguyễn Thị Vân Anh 29297263772
Trần Quốc Bảo 28212324695
Huỳnh Phước Đại 29217244642
Nguyễn Hữu Duy Khải 28214603825
Bùi Nguyễn Trung Kiên 29217257470

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 CHAPTER 1: WRITING SENTENCES
LESSON 1: ADJECTIVE CLAUSES 1

II. LANGUAGE PRACTICE

2.1. Combine the two sentences. Add commas if necessary.
1. She loves books (the books have happy endings).
She loves books who have happy endings.
2. They live in a city (the city is in the north of England).
They live in a city who is in the north of England.
3. The man is in the garden (the man is wearing a blue jumper).
The man is in the garden who is wearing a blue jumper.
4. Anyone must have a logical mind. He or she wants to be a computer programmer
Anyone who wants to be a computer programmer must have a logical mind.
5. Foreigners also have difficulty with English spelling. English spelling is not always
consistent with its pronunciation.
Foreigners also have difficulty with English spelling which is not always consistent
with its pronunciation.
6. The fruit is on the table. The fruit isn’t fresh.
The fruit is on the table which isn’t fresh.
7. While he lectured, he showed us a slide. The slide diagrammed the double helix
structure of DNA.
While he lectured, he showed us a slide which diagrammed the double helix structure of
DNA.
2.2. Reduce the relative clauses
1. The man who is standing there is a clown.
The man standing there is a clown.
2. Benzene, which was discovered by Faraday, became the starting point in the manufacture of
many dyes, perfumes and explosives.
Benzene, discovered by Faraday, became the starting point in the manufacture of many dyes,
perfumes and explosives.
3. My grandmother, who is old and sick, never goes out of the house.
My grandmother, being old and sick, never goes out of the house.
4. Joggers who will run in the marathon should get to the stadium early to warm up.
Joggers running in the marathon should get to the stadium early to warm up.
5. A person who does at least 30 minutes of exercise a day will feel better.
A person doing at least 30 minutes of exercise a day will feel better.
2.3. Identify Adjective clause in the following sentences
1. Environmental science, which is compulsory for all students, is one of the most popular
courses in the college.
Environmental science, which is compulsory for all students, is one of the most popular
courses in the college.
2. The woman who lives next door is a doctor.

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 The woman who lives next door is a doctor.
3. The envelop which lies on the table has no stamp on it.
The envelop which lies on the table has no stamp on it.
4. The student don’t know how to do exercise which were given by the teacher yesterday.
The student don’t know how to do exercise which were given by the teacher yesterday.
5. Words in English which begin with the consonants th are often difficult for foreigners to
pronounce.
Words in English which begin with the consonants th are often difficult for foreigners to
pronounce.

III. PRACTICE IN TOEIC

3.1. Language building

a-Give some words which may be used to describe pictures 1-3. Compare with your friends
b-Complete the following about pictures 1-3 with the suitable words
Picture 1
1. The people
who are
talking are
shaking
hards with
receptionist.
2. The man who
stand behind
the counter is serving coffee.

Picture 2

3. The women sitting at the table are reading the documents.

4. The women who are sitting at the table try to reach an

agreement.
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 Picture 3

5. There are buildings on the side of the river which have

many people living in the city.

6. People are standing on the path which has building on the

side of the river

3.2. Tactic Practice

Picture 2
3.2.1. Put the words in the correct order

Picture 1

1. The/ searching/ guard/ is/ the/ apart/ his/

arms/ man/ who/ has.
The man who has arms apart is
searching his by the guard.
2. The /raising/ man/ who/ arms/ is/ his/ is/
the guard/ searched/ by.
The man who is raising his arms is
searched by the guard.

3. Some/ listening to/ people/ a pen/ man/

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 are/ the/ holding/ who is.
Some people are listening to the man
who is holding a pen.
[Link]/ the left/ a cup of coffee/ man/ on/
is/ holding.
The man who is on the left is holding a
cup of coffee.

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 Picture 3
[Link]/ playing/ boy/ sits/ toys / mother/ his/ in front
of/with
The boy sits playing with toys in front of his
mother.

[Link]/ mother/behind /with/ playing/ boy/ is/ the/ who/ is/ toys
The mother who is behind the boy is playing with toys.

3.2.2. Make sentences about the pictures with the suggested words
1. who/ present/manager 3. modern/ locate/ river

4.

The manager who is presenting a project is The building which is located by the river
wearing a black shirt. is modern.
The man who is presenting a project is a
manager.
2. want/ wait/ line

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The people who are waiting to buy are lining up in a line.
IV. TEST PRACTICE
In this part of the test, you will write ONE sentence that is based on a picture. With each
picture, you will be given two words or phrases that you must use in your sentence. You can
change the forms of the words and you can use the words in any order.

student/ run paint/ artist

1. There is a student who is running 2. There is an antist who is painting in the

quickly to school. room.

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 hat/ look child/ gardening
3. The hats which are on the table are the same. 4. There is a child who is playing in the
gardening.

woman/ hold

5. There is a woman who is holding a 6.

cup.

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 LESSON 2: ADJECTIVE CLAUSES 2
II. LANGUAGE PRACTICE
2.1. Combine the two sentences. Add commas if necessary
1. The movie was interesting. We went to it.
The movie to which we went to it was interesting.
2. I met the people. You told me about them.
I met the people about whom you told me.
3. I couldn’t understand the woman. I talked to her on the phone.
I couldn't understand the woman that I talked to on the phone.
4. I want to tell you about the party. I went to it last night.
I want to tell you about the party that I went to last night.
5. The music was gentle. We listened to it last night.
The music that we listened to last night was gentle.
6. Alice likes the foreign family. She is living with them.

