llli . ·5 .1"9S.

J:111Jwai• itl'PTIIYfSI:

ciasslficatlon of Elements and Periodicity In Properties

109
13• The order of screening effect of electron, of,, p, d and
J-orbitals of a given shell of an atom on ill outer ahell
19. Among halogens, the correct order of amount of
electrons Is
(a) s> p >d > f {b)J >d > p>s
IICIIIT.._ _ energy released in electron gain (electron gain
enthalpy) ia NCIIIT..__

'
J (d)J > p >S> d {a) F > Cl > Br> I (b) P>Cl <Br< I
(c)p <d <s>
(c)F < Cl>Br>I {d)F < Cl<Br<I
of slu of
14. Which of the following Is the correct order
Objective Type Question.!,_ the given species? IICIIIT ..__
r r
20. Consider the following table,
(a) I > 1- > r (b) > > I
ColllDUII CohumaD i
■ Multlple Choice Questions (MCQs) 8. An element A belongs to third period and fifteenth (c) I> r> I- (d) i- >I> 1•
(Atomic number)
(P01ltlon In the Co11111111m
group of the periodic table. Which on~ of the follo"hig periodic table) (Element,) I
[1 Mark] 15. Consider ~e isoelectronl c speciea, Na•,
Mg2•,
is correct regarding the outer electronic configuration F- and~- .. The correct order of increuing length of A.
1. Upto which element Newland's law of octave is Ncllf
52 s-block Te
- ofA? their radu IS IICERT . _ _
applicable? B. 56 A
(a) It has completely tilled s-orbital and p-orbital. 2 2
(a) p- < 0 - < Mg • <Na'
Ba
(a) Chromium (b) Calcium
(b) It has partially /illed d-orbitals and completely filled 2 2 C. 57 d-block
(c) Cerium (b)Mg ' <Na' <F- <O - B

........,.... _
(d) Caesium s-orbital. 2
(c)02 - < F- <Na'<Mg ' D. 60 C Nd
2. Mendeleev's left the gap under aluminium and a gap (c) It has half-filled d-orbitals and completely filled 2 2
under silicon having atomic weights 68 and 72 s-orbitals. (d)O - < F- < Mg ' <Na '
A, Band Care
respectively. These elements are respectively (d) It has completely /illed s-orbital and half-filled p-orbital,. 16, Consider the following graph.
(a) Eka-aluminium and Eka-silicon (a) .s-biock. La. f-bloclt
9. An element has electronic configuratio n 2500 {b) p-biock, Ca, d-bioclt
(b) aluminium and silicon 2 2 6 2 6 1 2 i-
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s . Predict its period, group
(c) Eka-germanium and Eka-silicon ...,.. Ne (c) f -block. Cs. p-bloclt
and block. 2000
(d) Eka-aluminiu m and Eka-germani um (2080)
(d) p-block, La, f-bloclt
(a) Period=4, Group=3, Biock= s F
3. The horizontal rows and the vertical columns in the -~-:, 1500 21. What effect ia obse"ed, on the size of an atom when
periodic table are termed as respectively
(a) periods, groups (b) groups, periods
(b) Period =3, Group = 2, Block =s
(c) Period =4, Group =3, Block =d
(d) Period =3, Group= 12, Block =d
r~-
<l" 1000 1:.i,
N

(14~
(1681)

(?314)
an electron ia remoYed and In another case an electron
ia added to the aame atoml -..-.,.,_ Olli
(c) series, periods (d) family, periods Li B (1086) (a) Size increases and decreases respectlvely.
10. Match Column I with Column II and select the comet (520) 801)
4. The symbol and name according to the IUPAC system option using given codes. 5000~-;2,.._.__ '--±-e-'-a~--!10 (b) Size decreases and increua rapectlvely.
for the element with atomic number 120, respectively
are
Column! Column II ·-- i Atomic number (Z)
(c) Size increases in both cues.
(d) Size decreases in both cues.
(Elements) (Propertlea) What could be the possible reason for a dip at bo~on (B)
(a) Ubn and unbinilium ·- l ~ 22. In general. the propertiea that decreue and lncreue
A. He (i) Highest electronegalivity in the above plot?
(b) Ubn and unbiunium
(c) Ubn and unnilbium
B. F (ii) Most electropositi ve
(a) Size of boron is smaller than Be.
(b) 2 p electrons are ,.,ore shielded as compared to 2s
down a group in the periodic table, reapectiYely are
(a) electronegativity and atomic radioa lllalJ i'-
1

(d) Ubn and unnilium C. Rb (ill) Strongest reducing agent electrons. (b) electronegativity and electron gain enthalpy l
D. Li (iv) Highest ionisation energy (c) The penetration of a 2s-electron is less than that of a (c) electron gain enthalpy and electrooegativ ity
5. Which one of the following ii not the representati ve 2p-electron. (d) atomic radiua and electrooegalivity
elementsl Codes
(b) K (d) Size of boron is equal to Be. 23. An element in the third row of the periodk table hu
(a) Fe AB co ABCD
Dlllllli
(c) Ba (d)N {a) (iv) {ii) (ill) (i) (b) (i) (iv) (ii) {iii) 17. The ionisation energy of nitrogen ii more than oxygen atomic number 11. It ia ·· ·- ·· · ·· •
{c) (iv) (i) (ill) (ii) {d) (iv) (i) (ii) (ill) because of (a) a metal with oxidation number +3

