Table of Contents

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .............................................................................................................. 1

1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 3
2.1 Pakistan’s Commitments under the Paris Agreement ........................................................ 4
2.2 Climate Impact and Vulnerability Profile ........................................................................... 6
2.3 Alignment with National Priorities ....................................................................................... 7
2.4 Population & Youth Bulge .................................................................................................... 8
3. STOCKTAKE OF ACTIONS AND COMMITMENTS ........................................................ 10
3.1 GHG Inventory 2024............................................................................................................ 10
3.2 Mitigation Commitments ..................................................................................................... 10
3.3 Adaptation Activities ........................................................................................................... 12
4. PAKISTAN’S NDC AMBITION .............................................................................................. 16
5. MITIGATION ............................................................................................................................ 17
6. ADAPTATION ........................................................................................................................... 22
7. MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION .......................................................................................... 25
7.1 Climate Finance.................................................................................................................... 25
7.1.1 Costing of NDC 3.0 ........................................................................................................ 26
7.1.2 Financing Strategy and Sources of Funding ............................................................... 27
7.1.3 Private Sector Engagement and Market Solutions .................................................... 27
7.1.4 Transparency and Finance Tracking .......................................................................... 28
7.2 Technology and Capacity Development ............................................................................. 28
7.3 Strategic Imperatives for Implementation ......................................................................... 33
7.3.1 Sustainable Development Co-Benefits ......................................................................... 33
7.3.2 Just Transition............................................................................................................... 33
7.3.3 GEDSI: Gender Equality, Disability, and Social Inclusion ....................................... 34
7.3.4 Green Skills Development ............................................................................................ 35
7.3.5 Implementation Arrangements and Institutional Strengthening ............................. 36
Annexure-1: Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding (ICTU) of
nationally determined contribution, referred to in decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 28 (Decision
4/CMA.1 and Annex I) .................................................................................................................. 37

I
List of Tables

Table 1: High Priority Actions ...................................................................................................... 18

Table 2: Additional Measures ....................................................................................................... 21
Table 3: Priority Adaptation Actions and Resilience Measures ................................................ 22
Table 4: Estimated Investment Requirements for NDC3.0 ........................................................ 26
Table 5: Technology and Capacity Needs .................................................................................... 29

List of Figures

Figure 1: Pakistan’s projected GHG emissions (2015–2035) ..................................................... 18

II
List of Acronyms

ACE Action for Climate Empowerment

ADB Asian Development Bank
AF Adaptation Fund
AFOLU Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use
ANR Assisted Natural Regeneration
AV Autonomous Vehicles
AWD Alternate Wetting and Drying
BAU Business-As-Usual
BESS Battery Energy Storage Systems
BRT Bus Rapid Transit
BTR Biennial Transparency Report
CBAM Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism
CBDR&RC Common but Differentiated Responsibilities and Respective
Capabilities
CBDRM Community-Based Disaster Risk Management
ccGAP Climate Change Gender Action Plan
CCUS Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage
CMA Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the
Paris Agreement
COP Conference of the Parties
CRI Climate Risk Index
CSA Climate-Smart Agriculture
CTCN Climate Technology Centre and Network
EbA Ecosystem-based Adaptation
EMS Energy Management Systems
ETF Enhanced Transparency Framework
EV Electric Vehicle
FTC Finance, Technology transfer, and Capacity-building
GCF Green Climate Fund
GCISC Global Climate-Change Impact Studies Centre
GEDSI Gender Equality, Disability, and Social Inclusion
GEF Global Environment Facility
GHG Greenhouse Gas
GIS Geographic Information System
GLOF Glacial Lake Outburst Flood
GWP Global Warming Potential

III
ICTU Information to facilitate Clarity, Transparency and Understanding
IGCEP Indicative Generation Capacity Expansion Plan
ILO International Labour Organization
IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
IPPU Industrial Processes and Product Use
IoT Internet of Things
ITS Intelligent Transport Systems
IWRM Integrated Water Resource Management
JTWP Just Transition Work Programme
KPI Key Performance Indicator
LULUCF Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry
MDB Multilateral Development Bank
MoCC&EC Ministry of Climate Change and Environmental Coordination
MRFs Material Recovery Facilities
MRV Measurement, Reporting, and Verification
NAP National Adaptation Plan
NCCP National Climate Change Policy
NDC Nationally Determined Contribution
ND-GAIN Notre Dame Global Adaptation Initiative
NDMA National Disaster Management Authority
NEV New Energy Vehicle
NTDC National Transmission & Despatch Company
PA Paris Agreement
P2P Peer to Peer
PCCA Pakistan Climate Change Act / Pakistan Climate Change Authority
PDMAs Provincial Disaster Management Authorities
PPP Public-Private Partnership
PSDP Public Sector Development Programme
RE Renewable Energy
SDG Sustainable Development Goal
TES Thermal Energy Storage
UAV Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
UGPP Upscale Green Pakistan Programme
UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
V2G Vehicle to Grid
WASH Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene
WHR Waste Heat Recovery