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 Alice is living with the foreign family that she likes.
7. The market has refresh vegetables. I usually go to it.
I usually go to the market where the vegetables are fresh.
8. The man is over there. I told you about him.
The man that I told you about is over there
9. The film is fantastic. They are talking about it.
The film that they are talking about is fantastic.
10. She’s the nurse. We gave the flowers to her.
She's the nurse to whom we gave the flowers.
11. Lung cancer is very dangerous. Millions of people died of it.
Lung cancer, of which millions of people died, is very dangerous.
2.2. Identify Adjective Clause in the following sentences
1. She is the most beautiful woman that I have ever met.
She is the most beautiful woman that I have ever met.
2. I like standing at the window from which I can see the park.
I like standing at the window from which I can see the park.
3. The man whom we are speaking to was our new history teacher.
The man whom we are speaking to was our new history teacher.
4. The teacher who we studied with last year is Mr. Pike.
The teacher who we studied with last year is Mr. Pike.
5. The problem which we are very interested in has been discussed in class.
The problem which we are very interested in has been discussed in class.
III. PRACTICE IN TOEIC
3.1. Building language

Picture 1

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 1. The kid is trying to reach the cookie jar
which his mother has put on the shef.

Picture 2

2. The cookie jar that the boy is trying to reach looks delicious.

3. They are talking about the food that they are having for dinner.

4. The dinner that they are eating is delicious.

Picture 3
5. The museum that they are visiting is very
interesting.

6. They are coming to the museum

which many tourists visit to learn about local history.

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3.2. Tactic
Practice

Picture 1
1. dishes/ she/ The/ unwashed/ which/ left/
1. Reorder the words to complete sentences
sink/ in/ the/ are
The dishes which she left in the sink are
unwashed.
2. The/ needs/ dishes/ wash/ that/ he/ to/ sink/ are/
in/ the
The dished that he needs to wash are in the
sink.

Picture 2
3. The man/ is/ bicycle/ fixing/ often/ the/ that /he/
uses.
The man fixing the bicycle that he often
uses.
4. The bicycle/ yesterday/ fixing/ that/ broke
down/ they/ are.
The bicycle that they are fixing yesterday broke
down.

Picture 3

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 5. The car/ is waiting/ that/ driving/
the
traffic/ the woman/ is/ for.
The woman that is driving the car is waiting for the
traffic.
[Link]/ looks/ bored/ woman/ traffic/ at/ has to/ the/
that/ she/ wait.
The woman that has to wait the traffic looks
bored.

2. Make sentences about the pictures with the suggested words

1. gloves/ warm/ that 3. the meal/ which/ tasty

The gloves that he's wearing are warm. The meal which the chef is preparing is
tasty.

2. Christmas/ party/ happy

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They are joining the christmas party that
they are very happy.

IV. TEST PRACTICE

In this part of the test, you will write ONE sentence that is based on a picture. With each
picture, you will be given two words or phrases that you must use in your sentence. You can
change the forms of the words and you can use the words in any order.

1. street/ repair 2. painting/ create

There is the street which workers are repairing. There is the painting which he is creating.

3. tree/ decorate 4. wear/ expensive

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There are two people who are decorating the tree. There is a woman who is wearing
expensive dresses.
[Link]/ food 6. modern/ building

There are many volunteer who are giving delicious There is the building which is morden.
food.

LESSON 3: ADJECTIVE CLAUSES 3

II. LANGUAGE PRACTICE
Rewrite the sentences
1. Nam is the boy with black curly hair.
--> The boy whose hair is black and curly is Nam.
2. The man seems very lonely because his wife and children are away
--> The man whose wife and children are away seems very lonely.
3. I went to 2 telephone boxes but they were both out of order
--> I went to two telephone boxes, neither of which worked.
4. The city has sixteen schools. Two of them are junior colleges.
--> The city has sixteen schools, two of which are junior colleges.
5. Last night the orchestra played three symphonies. One of them was Beethoven’s Seventh.
--> Last night the orchestra played three symphonies, one of which was Beethoven’s Seventh.

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 6. I tried on six pairs of shoes. I liked none of them.
---> I tried on six pairs of shoes, none of which I liked.
7. I apologized to the woman. I spilled her coffee.
---> I apologized to the woman whose coffee I spilled.
7. The village has around 200 people. The majority of them are farmers.
---> The village has around 200 people, the majority of whom are farmers.
8. That company currently has five employees. All of them are computer experts.
---> That company currently has five employees, all of whom are computer experts.
9. After the riot, over one hundred people were taken to the hospital. Many of
them had been innocent bystanders.
---> After the riot, over one hundred people were taken to the hospital, many of whom had been
innocent bystanders
10. The man called the police. His wallet was stolen.
---> The man whose wallet was stolen called the police.
2.2. Identify Adjective clause in the following sentences
1. I met the woman whose husband is the president of the corporation.
---> I met the woman whose husband is the president of the corporation.
2. The village has around 200 people, the majority of whom are farmers.
---> The village has around 200 people, the majority of whom are farmers.
3. The professor whose course I am taking is excellent.
---> The professor whose course I am taking is excellent.
4. Mr. North teaches a class for students whose native language is not English.
---> Mr. North teaches a class for students whose native language is not English.
5. The people whose house we visited were nice.
---> The people whose house we visited were nice.

III. PRACTICEIN TOEIC

3.1. Language building

Picture 1

1. The woman whose tire flat is calling the

telephone.

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 2. The woman whose baby is crying has a flat tire.

Picture 2 Picture 3

3. The man whose car is red is 5. The children whose teacher is

waiting. explaining look interested.

4. The man is waiting by the car whose 6. The teacher is explaining to the boy color is
red. whose book is very new.

3.2. Tactic Practice

3.2.1. Reorder the words to make a meaningful sentence.
Picture 1

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 1. The/ whose backpack/ to lift/girl/ filled/ is/ with/ is
struggling/ it/ books.
The girl whose backpack is filled with books is struggling to
lift it.
2. There/ is/ a/ whose /quite/ heavy/ backpack/ girl/ appears.
There is a girl whose backpack is quite heavy.

Picture 2

3. The man/ standing/ is cooking/ whose/ next to/ family/ is/

him.
The man whose family is standing next to him is cooking.
4. The man/ is/ both of them/ cooking/ wife/ and/ next to/ daugher/ with/ his/ are standing/
him.
The man is cooking, and both his wife and daughter are standing
next to him.

Picture 3

5. The man/ cleaning/ whose friend/ is sleeping/ is/ the

wall.
The man whose friend is sleeping is cleaning the wall.
6. The/ husband/ woman/ resting/ is/ cleaning/
whose/ is.
The woman whose husband is resting is cleaning.