in 4/-orbital are called IICIRT....,

8. The elementa in which electrona are progreaaivd y filled
11. An element of atomic weight 40 has 2, 8, 8, 2 as the
electronic configuratio n. Which one of the following
(a) more attraction of electrons by the nudeu,.
(b) the extra stability of half-/illed p-orbitals.
(b) a metal with oxidation number +1
(c) a non-metal with oxidation number -3
(a) actinoids (b) transition element,
atatements regarding this element is not correctf (c) the ionic radius of nitrogen atom u smaller. (d) a non-metal with oxidation number -1
(c) lanthanolds (d) halogens (d) All of the above are correct
(a) It belongs to II group of the p e r i o ~ llaNIIQI'" 24. The nature of normal oxide formed by the element
7. Which of the following Is not an actlnoidl (b) It haa 20 neutrons. 1S. The first ionisation enthalplea of Na, Mg. Al and SI are present on eztreme left In the periodic table II
Near . . . . . In the order lll:IM .......
(c) The formula 0~11 oxide is MO, . (a) moat acidic
(a) Curium (Z = 96) (a) Na< Mg> Al< Si
{d) It belongs to 4 period of the periodic table. (b) most basic
(b) Californium (Z = 98)
12 th nd (b)Na> Mg> Al> Si (c) amphoteric
(c) Uranium (Z = 92) · If e bo distance In chlorine molecule (Cl 2 ) II
(d) Terbium (Z = 65)
19
8 pm, then the radius of chlorine ia (c) Na< Mg< Al< Si (d) neutral
(a) 198 pm (b) 49.5 pm (c) 99 pm (d) 24.75 pm (d)Na > Mg> Al< Si
110 Allinon e Chemistry Class
11 es
Classlflcatlon of Elements and Periodicity In Properti
111
■ Assertion-Reason ■ Case-Study (4 Mar
[1 Mark] The seventh period 11 still Incomplete. To avoid aomc
g queau, of (Ill) Among the given electronic configuration of
question s an 3S. Read the given case and answer the [Link] the periodic table being too long, the two aeriea elements;
■ Direction, (Q. Nos. 25-34) In the following readily s are
Reason (R) . The fundamental stability of an atom IS most / -block clements, called lanthanolda and actlnold 1 1
II. Isl 2sl 2p 31l
Assertion (A) is followed by a corresponding
6
statt of the periodic I. ls 2s 2pl
iate answer. observed In its ground stntc, the lowest energy placed to the bottom of the main body 6
IV. lsl21l2p 6 3sl3p1
Use the following keys to choose the appropr an Isolated gaseo11a .~ . _ Q a e . Ill. lsl2sl2p 3sl3p3
(a} Both (A) and (R) arr correct and (R)
Is the correct where It nnturally resides. When table.
cxplanntlon of (A). atom is excited, the addition of an electron relcasea belongs to which How many of thtm wlU belong to the same group
(I) The clement with atomic number 57 In the periodic table!
(b) Both (A) and (R) arc correct but (R) Is not the correct comparatively less energy. Therefore, to achieve group. Explain!
(c) 2 (d) I
ea 11ft (a) 3 (b) 4
explanation of (A). accurate measurements, electron gain enthalpl (II) The outermost electronic configur
ation oflut which II
but (R) Is Incorrect. •lttc. Or The electronic conftguntlon of element
(c) (A) la correct determined exclusively for atoms in their ground h
element of p-block In 6t period Is
(d) (A) Is Incorrect but (R) Is correct. gain enthalpy , llllldi Just above the element with the atomic number 43
This Is essential because electron In the same group II
{a) ◄ f"Sd 6sl6p'
10
have like Ionisation enthalpy, provide s insights Into
an
26. A11crtlon (A) lllement In the same vcrtlcal column 1 6 1
(1) is 2sl2p 3s 3p°Jd 54sl
◄ f"sd' 6s26p 5
0
similar properties. In
atom's tendency to attract electrons, a key factor (b)
1 1 1
(c)S/' ◄ 6d107s'7p' (b) 1s 2s 2p'31 3p'3d 541t
Re11on (R) Elements have periodic dependence
upon forming stable onions. 1
(c) 1i2, 2p'Jhp '3d'4s1
To accurately define electron gain enthalpy, It
the atomic number . l1 (d)S/ 14 6dt 0?hp 6
laoiatld, (d) ill2,1 2p'Js1Jp'Jd 4 41 1
28. A11crtlon (A) Noble gases nrc highly reactive. essential to specify thnt the atom must be In an
Re11on (R) Noble gnscs have stable closed shell gaseous state and In Its ground energy level.
precision In deflnltlon ensures that the measure
Thia
rnent :C
electronic configuration.
27. A11ertlon (A) The atomic and Ionic radii generally
rcOects the atom's Intrinsic ability to attract an Subjective Type Question!_ [Link]
additional electron .
decreases toward right In n period. 1-
on Electron gain enthalpy Is typically expressed In
unJta ■ Short Answer lype I Questions [2 Marks]
7. Arrange the following elements N, P, 0 and
S In the
Re11on (R) The Ionisation enthalpy lncrcnscs ules per mole {kl/mol) or electron volt, per order of
ofkllojo of p-block.
moving towards left In a period. 1, (I) An element X belongs to the third period
atom (eV), capturing the energy released or ab10rbcd the lnmuln g flnt lonilalion enthalpy.
28. A11ertlon {A) Na + and Al'' arc lsoclcctronlc. for It has 4 electrons In the outermost shell. Name (I)
to during the process. For Instance, chlorine, known element. (II) Increasing non-metallic characters.
Rea1on {R) Na belongs to s-block, while Al belongs saln
Its high electron nfflnlty, exhibits an electron
p-block. Indicatin g a 1tron1 {II) What Is the most Important cause of periodici
ty! 8. Arrange the following elcmenu In the lncreulng
enthalpy of around - 348 kJ/mol, order of non-metallic chancier B, C. SI, N, P.