IV
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Pakistan is ranked as the most climate-affected country in the world for the year 2022,
despite being the 178th per capita (2.3 tonnes of CO₂e) contributor to GHG emissions.
The country is experiencing disproportionate impacts of climate change, including
accelerated glacial melt, recurrent and devastating floods, prolonged droughts, rising
temperatures, shifting rainfall patterns, and sea-level rise. These climate-induced risks
directly threaten human lives, agriculture and food security, water resources,
ecosystems, and economic growth. Addressing climate change is, therefore, a national
survival and development priority for Pakistan.
In fulfillment of its obligations under the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (UNFCCC) and its Paris Agreement, Pakistan has prepared its third
Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC 3.0). This submission represents an
ambitious and forward-looking strategy to integrate both mitigation and adaptation
measures into national development pathways. It outlines actions across energy,
industry, agriculture, forestry, waste, water, health, education, housing, and other social
sectors to ensure resilience, sustainability, and inclusivity.
Pakistan remains on track to achieve its target of reducing projected emissions by 50%
between 2015 and 2030, 15% through domestic resources and an additional 35%
contingent on international financial support; however, the required international
financial support has not been received. Through NDC3.0, Pakistan would like to
voluntarily reduce its GHG emissions up to 50% by 2035. Of this, 17% will be achieved
unconditionally through domestic resources and policy measures, while the remaining
33% is conditional on the provision of adequate mostly grant-based or concessional
international climate finance, complemented by technology transfer and capacity-
building support. The estimated investment required to achieve these goals is USD
565.7 billion. According to World Bank’s Pakistan Country Climate and Development
Report 2022, an indicative estimation of total investment needs for Climate-resilient and
Low-Carbon development up to 2023 are USD 348 billion. The additional investment
of USD 217.7 billion will be required by 2035.
The National Economic Transformation Plan (2024-2029) also known as the ‘URAAN
Pakistan’ provides the overarching development pathway for integrating climate action
into Pakistan’s economic and social agenda. It ensures that climate commitments are not
treated in isolation, but as drivers of sustainable growth, resilience, and green
transformation. Given Pakistan’s acute vulnerabilities and the capital-intensive
transition required for low carbon transition, financial support remains a critical enabler.
Pakistan seeks enhanced access to international climate finance from both public and
private sources, aligned with principles of equity and common but differentiated
1
responsibilities. The country also intends to employ the cooperative approaches and
market mechanisms available under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, creating
opportunities for enhanced ambition, innovation, and cost-effective emissions
reductions.
NDC 3.0 reflects Pakistan’s dual approach: pursuing low carbon transition while
building resilience against climate shocks. The submission emphasizes that the scale of
ambition is far beyond what can be achieved through domestic capacity alone.
Therefore, international cooperation, technology partnerships, and financial assistance
are indispensable to enable Pakistan to deliver on its commitments while safeguarding
human development gains.