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3.2.2. Make sentences about the pictures with the suggested words

1. read/ interest/ whose 3. secretary/ whose/ shake

The boy whose mother is reading to him The man is shaking hands with the
looks interested. businessman whose secretary is standing
nearby.
2. books/ both/ fascinating

The two books, both of which are fascinating, are on the bed.

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IV. TEST PRACTICE
1. women/ dance 4. grandmother/ lucky money

The women are dancing happily in the garden The grandmother is giving lucky money to
her grandchildren.
2.
Themove/
car issurface
moving slowly on the rough 5. ties/
All the all are wearing ties as part of their
students
surface. uniform.
Many students are attending the lecture The woman is walking on the street with
attentively. her suitcase.
3. attend/ lecture 6. woman/ street

LESSON 4: NOUN CLAUSES

II. LANGUAGE PRACTICE
2.1. Write that-clauses

1. Tim hasn’t been able to make any friends.

 It is a pity that Tim hasn’t been able to make any friends.
2. Drug abuse can ruin one’s health.
 It is obvious that drug abuse can ruin one’s health.
3. Some women do not earn equal pay for equal work.
 It is unfair that some women do not earn equal pay for equal work.
The earth revolves around the sun.
It is the fact that the earth revolves around the sun.
4. Irene, who is an excellent student, failed her entrance examination.
 It is suprising that Irene, who is an excellent student, failed her entrance examination.
2.2. Write if-clause and question clauses
1. How much does this book cost?
- Could you tell me how much this book cost?
2. When is Flight 62 expected to arrive?
- Could you tell me when Flight 62 is expected to arrive?
[Link] is the nearest phone?
- Could you tell me where the nearest phone is?
[Link] this word spelled correctly?
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- Could you tell me if this word is spelled correctly?
5. What time is it?
- Could you tell me what time it is?
6. Does this bus go downtown?
- Could you tell me if this bus goes downtown?
[Link] this information correct?
- Could you tell me if this information is correct?
[Link] pen is this?
- Could you tell me whose pen this is?
2.3. Identify Noun clause in the following sentences
1. It is true that smoking can cause cancer.
- that smoking can cause cancer
2. That English is the principal language of the business community throughout much of the
world is obvious.
- That English is the principal language of the business community throughout much of the
world He didn’t know why the stove wasn’t working.
3. He didn’t know why the stove wasn’t working.
-why the stove wasn’t working.
[Link] the newspaper reported was incorrect.
- What the newspaper reported
[Link] you please show me how to get to the train station?
- how to get to the train station
III. PRACTICE IN TOEIC
3.1. Building Language
Complete the following about pictures 1-3 with the suitable words
Picture 1 Picture 2

1. He knows how to play the guitar. 3. The girl knows that she has to finish
the exam.
2. That he can play guitar is obvius. 4. She doesn’t know what the next
question is.
Picture 3

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 5. The chef is preparing what he
has just cooked.
[Link] is obvious that the chef can cook
very well.

3.2. Tactic Practice

3.2.1. Reorder the words to make a meaningful sentence.

Picture 1

1. She/how/ is/ asking/ shirt/ much/ the/ is.

She is asking how much the shirt is.
2. She/ whether/ shirt/ wonders/ she/ buy/ should/
the.
She wonders whether she should buy
the shirt.

Picture 2
3. They/ the/ tree/ know/ decorate/ how/ to.
They know how to decorate the tree.
4. It/ is/ spring/ apparent/ coming/ that/ the/ is.
It is apparent that the spring is coming.

Picture 3
5. The/ fix/ workers/ are/ they/ doing/ what/ road/
can/ to/ the
The workers are doing what they can to fix the
road.
[Link]/ don’t/ finish/ know/ when/ work/ they/
can/ their
They don’t know when they can finish their work.

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3.2.2 Make sentences about the pictures with the suggested words
1. heavy/ lift/ athletic 2. look/ what/ man

The athletic man can lift something The man is looking at what she is
very heavy. showing him.

3. not understand/ lecturer/ explain

The students do not understand what the lecturer is explaining.

IV. TEST PRACTICE

1. whether/ job offer 2. look/ say

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 She is thinking about whether to accept They are looking at the paper and saying
the job offer. something.

3. show/ to 4. smell/ woman

He
is

showing something to her. The woman is smelling the flower.

5. fix/ break 6. visit/ museum

He is fixing the broken chair. He is visiting the museum.

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 LESSON 5: PASSIVE VOICE

II. LANGUAGE PRACTICE

Change into passive voice

1. The waitress is serving the customer.
 The customer is being served (by the waitress).
2. The teacher is going to explain the lesson.
 The lesson is going to be explained (by the teacher).
3. She has suggested a new idea.
 A new idea has been suggested (by her).
4. They are painting the house.
 The house is being painted.
5. A hurricane destroyed the small village.
 The small village was destroyed (by a hurricane).
6. The student is erasing the blackboard.
 The blackboard is being erased by the student.
7. He is awarding her the scholarship.
 She is being awarded a scholarship (by him).
8. The waiter handed Ann a menu at the restaurant.
 Ann was handed a menu at the restaurant (by the waiter).
9. The teacher is explaining the problem to the students.
 The problem is being explained to the students (by the teacher)
10. They have him fix the bicycle.
 They have the bicycle fixed (by him).
11. The assistant manager is interviewing me.
 I am being interviewed by the assistant manager.
12. The lesson interests him.
 He is interested in the lesson.
13. The result disappoints him.
 He is disappointed by/with the result.
14. The class bores students.
 The students are bored (by the class).
15. She has her daughter clean the house.
 he has the house cleaned (by her daughter).

III. PRACTICE IN TOEIC

3.1. Building Language
Complete the following about pictures 1-3 with the suitable words

Picture 1 Picture 2
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1. He is being awarded a certificate for his performance. 3. The dishes are stacked in the sink.
2. A certificate is awarded to the top performer. 4. A lot of dishes needs to be washed.