, Cul+ as
29. A11ertlon {A) Be and Al show some similar propertie
s.
tendency to gain an electron and form a stable
anion. 2, (I) A boy has reported the radii of Cu, Cu+ given
ornc Is less than the electron gain 0.096 nm, 0.122 nm and 0.072 nm respectiv ely. 9. Eka-alumlnlum and ck,-aillco n Wffe the nama
The mctalllc radius (I) {a) Why noble gases have positive
R..1on {R)
metallic radlua of Al, enthalpy ! However, It has been noticed that he Interchanged
the by Mendtleev for the unknown elemenll gallium and
S•nnanlum reapcctlvcly. A rccendy dllcoverr d
{b) What Is the main factor affecting electron
pin values by mistake. Assign the correct values to
30, A11ertlon (A) laoelcctronlc species have same
radii. elem,nt wu fint named u ck,-mercury. What II
enthnlpyl different species.
Re11on (R) They contain aamc number of electrons
. II.I atomic number! Write Its group number,
electronic conllguntlon, IUPAC ~=~
nlpy ofO or F Is lc11 (II) Noble gases have more size than halogens
, Expllin
by (II) Why Is the electron [Link]
81. A11ertlon {A) The hlghcat 1B In a period Is shown than that ofS or Cl! why! ~ 111111 ~
noblcg11ca.
of the (Ill) Give the order of the electron gain enthalpy 3. Name the ·species that will be lsoelectronic with
the 10, On the bull of quantum numbers, Juallfy that sixth
Re11on (R) Noble gam arc at the extreme right . period of the periodic table mould have 32 elem•
:_
period. {In kJ/1110)) ofnuorlne, chlorine, bromine andlodlne following atoms or Ions.
the following represen ts the correct order (11) a·
32. Auertlo n (A) Pint lonl11tlon enthalpy for nitrogen l1 Or Which of (I) Na U. Write answers for th, following.
of Increasing electron gnln enthalpy with negative s for two In third
lower than that of oxygen. 4, Would you expect the first Ionisation enthalpie (I) Which orbitals m 81lcd with elcctron1
sign for the clements 0,S, F and Cl1 l .
Reaaon (R) Acro11 a period, effective nuclear charge
g que1t1on,. Isotopes of the same element to be the same or dlffcront
May
period!
lncrcaaea. 38. Read the given case and answer the followin Justify your answer. {U) What are tnnsuranlum elemenul
In
Remova l of ,-electro n Is relallvcly difficult In the modern periodic toblc, elements are arranged II, Give reason• for the following atatementa. (Ill) Which aerla compriaes of all ndloactive elementa
l
33. A1oertlo n {A) related to
1hcll. order of Increasing atomic numbers which 11
than removal of p-clcctrona of the 11mc main {I) Halogens act II good oxidising agents.
than
the electronic configur ation.
aero, ■ Short Ans wer~ II Questions
Jlea1on (R) ,-electron are clo1er to the nucleus the lut (II) Electron gain enthalpy of noble gue, 11 almost (3 Marks]
stronMly Depending upon the type of orbitals receiving
p-clcctron of the aamc ahcll and hence arc more
...,__..._.Clltl electron , the element, In the periodic table have bCfll a. (I) Among aJkall metal, which element do you upcct to be 12, What do you understand by 1-lcctronic apeclal
attracted by nucleus.
divided Into four block,, vi%,,, p, d andf. lllar--■-11 of_
leut electroncplive and why! Name a apcclea that will be IIOClcctronlc with each
34, Aaaertlo n (A) The clement, having Isl, 2sl, 2p 6 ,Jsl
The mod,rn periodic tuble con1l1t1 of? period•
and (ll) Name one metal and one halogen which II liquid
at the followtn1 atom, or lon1, =-. ....
of ■ new
2 2 ••me
and 1, , z, electron ic conilgur atlon hclong to (Iv) llb•
group. 18 group, . Eoch period btgl111 with the filling 30'C. (I) p· (II) Ar (Ill) M1J+
principle ,
ic enorgy •hell. In accordance with the Aufbau
Rcaaon (R) Both have aamc outermost electron and 3J
...,__..._.Qlej the aeven period, ( I to?) hove 2, 8, 8, 18, 18, 3l,
configuration. clement, re,pectlvoly.
 AIJimJM Chemistry Class 11,..
112 •• Classlflcallon of Elements and Periodicity In Properties 113
enthalpies and electron 8lln
13. Consider the following species N'- , 0
2- ,F- , Na •, 23 _ Match the correct Ionisation 28, Ionisation enthalpies of clement, of aecond
period are
Explain why?
Mg ,. and Al '• . enthalpies of the following clements. given below,
(a) Be hu higher t.1H than B?
(i) Whal is common in them? a,H, 11 ,Ha A.,11 Ionisation enthalpy/kcal mo1 - • : 520, 899, 801 , 1086, -i:
Elements
1402, 1314, 1681, 2080, (b) 0 hu lower t.; H than N and P!
(ii) Arrange them in the order of increasi ng ionic (U) Which one (atom/Ion) In the following palra hu
NCIRT Most rtactivc A. 419 3051 -q Maleh the correct enthalpy with the clements and
radii. (I)
higher electron gain enthalpy!
non-metal complete the graph given In figure. Aho write
14. Which of the following species will have the largest and (a)o-,s (bJ o,s- (c)o-,s- (d) N- , p
B. 1681 3374 symbols of element, with their 1tomic number.
3
the smallest size? Mg, Mg '• , Al, AJ •. NCIRT (ii) Most reactive metal -314
30. DilCUII the flctors aft'ectlng electron pin enthalpy and
!g!Q'_~
15. Which of the elements Na, Mg. Si and P would have the (iii) Least reactive C. 738 1451 -40 2500
,........
the trend In Ill YVlatlon In the periodic table.
greatest difference between the first and second
ionisation enthalpies? Briefly explain your answer.
16. The first ionisation enthalpy(t.; H) values of the third
clement