2
1. INTRODUCTION
The Paris Agreement sets the objective of limiting the rise in global average temperature
to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels, while pursuing efforts to restrict the
temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels. In line with this global
commitment, and consistent with Article 4 of the Paris Agreement and the subsequent
decisions of the Parties, this submission outlines Pakistan’s Nationally Determined
Contribution (NDC3.0) towards achieving these targets.
Pakistan’s third Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC3.0) is a renewed and
stronger plan to tackle climate change. It builds on earlier commitments and provides a
clear framework that combines two important goals: reducing greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions and adapting to the impacts of climate change. The document sets out a
roadmap for cutting emissions, improving resilience against climate risks, and
mobilizing finance, technology, and skills in line with both national development needs
and international climate agreements.
NDC 3.0 was developed through a “whole-of-nation” approach, meaning that voices
from different sectors of society were included in its preparation. The process brought
together federal ministries, provincial governments, civil society, academia, young
people, and the private sector. By involving such a wide range of stakeholders, the NDC
reflects not just government priorities but also the concerns and contributions of
communities, experts, and businesses. This inclusive approach has helped build broad
support and ownership of the commitments, which is essential for effective
implementation.
The NDC also connects strongly with Pakistan’s development agenda and the
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It emphasizes that addressing climate change
is not only about protecting the environment but also about ensuring food security,
safeguarding water resources, preserving glaciers, reducing poverty, and creating
opportunities for green growth. By integrating climate action into development
priorities, Pakistan aims to shift toward a low-carbon and climate-resilient future.
In simple terms, NDC 3.0 is Pakistan’s national climate action plan for the coming years.
It sets ambitious targets, encourages cooperation across society, and aligns the country’s
climate response with both domestic needs and global responsibilities. If fully
implemented, it can help Pakistan build resilience, reduce emissions, and move toward
a more sustainable and secure future for its people.

3
2. NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE CONTEXT
Pakistan is caught in a troubling paradox: it contributes very little to global GHG
emissions, but it has consistently been ranked among the countries most severely
affected by climate change. The country accounts for only about 1% of total global GHG
emissions, and its per-capita emissions (2.3 tonnes of CO₂e per person) remain well
below the world average1.
The Global Climate Risk Index (CRI) by Germanwatch ranked Pakistan among the top
ten most affected countries over the past two decades and, in its 2025, report placed
Pakistan as the most devastated country in 2022 on account of 2022 floods, with
damages and reconstruction costs of more than USD 30 billion, displacement of more
than 8 million people, and fatalities of around 1,700 people2. The assessment also found
that the floods disproportionately impacted the poorest households in the poorest areas.
Other global assessments point to the similar trends. According to the 2023 Notre Dame
Global Adaptation Initiative (ND-GAIN), Pakistan ranks 150th in readiness and 146th
in vulnerability. This reflects both the country’s vulnerability and its limited capacity to
adapt effectively to climate risks3.
Together, these indicators paint a clear picture: Pakistan contributes little to the problem
of global warming but suffers disproportionately from its impacts. With weak adaptive
capacity, the country finds itself on the frontline of climate disasters, experiencing
extreme weather events, such as glacial melting and flooding etc. This paradox
underscores the urgent need for stronger national resilience efforts and increased global
support by upholding the principles of equity and common but differentiated
responsibilities and respective capabilities (CBDR&RC) to help Pakistan confront the
escalating climate crisis.
2.1 Pakistan’s Commitments under the Paris Agreement
Pakistan ratified the Paris Agreement (PA) in September 2016, thereby assuming its role
as a legally bound Party committed to advancing the collective global response to
climate change. Through this ratification, the country affirmed both its legal and political
commitment to support the global efforts to limit the rise in average global temperature
to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels, while striving to pursue the more

1
Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR). GHG Emissions of All World
Countries – Report 2023.
2
Germanwatch. Climate Risk Index 2025 – Who suffers most from extreme weather events?
3
ND-GAIN. Pakistan ND-GAIN Country Index. 2023. University of Notre Dame.
4
ambitious target of 1.5°C. In line with Article 4 of the Paris Agreement, the countries
are required to prepare, communicate, and maintain successive Nationally Determined
Contribution (NDC) that represent their highest possible ambition and demonstrate
progression over time. These obligations, as set out in PA, span several key areas. First,
Pakistan is required to prepare and submit updated NDC every five years, each reflecting
increased ambition compared to the previous submission, in accordance with Articles
4.2 and 4.3. Second, it must implement domestic policies and actions consistent with
achieving its NDC targets, guided by legislative and policy frameworks such as the
Pakistan Climate Change Act (PCCA) 20174 and the updated National Climate Change
Policy (NCCP, 2021)5. Third, the country is required to submit Biennial Transparency
Reports (BTRs) under the Enhanced Transparency Framework (ETF) (Article 13) to
track progress towards its commitments, which the country submitted in June 20256.
Fourth, Pakistan participates in the Global Stock-take process (Article 14) every five
years to evaluate the collective progress made in achieving the agreed goals. Finally, it
engages with the transparent, non-adversarial and non-punitive compliance mechanism
under Article 15, aimed at facilitating implementation of the provisions of the Paris
Agreement.
Pakistan’s NDC 3.0 reflects a strong political commitment at both domestic and
international levels. At the national level, its climate goals are intertwined into key laws
and policies that guide the country’s response to climate change. The updated National
Climate Change Policy (NCCP, 2021) sets national strategies for adaptation and
mitigation across sectors, such as energy, transport, water, agriculture, waste, and
disaster management. The Pakistan Climate Change Act (PCCA) 2017 establishes core
institutional architecture for climate governance, including the Climate Change Council,
the Climate Change Authority and the Pakistan Climate Change Fund. NDC 3.0 is
closely aligned with national development priorities and sectoral development plans,
ensuring that climate action not only addresses environmental concerns but also supports
economic growth and social well-being. Internationally, Pakistan stands as a vocal
advocate for climate justice, calling for fair access to climate finance and stronger global
support for adaptation and loss and damage, given the country’s acute vulnerability to
climate impacts. It also champions cooperation in the development and transfer of
climate technologies under the Paris Agreement’s mechanisms, actively engaging in