Picture 3

5. The mother received a gift on her

birthday.
6. A gift was given to the mother

3.2. Tactic practice

3.2.1. Reorder the words to make a meaningful sentence

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Picture 1
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
The/ needs/ man/ bicycle/ to be/ has/ a/ which/
repaired.
The man has a bicycle which needs to be repaired.

2. The/ bicycle/ two men/ repaired/ is/ being/

by.
The bicycle is being repaired by two men.

Picture 2

3. Several/line/ bicycles/ aligned/ neatly/ are/ in/ a.

Several bicycles are neatly aligned in a line.

4. The/ parked/ bicycles/ alongside/ fence/ are/ the.

The bicycles are parked alongside the fence.

Picture 3

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5. The/ Christmas/ribbons and
tinsels/being/ with/ decorated/ tree/ is
The Christmas tree is being decorated with ribbons and tinsels.
6. Ribbons and tinsels/ decoration/
Christmas tree/ are/ hung/ on/ the/ for.
Ribbons and tinsels are hung on the Christmas tree for decoration.

3.2.2. Make sentences about the pictures with the suggested words

1. stack/ organize/ desk 2. table/ set/ staffs

She stacks and organizes the books on her desk Tables are being set by the staff for the
before leaving. lunch.

3. chef/ prepare/ cake

A cake is being prepared by the chef for the party

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 IV. TEST PRACTICE
In this part of the test, you will write ONE sentence that is based on a picture. With each
picture, you will be given two words or phrases that you must use in your sentence. You can
change the forms of the words and you can use the words in any order.

1. have/ repair 2. ATM/ money

He is having his car repaired Money was withdrawn from the ATM

3. feed/farmers 4. have/ fix

They had the roof fixed after the storm

The animals are fed by the farmers every morning.

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 5. grow/ hill 6. house/ storm

Tea is grown on the hill The house was damaged by the storm .

LESSON 6: REVIEW
II. PRACTICE IN TOEIC
Mini-test 1
Question 1 of 5
Directions: Write ONE sentence based on the picture using the TWO words or phrases under it.
You may change the forms of the words and you may use them in any order.

in front of/ building

Question 2 of 5
Directions: Write ONE sentence based on the picture using the TWO words or phrases under it.
You may change the forms of the words and you may use them in any order.

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 a lot of/ road

Question 3 of 5
Directions: Write ONE sentence based on the picture using the TWO words or phrases under it.
You may change the forms of the words and you may use them in any order.

bird/ chirp

Question 4 of 5
Directions: Write ONE sentence based on the picture using the TWO words or phrases under it.
You may change the forms of the words and you may use them in any order.

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 interest/ computer games

Question 5 of 5
Directions: Write ONE sentence based on the picture using the TWO words or phrases under it.
You may change the forms of the words and you may use them in any order.

study/ desk

Mini-test 2
Question 1 of 5
Directions: Write ONE sentence based on the picture using the TWO words or phrases under it.
You may change the forms of the words and you may use them in any order.

sit/ portrait

Question 2 of 5
Directions: Write ONE sentence based on the picture using the TWO words or phrases under it.
You may change the forms of the words and you may use them in any order.

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 award/ on
Question 3 of 5
Directions: Write ONE sentence based on the picture using the TWO words or phrases under it.
You may change the forms of the words and you may use them in any order.

mechanic/ teach
Question 4 of 5
Directions: Write ONE sentence based on the picture using the TWO words or phrases under it.
You may change the forms of the words and you may use them in any order.

take photos/ while

Question 5 of 5
Directions: Write ONE sentence based on the picture using the TWO words or phrases under it.
You may change the forms of the words and you may use them in any order.

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sing/ star

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 CHAPTER 2: RESPONDING TO AN E-MAIL REQUEST
LETTER
LESSON 7: GIVING “HOW TO” INSTRUCTIONS (1)
II. PRACTICE
2.1. Exercise 1
How to make an English Breakfast
Put each of the following verbs in the correct space in the constructions below.

fry boil stir clear away

add pour lay spread

1. ............... the table (with the table-cloth, knives, forks, spoons, plates, glasses, napkins
etc.)
2. To make tea, first ............... the water in a kettle.
3. Put a tea-bag in a cup and .................. the boiling water on it. (This is quicker than using a
teapot.)
4. .............. milk (from a jug) and sugar (from a bowl), and ............. with a spoon.
5. Make some toast, using the toaster, and ............... butter on it.
6. ............. eggs and bacon in a frying-pan.
7. Put it on a plate with the toast, and eat it with a little salt and pepper.
8. When you”ve finished your breafast, ................ all the breafast things.
2.2. Exercise 2
Sentence matching
List A and List B explain how to use a payphone in London. But List A is not in the correct
order. Match List A and List B. Then write the sentences as one paragraph.

List A List B
a. First of all ... 1. pick up the receiver
b. Now, finally you ... 2. dial the number and wait for the person
c. When the person answers, ... to answer
[Link] you hear the dialing tone, .... 3. put in the money
4. speak

............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................

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............................................................................................................................................
2.3. Exercise 3
Arranging sentences
These pictures show how to make a papier-mâché pot. The sentences explain the pictures. Put
the sentences in the correct order and write them as one paragraph.

a) When the paper on the jar is dry, rub it with glass-paper. This makes it smooth.
b) After this, paste on about eight layers of small pieces of paper.
c) Now finally paint the pot with bright colours.
d) Because it is smoother, use tissue paper for the last two layers.
e) You can make a lovely pot with a simple jar.
f) First of all, tear some old paper into small pieces.
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................ ..............
..............................................................................................................................
2.4. Exercise 4
Guided writing
This is a recipe for Spiced Oranges. Recipes usually have incomplete sentences. Use the
information in the recipe: (i) to write sentences like those in Exercise 2; (ii) to write a paragraph
with those sentences. Use these words if necessary: First of all; After this; Then; Now; the; some;
for; a; them. Add articles before the nouns when necessary.

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Ingredients:
4 large oranges
4-5dl ( ¾ pint) water
½ teaspoon ground cinnamon
½ teaspoon ground nutmeg sugar
• Peel oranges and remove all white parts.
• Cut into slices.
• Put water, cinnamon and nutmeg into saucepan.
• When water is boiling, add orange slices.
• Add sugar.
• Simmer gently 3-4 minutes.
• Put in refrigerator several hours.
• Eat cold.