(iv) Metal forming binary D. 2372 5251 +41 f L~ 31. Predict the formu!M of the allble binary compounda
that would be formed by the combinatlon of thr
period elements, Na, Mg and Si are respcctivcly 496, 737
halide
-.-..,.._._ j },soo following [Link] of clement,.
and 786 kJ mol - • Predict whether the first t.; H value
1
1
for Al will be more close lo 575 or 760 kl mol- ? Justify
n- (I) Lithium and 0xyJal
(II) Magnesium and nltrogen
■ Long Answer Type Questions [5 Marks]
your answer. NCIRT
24. Justify the given statement with suitable examples "the
(till Aluminium and Iodine
(Iv) SWcon and o"YB<D
C

-
17. Answer the following questions.
properties of the clements are a periodic function of (v) Phoaphorua and ftuorlne
(I) Which is largest in siz, Cu •, Cu • or Cu and why?
2
theiralomic numbers". NCIIIT..._ Atomic number of alements-
10
(vt) Element 71 and ftuorlne 1-
(ii) Which clement in periodic table has highest
25. Name the four blocks inlo which the elements of the (i) Among the second period clements, the actual

-....
ionisation energy (IE)? 29. 32. p-block clement, form addle, buic and ampbolrrlc
periodic table have been classified. Why are they named ionisation enthalpies are In the order, oxides. l!xplain each propeny by IJlvin1 - aamples
(Iii) Which clement is more metallic Mg or Al and why?
so? LI < B < Be< C < 0 < N < F < Ne and alJo write the rcactiona of these ozldn with waler.
18. Among the clements B, Al, C and Si,
Lisi the groups of periodic !able belonging lo each
(I) which clement has the highest first ionisation block. Also give the general characteristics of p and
\J
enthalpy? .....
/-block clements, ,I