4
Pakistan Climate Change Act, 2017, Government of Pakistan.
5
National Climate Change Policy, 2021, Government of Pakistan.
6
Pakistan Biennial Transparency Report, 2024, Government of Pakistan.
5
negotiations at the Conference of the Parties (COP) to United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
2.2 Climate Impact and Vulnerability Profile
Pakistan is a fractional greenhouse gas emitter. On a per capita basis, Pakistan’s
emissions stand at just 2.3 tons of CO2e placing it 178th out of 213 countries,
highlighting its minimal carbon footprint. However, Pakistan is disproportionately
impacted by climate hazards.
Scientific studies show that Pakistan is warming at a pace faster than the global average,
with climate models projecting a significant increase in temperature under high-
emission scenarios by the end of the century. The frequency and intensity of extreme
climate events is projected to increase, increasing disaster risk particularly for
vulnerable poor and minority groups7. This heightened vulnerability underscores an
urgent need for urgent global mitigation and national adaptation strategies.
Consequently, the country faces severe climate impacts owing to its geographic
location, socio-economic conditions, and dependence on climate-sensitive sectors. The
communities, across the country, are increasingly exposed to a spectrum of escalating
climate hazards that vary in intensity and nature by region. In the northern mountains
of Gilgit-Baltistan, new extreme maximum temperature records, hovering between 46
to 48 degrees centigrade, were set in Chilas and Bunji, leading to accelerated glacial
melt, triggering glacial lake outburst floods, flash floods and landslides, which have
claimed lives, destroyed vital infrastructure, and displaced communities8. The monsoon
season in Pakistan has become increasingly erratic, reflecting the intensifying impacts
of climate change. In 2022, the country experienced an unprecedented 175% above-
normal rainfall, leading to catastrophic floods9. In 2025, the trend of climatic volatility
continues, with rainfall already surpassing seasonal averages and underscoring the
growing severity of monsoon patterns posing dangers to lives, livelihoods and
infrastructure of the country. National Disaster Management Authority, a federal
agency, which collects data from Provincial Disaster Management Authorities
(PDMAs) shows more than 1,000 fatalities in the compounding climate hazards of
2025. These climate impacts cascade across environmental, social and economic
domains, causing massive economic and non-economic losses and damages.