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 LESSON 8: GIVING “HOW TO” INSTRUCTIONS (2)
I. FOCUS

For each of the following situations, write a sentence telling someone how to avoid a common
mistake.

Making rice
Setting the TV to show DVD
Sewing a shirt
Training a dog
Turing an office alarm system off
For example,

Don’t forget to turn it way down after it boils.

If the screen is blank, make sure the channel is set to 3.
Be careful not to stick yourself with the needle!
Be careful not to pet him if he does something wrong.
If the alarm goes off, call the office manager right away.

Now as you answer the next three e-mails, be sure to use the signpost words in all how-to
instructions. Also include instructions for how to avoid common mistakes in at least one
response.

Making rice

............................................................................................................................................ ..............

..............................................................................................................................

Setting the TV to show DVD

............................................................................................................................................ ..............

..............................................................................................................................

Sewing a shirt

............................................................................................................................................ ..............

..............................................................................................................................

Training a dog

39
............................................................................................................................................ ..............

..............................................................................................................................

Turing an office alarm system off

............................................................................................................................................ ..............

..............................................................................................................................

II. PRACTICE

2.1. Practice 1

From: Alyssa Lee

To: Carr Davidson
Subject: Ruth’s birthday
Sent: June 20, 7:32

Hi, Carr,

Thanks so much for making sure Ruth gets a birthday cake tomorrow. I understand she
wants a chocolate icing. I basically know how to make a cake, but wondered if you
could tell me exactly how to make the cake Ruth likes.

Thanks in advance!

Directions: Respond to the email as if you are Ruth’s boyfriend, Carr. In your email, tell Alyssa
how to make Ruth’s favourite birthday cake. You intructions should include at least THREE
steps.

To : Alyssa Lee
Subject: Re:Ruth’s birthday

.........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................

40
Self-Evaluation
Evaluation Criteria Yes No
Does your reply meet the requirements outlined in the  
directions?
Does your reply demonstrate good sentence variety?  
Does your reply demonstrate good sentence structures?  
Does your reply demonstrate good overall organization?  
Does your reply use correct and appropriate vocabulary?  
2.2. Practice 2

From: Rachel Jones

To: David Paris
Subject: Babysitting
Sent: March 8, 4:19 p.m.
Hi, David,

I’m really excited to babysit for you and April tomorrow. I’m a tiny bit worried about
getting Bony to sleep, though. You had said there was a magic way to get him to go to
sleep. Could you tell me again what it is? Otherwise, I can’t wait to spend time with
baby Bony!

Thanks!

Directions: Respond to the email as if you are Bony’s father, David. In your email, tell Rachel
how to get the baby to go to sleep . You intructions should include at least THREE steps.

To : Rachel Jones
Subject: Re:Babysitting

.........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
Self-Evaluation
Evaluation Criteria Yes No
Does your reply meet the requirements outlined in the  
directions?
Does your reply demonstrate good sentence variety?  
41
Does your reply demonstrate good sentence structures?  
Does your reply demonstrate good overall organization?  
Does your reply use correct and appropriate vocabulary?  

2.3. Practice 3

From: My Nguyen
To: Kate Peace
Subject: Sending a fax Sent:
April 30, 8:24 a.m.

Hi, Kate.

I’m sorry to bother you, but I need to send a fax for the first time since I’ve been
working here, and I realized I don’t know how to do it! I’m using the fax machine in the
administration office. It’s a long-distance fax. Could you tell me how to do it?

Thank you so much!

Directions: Respond to the email as if you are Kate Peace. In your email, tell My how to send a
fax. You intructions should include at least THREE steps.

To : My Nguyen
Subject: Re:Sending a fax
.........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................

42
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................

Self-Evaluation
Evaluation Criteria Yes No
Does your reply meet the requirements outlined in the  
directions?
Does your reply demonstrate good sentence variety?  
Does your reply demonstrate good sentence structures?  
Does your reply demonstrate good overall organization?  
Does your reply use correct and appropriate vocabulary?  

LESSON 9: GIVING DIRECTIONS

II. PRACTICE
2.1. Practice 1

From: Dan Jack

43
 To: Michael Kose
Subject: Plans
Sent: September 10, 11:18 a.m.

Hi, Michael.
I wanted to let you know that my flight arrives on Friday at 2:30. I have a rental car all
lined up. So all I need is how to get to your house . I’ll be coming in on Route 1 headed
North, so I just need to know how to get to your place from here. Thanks a bunch, and I
can’t wait to see you.

Thank you so much!

Directions: Respond to the email as if you are Michael Kose. In your email, tell Dan how to get
to your house from the highway. You intructions should include at least THREE steps.

To : Dan Jack
Subject: Re:Plans
.........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ .................
.......................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................

Self-Evaluation
Evaluation Criteria Yes No
Does your reply meet the requirements outlined in the  
directions?
Does your reply demonstrate good sentence variety?  
Does your reply demonstrate good sentence structures?  
Does your reply demonstrate good overall organization?  
Does your reply use correct and appropriate vocabulary?  

2.2. Practice 2

From: Thomas Hardy

To: Chesson Shaw Subject:
Sent: September 10, 11:18 a.m.

44
 Hi, Michael.

I am ready to send the mailing out. I have everything in envelopes and ready to go. The
only thing is, the post office told me they won’t pick up a mass mailing, so I’ll need to
take them to the post office myself. Could you tell me where the nearest post office is? I
would really appreciate it.

Thank you!

Directions: Respond to the email as if you areThomas Hardy. In your email, tell Chesson how to
get to the post office. You intructions should include at least THREE steps.

To : Chesson Shaw
Subject: Re:Post office
.........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................ .................
.......................................................................................................................

Self-Evaluation
Evaluation Criteria Yes No
Does your reply meet the requirements outlined in the  
directions?
Does your reply demonstrate good sentence variety?  
Does your reply demonstrate good sentence structures?  
Does your reply demonstrate good overall organization?  
Does your reply use correct and appropriate vocabulary?  