----.-
(ii) which clement has the moll! metallic character?
26. Which clements have the following electronic
Justify your answer in each cue.
configurations! (Use only the periodic table.)
2 2 5 CompolN oy-QII
(I) ls ,2s ,2p
19. Which of the following pairs of clements would have a
2 10 1
more negative electron gain enthalpy? (ii) [Ar) 4s ,3d ,4p
(l)OorF (ii)ForCI (iii) [Xe] 6sl
20. How would you react to the statement that the (iv) [Xe] 6s 2 ,Sd 1 ,4/ 7
clectroncgatlvtty of Non Pauling scale 11 3.0 In all the
1 10
(v) [Ar) 4s ,3d (exception to rules)
nitrogen compound■ ! -
27. Use the periodic table to answer the following
21. l!xplain, why the clectroncgatlvity values of noble gases quesUona.
are zero while those of halogen, are the higheat in each (I) Identify an element with five electrons In the outer
period! - subahell,
22. Uaing the periodic table, predict the formulae of (II) Identify an element that would tend to lose two
compounda which might be formed by the electron,.
following palra of elements;' (till Identify an element that would lend to gain two
(I) alllcon and bromine
electron,.
(II) aluminium and aulphur. NCar (iv) Identify the group having metal, non-metal, liquid
u well u ga, at the room temperature. -
 Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties
115
Hints & Solution s The ionisation enthalpy of elements increases on moving
towards extreme right in period. Aulbou principle. ThiJ will however, tend lo d,stabilile
the xenon core (Z = 54i [Kr)(4d 11 4rs,• Sp' Sd 1 ) line<
from the outer shell. Hence, cation has smallc'. siz, but llli,_ 28, (b) Both (A) and (R) arc correct hut (R) t, not the correct
Objective Type Questions has bigger siit than il's neutral atom. TilUs, 1 > l > 1•. cxplanlllion of (A). The ions or , 1ums having same number the 4/-orbital Ii, insid, the core.
of electrons arc called isoelectronic species. Both Na• and Therefore. the s1• electron prefers tv rnlcr Sd-orbital
1. (b) Newlands' law oC octaY<S is appucabl< till calcium 15, (b) In case of isoclectronic species ' I Al',. arc isoelcctronic due lo presence of 10 electrons. which lies outJicle the xenon core and energy of which II
(Z = :IO).
ionic radii cc atomic number _ (b) Both (A) and (R) are correct but (R) t, not the correct only wghtly hi~ than that of 4/-orbital. In doing 10.
2 (a) Mondclc,v left th< gap under aluminium and• gap 29 explanation
under sili<Oll. an, callcd [Link] m and Eb-silicon. of (A) as the metallic radiu., difference does not the stability conferretl on the alom dur Iv xenon con,
The ionic radii incuases as the positive charge decrease.'- more than compenale, the sbght instability cauotd by
rupectiffly. ,xplain why Be and Al have similar properties. Toe
the negative charge increases.

Ibo-- similarity arises due lo the diagonal relationship in the the add;tion of cmr electron lo the higher cne1JY
3. (a) n.. borimnlal" "" (which Mmdeltt\• called oma)""' Ion Mg2• < Na+ < F- < O2- periodic table. Sd-orbital atnd of the lowff CDffBY4/-orlrilal.
called ......... and columns ... callcd group<.
Atomic number (12) (11) (9) • (d) (A) is incorrect but (R) is correct Thus. the Olderelectroait <onligwation ofl.a(Z • S7 ) 1a
4. (o) Atomic number(Z) = 120 (8) 30
/6. (b) In boron (B), the electron is removed from p-orbilll. lsoelcctronic species have different radii. Sd' 6s 2 rather than the expected 4/' •••· 12)
IUP AC namr = Unbinilium
The 2p-e1ectrons of boron is more shielded from the (li) (a) Each period 9larts with the 6lling of rlectrom in •
Symbol = UbG
nucleus by inner core of electrons than the 2s--clectrona, 31, (b) Both (A) and (R) are correct but (R) is not the correct new principal CDffBY shrll. Therefore. 6• period star11
5. (•) tt \""'1) is - explanation of (A).
11w ~ dcmmt u it belongs Also, removal of one 2p-electron from ~ron leads to a with the lilhns of b•orb,tal and end, whm 6,-orbitals
tod-block. oo. ilisatnmilio nclemom. Noble gases have highest IE in a period becaUS< they bave
6: (c) To, dcmmtsin ..-bichdedro m anprogrc,s:iv ,,ly 61led
comparatively stable configuration of 2s , where the two
electrons are paired.
stable closed shell electronic configuration.
arecompl.etely6Jled.
ID betwttn. 4/ and Sd-orlritals att filled In accordaM,
(
in 4/-<Jlbilal att call<d laadaaDoids . unthanoids consist
Hence, the first ionisation energy of boron (B) is lower lhoa 32, (d) (A) is incorrect but (R) is correct The correct (A) is,
with Aulbm ~ 'Iba. tlw -
of clancnl:i from Z = SS (cenum) to 71 ([Link]). In a period from left lo right, effective nuclear charge el«tnwc
both Be and C. conlipatio noftlw_, ~ofthe ,-blocllinthe 6•
7. (cl) o-ts with atomic number, Z =90 to 103 att called increases and size decreases as a result ionisation energy
17. (b) Ionisation energy of nitrogen is more than oxygen due increases. But clement of II A and IA group on the account period ia 61 4/"'!,i,. 6,' o,4f"Sd" h 1 6p'.
1
actinaids. Thus. - ( Z = 65) i s - an octinoid imlead of their half-filled and completely filled orbitals have high (l)
to half-filled JH)rbitals, which gives it extra stability.
terbium belong to laalbMmids. IE than the clements ofm A and VI A group, respectively. (iii) (c) Among the pvm nt<IJOnic: configwalioft of ,ome
8. (cl)Th<d<m mtA cabepboopb orm(P)U>d mdectrooic 18. (a) Toe IE increases along a period from left to right but IE ei.-nts. only rwo. Lt. (I) ad (IV) briong IO the -
Thus, (A) is incorrect but (R) I, correct
c:ooligaralioa is of Mg is higher than that of Al due to completely filled group lntheperiod ictal>le•lla oJbollahne same
3s orbital in Mg. Thus, the correct order is 33. (a) As ,-electrons are mostly strongly attracted by nucleus.
number of nln,culecuo m.
A(P) • ls 1 . 2.s 2 2p• ,3s 1 3,' hence they are difficult to remove. Therefore, both (A) and (I)
Na < Mg > Al < Si (R) arc correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A). Qo
So, elemmt 'A' bu complddy 61kd NJri>ita1 u,d [Link]
19. (c) As we move from Cl to I the electron gain enthalpy 34, (a) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) I, the correct
(a) Tho 6fth period bepis w,tb Rb(Z • 37) and mds at
p-orbilal&.
(i.e. energy released in electron gain) become less and less Xe (Z • S41. Thus. theelomnll w,tbZ • 4Jllain tlw 5•
9, (c)Themui aan nlae oi principalquantumnumber(n)is4 explanation of (A).
negative due to a corresponding increase in the atomic size. period. Suitt. t1w ~• penod bu II ao1NIIII. tberefon,
oo, period = 4. Since. 11w 1ml eiedJ"<Xl en1<:nd...tm l and 35, (i) (a) Noble gases have stable configuration and thus they the atomoc auml>er oi tlw .i.-nt wluch Un just ahem
However, the electron gain enthalpy ofF is less negative
thett£ore, blodt = ' and 11w llJOUP number = (number oi have positive electron gain enthalpy. (l) [Link]-w itb-.: ..-..uwu -11 • :a
than that of Cl due lo its small size. Thus, the negative
electrom in 3d) + (number oi electrom in 4sj =1 + 2 = 3. (b) Toe main factor affecting electron gain enthalpy ii Now. the ~ ~ of dnnmt with
electron gain enthalpy follows the order
10. (cl) The COrTeCt match is A-(iv), S-(i), C-(ii), D-(ili).
F < Ci>Br > l
atomic size. ' (l) z-:is .,i,•
i , ' 2,' !<' 3,' 3'' u ' (Le. Mn). lll
(ti) The electron gain enthalpy of O and F I, lHa than that oi
Heliwn(He) ➔ ~ - energydut toaabk 20. (•) A =..block, B =La, C = / -block.
ls 2 painaablre.
S and Cl is due lo small size of oxygen and Ouorine. Tho SubjedM Type Questions
21, (b) When an electron is removed, size of atom decreueS and intcrclcctronic repulsion in O and F is much more than
Fluorine (F) ➔ Hip d<cbwpth ilf ;n aatun dut to 1. (i) Tho - electroaie ooaligurabon ol the e1nnmt ii
when an electron is added. size of atom increases. the repulsion in 3p-orbital of Sand CL
ls 2 2s 1 2p' ,mall oize and - I oxidalioo Ital<. !<' 3,' l• ~ bos4 elmm>ts inoutenuOlt shcll).Thus,the
22. (a) Elcctronegativity decreases and atomic radius increaia Hence, the incoming new electron feels less attnction in
Rubidium(Rb) ➔ Moot d<cbopooitive dam:nt dut to case ofO and F. c,m,pete cmllguradon ia ls 1 2,' 2p' 3,' 3p 2 • So. the
down a group in the periodic table. (1)
largelllOmic;lize.
(iii) The correct order I, Cl > P > Br > L (l)
a10mie number 11 2 ♦ I + 4 • 14. Hence. the element II
23, (b) An element with Z = 11 can lose one electron euUy to
Llthium(LI) ➔ Stn>ogelt reducing agent due to umll lilican. (ll
attain a noble gu configuration (of neon). So, the elen,<Ot 0,
liuaadpooitmOlidation ...,(+I), with Z • 11 (oodlum) IJ a metal (alkali metal) with • I In general, electron afflnity of group 17 .__..tsis
(li) Similarity in outer electronic configuration and gradual
addition ol an tlectron into the succcuivc elements, uc
11. (c) An element ohtomic weigbt 411 bu 2, a, a, 2 u 11w
electronic configuration tbm the Cormulo of ii& Mid< will
oxidotioo number.
U . (b) Tot normal oxide fonncd by the element pre,enl on tho
higher (or more negative) than that of IIOUII 16 ..-,ats.
However, electron alfuuty of the elemenlloftlwdperiod
11,e - ...,.,.....1 cause of periodicity. (1)
be MO. ntrem, 1,11 of periodic table IJ the moat bulc, e.g. Na,o. 11 higher than that of the elements of aecond period. .z. (i)Cll(O.t22nm], Cu• (0.096nm], Cu'• (0.072nm].