7
IPCC-2021, Climate Risk Country Profile: Pakistan (2021): The World Bank Group and the Asian
Development Bank; Rehman, N. et al. 2018. Assessment of CMIP5 climate models over South Asia and
climate change projections over Pakistan under representative concentration pathways. International
Journal of Global Warming.
8
Pakistan Meteorological Department, 2025, Climate Bulletin; NDMA, 2025, Disaster Situation Report
9
Pakistan Monsoon 2022 Rainfall Report - PMD
6
Several key sectors of Pakistan’s economy are highly climate-sensitive. The agriculture
sector having a share of 23.54% in GDP10 and employing around 37.45% of the labor
force11 is under growing pressure. Farmers face extreme heat and erratic rainfall, leading
to water scarcity, which jeopardizes agricultural losses and overall welfare of the rural
folk. Water scarcity is becoming challenging. Projections suggest that by 2050, glacial
melting could reduce Indus River flows by 20–30%12. Groundwater levels are dropping
rapidly, declining by up to 1 meter per year in Punjab, and a staggering 70% of aquifers
in the province are over-exploited13. The dam storage capacity is also under stress, with
Tarbela Reservoir losing more than 33% of its original storage capacity to
sedimentation 14 , reducing its operational reliability and energy-generating capacity.
Coastal and marine communities face escalating threats as well. Rising sea levels,
salinity intrusion, and ocean warming are eroding fisheries and coastal livelihoods,
exacerbating economic risks in already vulnerable regions. When climate shocks hit,
whether through disrupted irrigation, unstable power generation, or declining fisheries,
their impacts cascade across food markets, energy supplies, and the wider economy.
The impacts of climate change disproportionately affect marginalized groups.
Smallholder farmers and livestock-dependent communities rely directly on climate-
sensitive natural resources for their livelihoods. The urban poor, particularly those in
informal settlements, lack resilient infrastructure to withstand extreme events. Women
and children often bear a disproportionate burden during climate-induced displacement
and periods of food insecurity. Indigenous and mountain communities remain especially
vulnerable due to their reliance on fragile ecosystems and traditional water systems.
Given this high vulnerability profile, Pakistan’s NDC emphasizes urgent adaptation
measures to safeguard livelihoods, build resilience in critical sectors, and address the
disproportionate climate burdens faced by marginalized communities. These priorities
guide national climate action towards both protecting the most vulnerable and securing
sustainable socio-economic development.
2.3 Alignment with National Priorities
Pakistan’s climate ambition is intertwined into the country’s broader vision for
development and prosperity. The Pakistan Vision 2025 (Planning Commission, 2014)
presented a national roadmap aimed at transforming the country into “a globally

10
Government of Pakistan, Economic Survey of Pakistan 2024–25
11
Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, Labour Force Survey 2020–21
12
World Bank, 2022, Pakistan Country Climate and Development Report
13
Iqbal, N. et al. (2023). Hydrological Assessment of Surface and Groundwater Resources of Islamabad,
Pakistan. Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources (PCRWR) Islamabad.
14
WAPDA, 2023, Tarbela Dam Performance Report
7
competitive and prosperous nation” by fostering inclusive, sustainable, and knowledge-
based economic growth. Its seven pillars i.e. human capital sustained economic growth,
energy–water–food security, private sector development, infrastructure connectivity,
institutional reform, and security remain deeply relevant to current policy thinking.
While Vision 2025 remains the guiding framework through 2025, implementation has
been uneven due to political, economic, and institutional challenges. Recognizing this,
the Government of Pakistan has launched “URAAN Pakistan” (2024–29)15 which is a
successor initiative that updates Vision 2025’s priorities placing greater emphasis on
climate resilience, green energy, digital transformation, social equity, and export-led
growth. Together with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), adopted nationally
in 2016, these frameworks provide a coherent policy environment in which climate
action is not a standalone agenda but an essential driver of national progress.
Pakistan’s adaptation and mitigation priorities are anchored in the National Climate
Change Policy (NCCP) 2012, updated in 202116, and its Framework for Implementation
(2014–2030). These are complemented by provincial climate policies such as the Punjab
Climate Change Policy/Climate Resilient Punjab Vision Action Plan (2024)17, Sindh
Climate Change Policy (2022) 18 , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Climate Change Policy and
Action Plan (2022) 19 , Baluchistan Climate Change Policy (2024) 20 , Gilgit-Baltistan
Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan (Revised-2023), and the AJ&K Climate
Change Policy (2017). Integrating these with national development frameworks ensures
that the NDC advances core goals: reducing poverty, securing energy and water,
ensuring food security, invest in green skills and creating jobs, and building resilience
to disasters.
2.4 Population & Youth Bulge
Pakistan’s demographic trajectory is both a defining feature of its development
landscape and a key determinant of its climate future. According to the 7th National
Population and Housing Census 2023, Pakistan’s population was 241.5 million, growing
at 2.55%21. It shows an increase of nearly 34 million since 2017, making Pakistan the