LESSON 10: INQUIRIES

45
II. PRACTICE

2.1. Practice 1

From: Sarah Bush, General Affairs

To: All employees
Subject: Company policy on lateness
Sent: July 22, 11:30 a.m. Hi,
everyone!

Employee punctuality is important for our company productivity. However,

management has noticed that many employees are frequently late to work. To address
this issue, employees must check in with their managers by 8:30 a.m. If you have any
questions with this policy, please contact me directly.

Sarah Bush, General Affairs

Directions: Respond to the email as if you are an employee of the organization. In your email,
ask Sarah TWO questions (about flexible working hours, cases of out-of-office meeting,.......).

To : Sarah Bush, General Affairs

Subject: Re: Company policy on lateness

Dear Ms. Bush,

Thank you for your message about the company’s lateness policy. I understand the
importance of punctuality and would like to ask for some clarification.
Firstly, is there any possibility of flexible working hours for employees who live far
away from the office? Secondly, how should employees handle situations when they
have out-of-office meetings early in the morning — should they inform their managers
in advance?
I appreciate your help and look forward to your reply.
Sincerely,
DAI

Self-Evaluation
Evaluation Criteria Yes No
Does your reply meet the requirements outlined in the  
directions?
Does your reply demonstrate good sentence variety?  
Does your reply demonstrate good sentence structures?  
Does your reply demonstrate good overall organization?  
Does your reply use correct and appropriate vocabulary?  
2.1. Practice 1

46
From: Link Travel
To: Rowanna Robinson
Subject: Link Travel special offer
Sent: June 6, 9:38 p.m.

We’re offering all our loyal customers a fantastic opportunity to travel this summer.

For a limited time only, we’re offering discounts on trips to selected destinations.

Email us or visit your local Link Travel branch for more details.

Directions: Respond to the email as if you are R. Robinson . In your email, ask TWO questions
(about the expiry of the offer, what the selected destinations are, ....................,
...............................).

To : Jane Moore
Subject: Re: Link Travel special offer

Dear Ms. Moore,

Thank you for informing me about the special offer. I am very interested in booking a
trip but have a few questions.
Firstly, could you please let me know when the offer will expire? Secondly, may I ask
which destinations are included in the promotion? Are there any restrictions on travel
dates?
I look forward to your reply with more details.
Best regards,
Rowanna Robinson

Self-Evaluation
Evaluation Criteria Yes No
Does your reply meet the requirements outlined in the  
directions?
Does your reply demonstrate good sentence variety?  
Does your reply demonstrate good sentence structures?  
Does your reply demonstrate good overall organization?  
Does your reply use correct and appropriate vocabulary?  

47
 Practice 3.

From: Matthew Eaton, Love Valley Travel

To: Jane Moore – Southeast Asian Adventure Tours
Subject: Opening for overseas tour guide
Sent: August 26, 2:40 p.m.

Thank you for your interest in the position of tour guide.

I am attaching an application form for the position. Please let me know if you have any
questions about the application or the job itself.

Matthew Eaton

Directions: Respond to the email as if you are J. Moore. In your email, ask TWO questions
(about the working place and
hours, .............................., ........................................., ..................................).

To : Matthew Eaton
Subject: Re: Opening for overseas tour guide

Dear Mr. Eaton,

Thank you for sending me the application form for the overseas tour guide position. Before
completing the form, I would like to ask a few questions.
Firstly, could you please tell me where the main working location will be, and if guides are
required to travel to multiple countries? Secondly, I would like to know about the working hours
— are weekends and public holidays usually included in the schedule?
I would be grateful if you could provide me with this information.
Kind regards,
J. Moore

Self-Evaluation
Evaluation Criteria Yes No
Does your reply meet the requirements outlined in the  
directions?
Does your reply demonstrate good sentence variety?  
Does your reply demonstrate good sentence structures?  
Does your reply demonstrate good overall organization?  
Does your reply use correct and appropriate vocabulary?  

48
 LESSON 11: RESPONDING TO INQUIRIES
II. PRACTICE

2.1. Practice 1

Supply the blanks with appropriate words or expressions.

From: David Lee - Distributions Manager- Everlong Batteries ]

To:Jake Wong - Purchasing Officer - Fortune Goods
Subject:Enquiry about Batteries
Sent: May 21, 8:40 a.m.
Thank you for your letter of Friday, 27 September 2013 regarding making copies of the
sample battery you sent us.

I have investigated the situation and found that your specifications are exactly the same as
the design of a proprietary camera battery manufactured by a large Japanese electronics
company.

We regret that it would not be in our interests to supply this type of battery.

However, I would like to thank you for considering our company as your supplier.

I look forward to doing business with your company in the future.

2.2. Practice 2

From: Hill Thommson, Manager, Telfo Wire Company

To: All sales reps
Subject: New computers Sent:
August 11, 3:40 p.m.
We will soon be replacing computers for all sales staff. As we would like you to be
available when we replace your computer, could you tell us a time convenient for you?
Also please let us know if you need any other equipment.

Directions: Respond to the email as if you are a sales representative for Telfo Wire Company. In
your email, give ONE time you are free and make TWO requests for new equipment.

49
 To : Hill Thommson, Manager, Telfo Wire Company
Subject: Re: New computers

Sent: August 11, 3:40 p.m.

To: Hill Thommson, Manager, Telfo Wire Company
Subject: Re: New computers
Dear Mr. Thommson,
Thank you for your message about the new computers. I am available on Wednesday morning at
10 a.m. for the replacement.
In addition, I would like to request a wireless mouse and a larger monitor, as they would help
me work more efficiently.
Best regards,
DAI
Sales Representative

Self-Evaluation
Evaluation Criteria Yes No
Does your reply meet the requirements outlined in the  
directions?
Does your reply demonstrate good sentence variety?  
Does your reply demonstrate good sentence structures?  
Does your reply demonstrate good overall organization?  
Does your reply use correct and appropriate vocabulary?  

2.3. Practice 3

From: Lou Herr

To: Human Resources Dept., JJ Corp.
Subject: Employment
Sent: March11, 10:40 a.m.