12. (c) Radius of Cl-atom= Boad ~ in Cl I 25. (a) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) l1 the correct Thu,, on 1hi1 buiJ the correct order would be ·: Size" Pou~ charge
O < S<P<CI (l) (l)
explanation for (A).
36. (I) The element with atomic number 57 belongs to ,.blocJr. (li) Noble gues haft more size than halogens due to
=T=99pm 26. (cl) (A) Incorrect but (R) IJ correct. c:omplet.c 6JJing of electron in the outermoll shell. (l)
Noble gue■ are very le11 rea<tive due lo ■table clo■ed ,heU u the lut electron entera the 5d-orbital agalnll the
13, (a) For the same shell, screening effect decreua in the
orders> p>d > f .
electronic configuration Ilk, n■ 'np' or n, '. Tuey are
reluctant lo share electron, from their filled outer eloctrOII
Aulbau principle. Th1J anomalous beha':"11,e
explained on tho bula of greater 1tsbili1Y
':! J. i-kctronk specie• are thOle which have same number of
electrona.
14. (cl) Anion is formed aftu the gain of electron to the neutral (I) Na has 10 electrona. Therefore, the species N'-, o•- ,
shcU., noble gue, are generally coruldered unreactiff, (Inert gu) core.
F, Mg 1' , Al" etc., each of which has aloo
atom whereu, cation is formed after the l01e of electron
27, (c) (A) IJ correct but (R) IJ lncorrocl. After barium (Z • 56~ the addition of 11,e - ~ 10 electrons and hence, iaoelectronic with iL
(I.e. 57th) should occur in 4/-orbital ID a,cordance wl (l)
 AJJh,one Chemistry Clas5
l111."1 c1asslficatlon of El ements and Periodicity in Properties
116
117
According to Aufbau principle, in lhe grou?d. state or th. On the other hand, It may be noted here that in case
(ii) Cl- has 18 electrons. Therefore, the species atoms the orbitals are filled m o_rder of their incre11ing
SI and P, alth?ugh thei'. 6.,H, will be much higher th!~:; Therefore. el•ctron gain enthalpy or fluorine (F) is
p l- , s2- , AI, K .. and Ca 2-+ , each one of which contains energ;es. Therefore, in sixt.h period, electrons enter in of Na but thm 6.'.H' will be much lower than that ofN much more negative ( - 328 kJ mol- ') than that of (O)
18 electrons and hence, isoeleclronic with it. (l) ~ /, Sd and 6 p, ·shells, and these hav_e l+7 +5+3- As 8 result, the dtfference in their respectivel a. oxygen (- 141 kJ mor' ~
6 4 11 6
4. First ionisation enthalpies or lwo isotopes of the same orbitals. Number ui' kctrons m ea~h orbital can be 2, So t;,H, would be much lower than that of Na. y, ,H, and(!) (ii) Electron gain enthalpy becomes l•ss negative on (l)
clement arc expected to be some because ionisation ,naximum number of elements in 6 period is 32 (16. 12)
21 16, We know that, the first ionisation enthalpy generall movmg down a group. But electron gain enthalpy of
enthalpy depends upon the electronic configuration and increas_es from left to nght along a period but the y cblonne ."' more negative (- 349 kJ mo1 -1) than that of
JJ, (i) In third period, 3s and 3 p-orb1tals are filled. U'2j
effective nuclear charge. (1) ionisallon enthalpy of elements of group 2 (i.c Mg) is the fluonne (- 328 kJ mo1 - 1~
(ii) Transuranium elements are the elements after
Isotopes of an element have same electronic configuration higher than that _o r the corresponding element of grou 13 This i., due to small size of fluorine u the electron-
and thus, have the same nuclear charge. · uranium, (I)
(i.e. Al) due to the more penetrating power and less P electron repulsions in relatively compact 2p-orbital lJ
(iii) Actinoid series (!-block elements). Ul2j
5. (i) Due to highly negative electron gain enthalpy they act as shielding of ns-electron.
(2) gre~ter than that in the larger 3 p-orbital and hence,
good oxidising agents as U1ey can gain electrons easily. (1) 12. lsoelectronic species have the same number of electrot11 ~ Thus, the correct order of ionisation enthalpy U the mconung electron few greater repulsion In
(ii) Electronic configuration of noble gases is such that all different nuclear charges. Na < Al < Mg < Si fluorine than in the chlorine. That's why chlorine (Cl)
subshells are completely filled. Hence, their cl.;,tron gain In case of isoelectronic species, as the nuclear charge ~ve more negative electron gain enthalpy than that of
We know 496 < ? < 737 < 786
enthalpy is almost zero. (1) increases, their size decreases. (l) uorine (F). (l)
Therefore, the ionisation enthalpy of Al must be lower than
6. (i) On moving down the group, electronegativity deaeues (i) F- has 10 electrons (9 + I). 20. The statement that electronegativity of N on Paulin teal
that of the Mg, so its value will be close to 575 (which is
because atomic size increases. Fr has the largest siu, (ii) AI has 18 electrons. less than 737). (l) is 3.0 in all the nitrogen compound, is wrong beca! e
therefore, it is least electronegative. (l) (iii) Mg>+ has 10 electrons (12-2) and electronegativity or any given element iJ not constant It
/ 7, (i) Cu is largest due to less effective nuclear charge. It has 29
(ii) Metal=Mercury (Hg) and Halogen=Bromine (Br). (l) (iv) Rb+ has 36 electrons (37-1). (I) :""" depending on th• element lo which It I, bound, It
electrons, 29 pr0..,1ons. Whereas, Cu+ has 28 electrons and
7. r Group 15 Group 16 ]
N3 -, 0 2-, Ne, Na+ and Al 3 + are some species which
2
2
29 protons, Cu has 27 electrons and 29 protons. (l)
increases u the oxidation state of the element increue, or
percentage of ,-character of hybrid orbital lru:reuea. (3)
are isoelectronic with p- and Mg •. (ti) He (helium) has highest ionisation energy. (l)
2 nd period N 0 p3-, s2 -, Cl- , K+ and Ca 2+ are some species which an 21. Sin;•· n~ble g~s have a stable electronic configuration 1-
(iii) On going from left to right along a period in periodic
3 rd period isoelectronic with Ar. (ns , np and Is in case of He), they have no tendency to
table, metallic character decreases. And hence Mg will be
Similarly, Br-, Kr and Sr'+ are isoelectronic with Rb+. (I) attnct the bond pair to themselves. Therefore, their
more metallic than Al. Also, Mg has lower ionisation
(i) Ionisation enthalpy of nitrogen (7 N =ls'2s'2p') is electronegativity is WO.
13, (i) All the given species have same number of eledn,oo energy than Al. (1) (1)
greater than oxygen (,0 =ts' 2s 2 2p4 ) due to extra (lo,-~ Therefore, all are isoelectronic species. (I) /8. Toe placing of elements are as On the other hand. halogens are only one electron lhort or
stable half-filled 2 p-orbitals. noble gas configuration. Hence, they have a very high
(ii) The ionic radii of isoelectronic species decrease,; wilta
Period
Similarly, ionisation enthalpy of phosphorus
~,P=ls 2 2s 2 2p6 3s 2 3p3 ) is greater than sulphur
increase in atomic number (as magnitude of 1M
nuclear charge increases with increase in atomic 211d period
Gronpl~- ~
Boron (B)
G~~l4
Carbon (C)
J tendency of attracting electron toward, itlelf, Therefore,
their el<ctronegativity values are the highest in the
2 2 6 2
number). respective periods. (2)
~,S=ls 2s 2p 3s 3p'i
3,. period Aluminium (Al) Silicon(Si) (1)
On moving down the group, ionisation enthalpy Therefore, their ionic radii increases in the order 22. (i) Silicon (Si) being a member of group 14 have four
decreases with increasing atomic siz.e. All-+< Mg 2 + < Na+ < p- < 0 2- < N 3- (i) Ionisation enthalpy increases along a period (as we move valmce dtttrom. i.e. its valency is 4. Bromine is a
Z = 13 12 II 9 8 7 (21 from left to right in a period) with decrease in atomic size member of halogen family and hence, ill valency is !.
So, the increasing order of first ionisation enthalpy is
Wbm these combine, the formula of the compound
S<P<O<N.
(ii) Non-metallic character across a period (left to right)
increases hut on moving down the group it decreuea. So,
(1) Mistake Alert While calculating the ionic radii order of
isoelectronic species, one can make a mistake of not
and decreases down the group with increase in atomic
size. Hence, carbon has the highest first ionisation
enthalpy. (l)
formed would be ;i X ~r or SiBr,.
(l½)
the increasing order of non-metallic character ii considering the relation, z ex: ionic\adi( (ii) Metallic character decreases across a period but (ti) Aluminium being a member of group 13 contains three
P< S< N< 0 . (l) increases on moving down the group. Hence, aluminium valence electroos so its valency is 3. Sulphur, on the
14. Mg and Al belongs to same period (i.e. third period) aDd has the most metallic character. , othes hand, belongs to group 16 and has 6 valence
8. The given non-metals are arranged in the increasing order (1)
along a period, atomic radii decreases. Thus, the order of electrons, so ill valency i.18 -6 = 2. Wbm these
of non-metallic character as follows size of Mg and Al is Al< Mg (ll 19. (i) Oxygen and fluorine both belong to second perioil.
combine, the formula of the compound formed would
Si<B<C<N<F Electron gain enthalpy generally becomes more
Further, the size of a cation is always smaller than ill
negative across a period as we move from left to right be ~X~orAl ,S,
parent atom and in cas• of isoelectronic species, size (l½)
Increasing non-metallic characttt (2) On moving from oxygen to fluorine, the effective
decreases as the nuclear charge increases.
!}. The element which comes after mercury in the periodic nuclear charge increases and atomic size decreases 23. (i) Most reactive non-metal has high "',H, and "',H, and
Thus, the size of Mg 2+ > AJH (ll most negative 6., H. Therefore, the element is (B).
table is called elca-mercury. With increase in atomic number. Cl) 1

Its various parameters are :. The correct order of size is All+ <Al< Mg>+ < Mg, Due to this, forces of attraction of the nucleus fli) Most reactive metal has low "',H1 and high "',H,
Atomic number (Z) = 80 + 32 = 112 Hmce, Mg is the largest atom and AJ 3+ is the smalkst..,_(I) increases for the incoming electron. That's why (because the second electron has to be lost from noble
!UPAC name : Ununbium (Uub) electron gain enthalpy becomes more negative for gu configuration) and has small negative ,1, H.
l5. Among the given elements, Na being alkali metal bas aal'I 1
Official name : Cn (coperniciurn) fluorine than that of oxygen. Therefore, the clement is (A).
one electron in the valence shell therefore has very l°"
Electronic configuration= [Rn] 5/ 14 6<1 10 7 s' (2) 6 ,H1 · However, after the remov~ of one electron, it Furthermore, fluorine attains stable gu configuration (iii) Noble gases are the least reactive element&. They have

JO. In the modem periodic table, each period starts with the :;:re! neiest ~crt gasor neon gas configuration. Le.
by gaining an electron.
--+ F-(g)
very high &1H1 and 6 1H, and have positive ,1, H values.
Thus, the element is (D).
1

filling of a new principal energy level. Sixth period begins (ls ' 2• • 2P ~ Therefore, ita 6,1H 1 is expected ID be F(g) +t-
2,7 2,a
with filling of principal quantum number, n = 6. very hi_gb. Consequently, the difference in first and~
ioruaation entbalpiea would be greatest in case of No.
 AJJh,one Chemistry Class
1
118 . 1~ cJassification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties
119
1 ironic configuration of _elements ha>ing
(iv) Metal forming binary halides arc alkaline earth metals. 27, (i) General• ec . the outer subshell 15 ns'np', 'l1lia Therefore, the first ionisation enthalpy of N i, higher
than lhal of 0. The symbol, of element., along with their Acrou a period, ionisation mlhalpy iucreuea u we DJOV<
They have moderate 6.,H, and 6.,H 1 values and have five electrons :longs to halogen family, I.e. P, Cl, llr
configurauon , atomic numbers are given in the above graph. (2) from left to right du, lo deaoue in atomic size. But l!., H of
comparatively slightly less negative 6.,,H values. (3) nitrogen is gr,aw than oxygen. It is bea,... of tho mott
Thus, the clement Is (C). 1, Al. f second group are known aa aJkaUn. ~II , (a) B• has higher lJ.,H (ioni.,.tion enthalpy) than B. In both
29, (i) th• cases, the electron need to be removed belongs lo the stable electronic configuration (euctly half-filled orbital, an,
24. There are numerous physical properties o~ elements such as (ii) Elem~(~o' Ca, Sr, Ba, etc.). Th_eir g;neral •lectr0 nlt more stable) of nitrogen, 10 it is difficult to remove an dectroo
melting points, boiling points, heats or fus10~ and
vaporisation. energy of atomisation, etc., which show (1)
periodic variations. ,.
::to:
metal

easily.
l~on for valence shell IS ns , These elernen~
dipositiv• cations by the loss of two
Ill
e,
same principal shell. ln 4 8c = (ls 2 2s 2 l it is 2.,..electron
2
while in boron ,B =(ls 2s' 2p1 ) il is 2p-electron. The
penetration of a 2,-eJcctron to the nuclew; is more
than that of a 2~electron. It means z.,..eJectrom
from nitrogen than &om oxygen. That's why oxygen hu knRr
ionisation mthalpy than nitrogen and fluorine.
(il) (a) Due to repulsion., betweeo the electrons on o- and the
UY,>
The cause of ~riodicity in properties is the repetition of ...th roup elements such as 0 , S, Se etc., have a te ~ arc more strongly attracted by the nucleus than additional incoming electron, tho electron gain enthalpy of

:.:i::
similar outer electronic configuration after certain regular (m) 16 g 1 two electrons because by the gain or 1"'
intervals. e.g. All the elements on• group (alkali :"etals)
2p-dectrons. o- is positive while that of S is negative.
they attain noble gas configuratio1t n,,. Therefore, higher amount of energy is required to (b) On similar grouoda, tho electron gain enthalpy of S- ii
have similar outer electronic configuration, i.e. ns · general electronic configuration for valence aheU ii remove 2J-elcctron than a 2~electron. Hence, Be has positive while that of O ii neptive.
, Ll=Is 2 , 2s1 (c) Due to small me, ttpWliom betwttn Q- and tho locoming
~~- ~ higher lJ.1H than B. UY,l
Na = ls 2 2s 2 2p' 3s1 electron ii much IIIOtt than in s-. Thmfore. dectnm pin
11 17 of the periodic table contains ""tal. (b) 0 has lower lJ.1H ~~an~ F.
K = 1s 2 2s 2 2p' 3s 2 3p' 45' (iv) ~;~~:e:al~rlhat are liquid as well as gas at . the ...,. enthalpy of o- ii mon, poailift than that of,.
1, (2)
7N =Is 2s 2p, 2p11 2p,1 (d) Due lo repulsiom betnm N" and lht iocoming ekctn,n,
TI1crefore, due to similar outermost shell clectl'Onic. temperature, e.g. His a non-metal and present Ill glleola
configuration. all alkali metals have similar properties. e.g., stale (H,) at room temperature. . (I) 10
2
=1s 2s 2 zp: 2p; 2p~
2 2
dedron gain mdialpy of N" ii positiYe while lhol of p ii
negative. (2)
C
sodium and potassium both arc soft and reactive metals. All other elements of this g~oup are metals. Cs IS a liq,;! 9F =h 2s zp: 2p12 2p~
metal Similarly, Br 2 is a liquid non-metal while olh., 30. Refer to tat on page 102. (5)
They all form basic oxides and their basic character
increases down the group. They all form unipositivc ion by elements of this group are gaseous ~on-metals. Iodine
the loss of oac electron. can form I' so it has metallic properties also. (I) 31_ • In case ofsand Jrblock elements (representative elements), the valency ofan atom is generally equ,11 to tither tlu
Similarly, all the elements ofl7"' group (halogens) ha~• , 28. As on moving from left to right across a period,_the number of valence electrons or equal to 8 minus the number of valence electrons.
similar outermost shell electronic configuration, LC. ns np
and thus possess similar properties.
, F =1s 2 2s 2 2p5
ionisation enthalpy keeps on increasmg du~ to IJIC~c~
nuclear charge and simultaneous decrease m [Link] radius.
However, there arc some exceptions also. (I)
, In case oflanthanoids (inner-transition elements), there is involvement ofd and f~ltctrons with valena shell
electrons in bond formation . Common valency for lanthanoids is 3.
B
2 2 2 5 (i) lnspite of increased nuclear charge, the first ioniAlioo • Electronicconfiguration of 71 Lu= (Xe]4f 14 , Sd 1, 6s2; (Valtncy=3}
11 CI =Is 2s 2p' 3s 3p
enthalpy of B is lower than that of Be. 1nis IS due to lb, -Electrouill
35 Br=Is 2 2s 2 2p'3s 2 3p''3d 10 4s24p 5
25. Refer to text oa pages 92 and 93. .
26. (i) The outer electronic configurati0t1 of ls 2s 2p IS
z z 5•
(2) reason that in case of Be, the outermost electron ~ m
the Zs-orbital but in case of B, it is present in a 2~rbital
Since, the electrons in 2.s-orbital arc more ~ghtly hc1d by
[Link].