Dear Sir or Madam,

I am interested in applying for an entry-level position at your company. I understand that

you are not advertizing any openings right now, but I believe my education and
experience would make me a positive addition to your company. Can we meet to talk?

Sincerely,

Lou Herr

50
Directions: Respond to the email as if you work in Human Resources Department of JJ
Corporation. In your email, make TWO pieces of information and ask ONE question.

To : Lou Herr

Subject: Re: Employment

Dear Mr. Herr,

Thank you for your interest in working with JJ Corporation. At the moment, we do not have any
entry-level positions available, but we will keep your information on file. Our recruitment
process usually begins in April and September, and successful candidates are contacted by email.

Could you please let us know which department you are most interested in working for? This
will help us keep your application in the correct file.

We appreciate your application and look forward to hearing from you.

Sincerely,
Dai
Human Resources Dept.

Self-Evaluation

Evaluation Criteria Yes No

Does your reply meet the requirements outlined in the  
directions?
Does your reply demonstrate good sentence variety?  
Does your reply demonstrate good sentence structures?  
Does your reply demonstrate good overall organization?  
Does your reply use correct and appropriate vocabulary?  

CHAPTER 3: WRITING AN OPINION ESSAY

LESSON 12: WRITING GENERAL INTRODUCTORY SENTENCES
I. PRACTICE
51
2.1. Task 1

Put the sentences in each of the following sets in the correct order to form a good introductory
paragraph for the intended essay.

1. a. In some cultures, people bow, and in others, they shake hands.

b. In English-speaking countries, shaking hands is the custom.
c. A proper handshake has four ingredients: pressure, pumps, eye contact, and verbal
message.
d. The way people greet each other when they meet for the first time varies from culture to
culture.
d→a→b→c
2 .a. However, in others, the nuclear family with only the parents and young children is the
norm.
b. If this new system becomes widespread, it could have enormous effects on the society.
c. In most cultures, people live in extended families, in which several generations share the
same house.
d. People in different cultures have different systems for family life.
e. In recent years, some couples are experimenting with still another system of family life:
living together without marriage.
d→c→a→e→b
3. a. I believe that it is cheaper, more convenient, and better for the environment than private
cars are.
b. In order to get around city, you can use public transportation or private cars.
c. My preference is definitely for public transportation.
d. Your choice of transportation basically depends on where you want to go.
b→d→c→a
2.2. Task 2

Read the four introductory paragraphs that follow the essay question. Check (√) the features of a
good introduction that they have (Remember: they must have all four to be a good introduction).
Essay question: Which, in your opinion, is more important in making someone’s life happy: a
good environment or good genes?
1. Some people have a happy life and some people don’t. My friend Tony has a miserable life.
He just got divorced, and now his wife won’t let him see his children. To live a happy life, a
good environment is more important than good genes.
V It is relevant to the topic of the essay.
V It contains at least three sentences.
X It doesn't give details that belong to the body of the essay.
V It ends with the thesis statement.
2. First, a good environment can make you healthier, which can make you happy. Second, if you
live in a good environment, you probably have many friends who can help you when you need
it. Friends are important for emotional health as well. People with friends are happier than
people without friends. Also, a good environment is probably safer, so you don’t have to be

52
 afraid to walk down the street. Being safe makes everyone happy. To live a happy life, a good
environment is more important than good genes.
V It is relevant to the topic of the essay.
V It contains at least three sentences.
X It doesn’t give details that belong to the body of the essay.
V it ends with the thesis statement.
3. It is said that your mother and father make you what you are. You get your genes from them,
and they may have great genes. However, if they don't raise you in a safe, loving environment,
you may never be happy. To live a happy life, a good environment is more important than
good genes.
V It is relevant to the topic of the essay.
V It contains at least three sentences.
V It doesn’t give details that belong to the body of the essay.
V It ends with the thesis statement.
4. Before the nineteenth century, most people lived in dirty, smelly, unhealthy environments.
To live a happy life, a good environment is more important than good genes.
V It is relevant to the topic of the essay.
X It contains at least three sentences.
V It doesn’t give details that belong to the body of the essay.
V It ends with the thesis statement.
5. Environment is much more important that genes when you are growing up. A good
example of this is the millions of people in the world who were born with physical challenges.
If people are raised in a good environment, they can be successful and live a happy life.
V It is relevant to the topic of the essay.
V It contains at least three sentences.
X It doesn’t give details that belong to the body of the essay.
X It ends with the thesis statement.
2.3. Task 3

Read each essay question. Then choose the more general introductory sentence of the two that
follow. This sentence would appear just before the thesis statement, which states your opinion.
Compare your answer with that of a partner. Say why the other sentence is not appropriate.

1. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Consulting with a group of
people is the best way to make an important decision.
a. Making an important decision is not an easy thing to do, and there are different ways to
do it. V
b. If you want to make an important decision, you should definitely always do it by
yourself. X
Thesis statement: Many people believe that getting the opinion of other is the best way to
make an important decision; however, I disagree with this approach.
2. When travelling medium distances, some people prefer to fly. Others prefer to take
express trains. Which do you prefer?

53
 a. Trains and airplanes have both advantages and disadvantages. V
b. I don’t really like flying because it is very expensive and I often get airsick. X
Thesis statement: Although some people prefer to fly, I’d rather take the train.
3. What would you consider the best type of job?
a. I don’t really like my current job much and would like to find a new one soon. X
b. Choosing the best type of job involves considering many factors. V
Thesis statement: I think the best type of job for me would be the one that involves both sales
and travel.
2.4. Task 4

Write ONE general introductory sentence that would appear just before the thesis
statement.
1. Living in the city has both advantages and disadvantages, but many people find it stressful.
________________________________________________________________________
I’m totally opposed to living in the city.
2. Shopping has changed a lot in modern times, and people now have many options for buying
what they need.______________________________________________________________
In my opinion, the internet is the best place to buy things.
3. Jobs have many aspects that people may or may not like, and each worker values different
things.
There are several things about my current job, but I believe that the best aspect of my job is
the long vacations.

LESSON 13: WRITING A COMPLETE INTRODUCTORY

PARAGRAPH
54
[Link]

2.1. Task 1

Write two or more general sentences for each of the following thesis statement to make the
complete introductory paragraph for your intended essay.