(i)
Element

Lllhium(Ll)
Group number

Group I
-nlcncesbcll Vala<y
._ ........
~-w..r
u,o
2,' 2 p' . Therefore, this element is a p-bloclt element and the nucleus than those present in 2~orbital, thcreforr,
Oxygen (0) Group 16 8 6=2
ionisation enthalpy of B is lower than that of Be.
belongs lo the second period and group 17. Thus, the
(il) Magnesium (Mg) Group2 Mg,N,
element is fluorine, F. (1) 2500
(ii) The outer electronic configuration of [Ar) 4s'3d" 4p' Nitrogen(N) Group IS 8-5 3
Ne (2080)
is 4s' 4p', therefore, it is a p-bloclt elcmmt. It belongs (iii) Aluminium (Al) Group 13 All,
to the fourth period and 13 group . Hence, the element Iodine (I)
. is gallium, GL {(1681) Group 17 8 7 I
(1)
(1402)N 1'-e/ (iv) Silicon (Si)
(iii) The outer electronic configuration of [Xe) 6s' is 6s', I 5 1 00~~
Group 14 Si0,
therefore, it is a ,-bloclt element and belong, to the sixth
period and group 2 of the periodic table. Hence, the j 1000 (899) Be / C (1086) Oxygen (0) Group 16 8-6-2

element is barium, Ba. (1) ;----8(801) (v) Phosphorus (P) Group 15 3 or 5 PF, or PF,
500 (520) Li •
(iv) In the electronic configuration [Xe] 6s'' Sd' ' 4/' _the Fluorine (F) Group 17 8-7al
10
outermost electrons arc in 4/ abell. therefore, it II a
Atomic rYJmber of elements -+ Pl
.ro (vi) Element71 Group 3 LuF,
/-block element and belongs to the sixth period and
third group. (il) To. fint ionisation enthalpy ofN ii higher than: i.,IN, (Lutetium) (Lu)
Hence, the element is gadolinium, Gd. (~ though the nuclear charge of O is high•~ than rJ N. Fluorine (F) Group 17 8 7-1
(v) The outer electronic configuration of [Ar) 41, 3d 11 This is due to the reason that
2 2
10 case ,na"'1 (5)
4s' • 3d'° ' therefore, it is a d-bloclt element and belongs to ia to be•~
(1, 21 2p~ 2p; 2p:) the electron
the fourth period and group I I. Hence, the elemen\~ from a more stable exactly half-f,U~d 2 zp')~
configuration but in case of O (1, 2 2, 2 2p, 2P, '
copper, Cu. iJ not IO.
 l

AJ1h,o ne Chemistry Class 11th

120

32. In p-block, when we move from left to right in a period, B20 3 is weakly acidic and on dissolution in water, it fo1111a
the acidic character of the oxides increases due to increase orthoboric acid. 0rthobo ric acid does not act as a protollic
in electronegativity. acid (it does not ionise) but acts as a weak Lewis acid.
e.g. B203 + 3HP ~ 2H3B03
Boron trioxide Onhobor ic acid
(i) 2 ..t period
B20 <CO 2 < N 20 3 acidic characte r increases.
3
B(0H) 3 + H-0H ~ [B(0H)4 r + tt+
(ii) 3 rd period Al 20 3 is amphoteric in nature. It is insoluble in water but
dissolves in alkalies and react with acids. (I}
Al 20 3 < Si0 2 < P40 10 < S03 < 0 20 7 acidic
character increases. {I)
A1 20 3 + 2Na0H - 4 2NaAl02 + H 2O
Aluminium Sodium meta
On moving down the group, acidic character decreases trioxide aluminatc
and basic character increases. Alp3 + 6H0- 4 2Al0 3 + 3H20
e.g. Aluminium
chloride
(a) Nature of oxides of 13 group elemen ts (I}

B20 3 Al 20 3 Ga 20 3 ln 20 3 Tl 20 Tl 20 is as basic as Na0H due to its lower oxidation state(+ 1}

Weakly acidic Amphoreric . Basic Strongly Tl20 + 2HO ~ 2na + H20
basic
P4 0 10 on reaction with water gives orthophosphoric acid.
(b) Nature of oxides of 15 group elemen ts
P4 0 10 + 6Hp ~ 4H3 P04
N 20 5 P4 0 10 ~ 4 0 10 Sb40 10 Bi 20 3 Phosp~orus Onhop ~ric
pcntoJUdc acid"
Sa-ongly Moderately Amphoteric Amphotcric Basic
{I)
acidic acidic Cl 20 7 is strongly acidic in nature and on dissolution in
Among the oxides of same element, higher the oxidation water, it gives perchlor ic acid.
state of the element, stronge r is the acid. e.g. S0 3 is a Cl207 + H20 ~ 2Hao. (1)
Dichlorinc hcp<oxide Pcrchloric acid
stronger acid than S0 2.

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