1 Many people dream of living in the city because of job opportunities, shopping, and
entertainment. However, city life is often noisy, polluted, and stressful.
I’m totally opposed to living in the city.
2. The way people shop has changed greatly with modern technology. Instead of going to stores,
many now prefer buying things online.
→ Thesis: In my opinion, the internet is the best place to buy things.
In my opinion, the internet is the best place to buy things.

3. Jobs usually have both good and bad sides. Some people like high salaries, while others prefer
flexible working hours.
→ Thesis: The best aspect of my job is the long vacations.
There are several things about my current job, but I believe that the best aspect of my job is the
long vacations.
2.2. Task 2
For each of the following essay questions,
a. underline the key words,
b. write a thesis statement, that states your opinion,
c. and add two or more general sentences to the thesis statement to make
the complete introductory paragraph for your intended essay.

1. It is important for travelers and business people to understand the cultures they come into
contact with. What are the main advantages of doing so?

Your thesis statement:

Understanding other cultures brings many advantages for travelers and business people because
it improves communication, prevents misunderstandings, and builds stronger relationships.
Your complete introductory paragraph:
In today’s globalized world, people are traveling and doing business across national borders
more than ever before. Cultural differences can create barriers that affect communication and
cooperation. By learning about other cultures, people can avoid conflicts, show respect, and
work more effectively. Therefore, understanding other cultures brings many advantages for
travelers and business people because it improves communication, prevents misunderstandings,
and builds stronger relationships.
2. Employers should pay young people the same salary as older colleagues doing the same job.
To what extent do you agree or disagree?

Your thesis statement:

55
I strongly agree that young people should be paid the same salary as older colleagues if they do
the same job equally well.
Your complete introductory paragraph:
The question of equal pay between younger and older workers has been debated for many years.
Some argue that older employees deserve higher salaries because of their experience, while
others believe that fairness requires equal pay for equal work. In a modern workplace,
performance and ability are often more important than age. For this reason, I strongly agree that
young people should be paid the same salary as older colleagues if they do the same job equally
well.

3. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Universities should make more links
with businesses.

Your thesis statement:

I completely agree that universities should make more links with businesses because this
provides students with practical experience and helps companies benefit from new ideas.
Your complete introductory paragraph:
Traditionally, universities have focused on academic knowledge, while businesses have
concentrated on practical skills and profit. However, in today’s competitive economy, these
two areas cannot remain separate. Students need workplace experience to prepare for future
jobs, and businesses can gain new insights from academic research. Therefore, I completely
agree that universities should make more links with businesses because this provides students
with practical experience and helps companies benefit from new ideas.

LESSON 14: GIVING REASONS AND EXAMPLES

I. GIVING REASONS

1.2. Practice

1.2.1. Task 1

Complete conditional sentences 1-6 with the words and phrases a-f.

1. The __________ will melt if we don’t do anything to stop __________.

2. If you study the __________ in school, you can get the __________.
3. If employees are forced to do __________, they will often do a __________.
4. You should look for a __________ if you really don’t like the __________.
5. If we reduce __________, we might be able to attract __________.

56
6. Unless we change __________, our __________ will stay very high.

a. prices / more customers

b. right subjects / job you want
c. suppliers / costs
d. ice caps / global warming
e. different job / working conditions
f. things they don’t like / poor job

1. 2.2. Task 2

Complete sentences 1-3 with your own ideas. Compare your answers with your partner’s and see
if you agree with his or her idea.

1. If you don’t get enough sleep,

_____________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

2. If you are always polite to your co-workers,

__________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

3. Unless the local governments restrict the number of cars coming into cities,
________________

____________________________________________________________________________

II. Giving Examples

2.2. Practice

2.2.1 Task 1

Match beginning 1-5 to the ending a-e. Note the common phrases for introducing examples in
bold.

1. There are several disadvantages to working in a big city. Some examples include …
_____
2. Spending money on research can have a great impact. One clear example of this is …
_____
3. I think the most important factor is practical experience. By this I mean …
_____
4. We could save money by reducing costs. For example, . . ._____
5. One example of the problems we faced was high material costs. Another example was …

57
_____
a. Zentex’s development of the first biochip in 2004.
b. a lack of understanding of the market.
c. we could stop giving free samples to all visitors.
d. expensive housing, heavy traffic, and a stressful lifestyle.
e. actual time spent working in the field.

2.2.2. Task 2

Look at each of the sentences in task 1 and match the phrases s in bold to the definition of how it
is used below.

a. Used for providing a single and easily understood example. _____

b. Used to provide a second example of something. _____
c. Used to clarify an example you have given. _____
d. Used as a simple and common way to introduce an example. _____
e. Used to introduce a list of example points to support your idea. _____

2.2.3. Task 3

Use common phrases in task 1 to write examples for the statements in 1-3.

1. Many countries in the world make cars.

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

2. People in my country get to work in many different ways.

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

3. After work, people like to relax.

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

58
 LESSON 15: DEVELOPING KEY IDEAS BY GIVING REASONS
AND EXAMPLES
I. PRACTICE

2.1. Task 1

Choose one of the prompts below to express your own opinions, and then use ONE reason or
example to support each of your opinions.

1. I think our newspapers …

59
 □ are doing a great job reporting the news.
□ are doing a poor job reporting the news.

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

2. Overall, I think the medical care in our country is …

□ excellent.
□ getting better.
□ in need of major improvements.

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

3. In my opinion, taxes should be …

□ reduced and people should use their own money to take care of themselves. □
spent to help those on need.

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

2.2. Task 2

For each of the following essay questions,

a. underline the key words,
b. write a thesis statement, that states your opinion,
c. develop a complete essay introductory paragraph,
d. specify TWO main points you would like to use to support you opinion in
the thesis statement,
e. and give a reason or an example for each main point that support your
opinion

60
1. In general, people are living longer now. How will this change affect society? Use
specific details and examples to develop your essay.
2. If you could change one important thing about your hometown, what would you change?
Use reasons and specific examples to support your answer.
3. Think of the most important class you have ever taken. Why did you enjoy this class so
much? Use specific reasons and details to explain your answer.

61