15
URAAN Pakistan, National Economic Transformation Plan 2024-2029, Government of Pakistan
16
Government of Pakistan, 2021. National Climate Change Policy.
17
Government of Punjab, 2024. Punjab Climate Change Policy/Climate Resilient Punjab Vision and
Action Plan.
18
Government of Sindh, 2022. Sindh Climate Change Policy.
19
Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 2022. KP Climate Change Policy and Action Plan.
20
Government of Baluchistan, 2024. Baluchistan Climate Change Policy.
21
Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, 2023, 7th Population and Housing Census; Government of Pakistan,
Economic Survey of Pakistan 2024–25
8
5th most populous country in the world22. Projections indicate the population will reach
around 255 million by 2025, with a growth rate of 1.6–1.7% per year23. The age structure
is marked by a substantial youth bulge, with about 40% of citizens aged 0–14 years and
56% in the 15–64 age group24. This presents an unparalleled opportunity to harness
human capital for innovation, entrepreneurship, and climate-smart growth. However, it
also creates significant pressures on infrastructure, energy, water, food systems,
housing, education, health, and employment25.
Youth unemployment, particularly among the educated, remains a pressing challenge,
with estimates suggesting that nearly one-third of educated young people are without
work26. Educational quality gaps, limited vocational training, and mismatches between
skills and market demand further exacerbate the issue. The potential demographic
dividend, if encumbered with climate-induced economic losses, might usher into
political instability. However, the demographic profile could be turned into a critical
asset by mobilizing digitally-savvy youth for renewable-energy deployment, climate-
smart agriculture, nature-based solutions, and green-tech innovation. Thus, integrating
climate education, vocational training, and employment generation into national
development and climate policies would be essential to converting the youth bulge into
a driver of inclusive, low-carbon growth.

22
United Nations, 2023, World Population Prospects
23
UN DESA, 2023, World Population Prospects: 2022 Revision
24
Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, 2023, Demographic Indicators Report
25
ADB, 2022, Pakistan Country Partnership Strategy; UNDP, 2022, Human Development Report for
Pakistan
26
Pakistan Institute of Development Economics (PIDE). Over 31% of educated youth unemployed in
Pakistan. 2022.
9
3. STOCKTAKE OF ACTIONS AND COMMITMENTS
The stock-take of Pakistan’s NDC 2.0 underscores both the progress achieved and the
challenges that remain in advancing mitigation targets and adaptation measures. The
stock-take is structured around three core objectives: (i) present the current status of the
national GHG emission inventory; (ii) evaluate progress since the last submission; and
(iii) identify gaps and extract lessons that can guide effective implementation through
2035.
3.1 GHG Inventory 2024
Pakistan’s most recent GHG (GHG) inventory for 2024 estimates total emissions at
585.08 MtCO₂e. Prepared in line with the 2006 IPCC Guidelines27, the inventory covers
four major source sectors: Energy (including transport), Industrial Processes and
Product Use (IPPU), Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU), and Waste.
This inventory serves as the stock-take of the NDC 2.0 commitments and underpins the
design of forward-looking mitigation strategies.
3.2 Mitigation Commitments
Pakistan remains firmly on track to meet overall 50% reduction of its projected
emissions between 2015 and 2030, with a 15% reduction using the country’s own
resources, and an additional 35% subject to international financial support. The
estimated energy transition costs of USD 101 billion had been included in NDC 2.0.
However, the costing of the remaining sectors for transitioning to low-carbon
development and pursuing adaptive measures had not been carried out in the previous
NDC. After the devastating floods of 2022, World Bank published Pakistan Country
Climate& Development Report, with USD 348 billion indicative investments for
mitigation and adaptation actions uptill 2030. Despite the huge gap between the
proposed investment needs and the actual inflows of international climate finance into
Pakistan, a number of steps have set Pakistan on a low-carbon emission trajectory.
Massive strides have been made to transition from fossil-fuel produced electricity to
solar power. According to import data, Pakistan imported 17 gigawatts of solar power
systems in 2024, more than double the previous year, making it the world’s third largest
importer of solar panels. 28 Other estimates place the country’s installed solar PV
capacity at 47 GW, with an investment exceeding USD 10 billion. Similarly, the
installed capacity for hydro-power generation has increased from 8723 MW in 2021 to

27
2006 IPCC Guidelines for National GHG Inventories
28
Global Electricity Review 2025. [Link]
2025/
10
10,663 MW in 2024. Pakistan also undertook afforestation/reforestation and ecosystem
restoration measures all over the country to store and absorb carbon and reduce
environmental impact of human activities. The funding for conservation of forests is
being leveraged from the meagre domestic resources.
While the country continues to align with its 2030 low carbon transition pathway,
achieving the targets is critically dependent on additional climate finance, technology
transfer, and capacity-building support, delivered predominantly as grants rather than
loans, which have yet to materialize at the required scale.
In the energy sector, Pakistan committed under NDC 2.0 to achieve 60 percent
renewable energy (RE) in the national mix by 2030. By 2025, the RE share had reached
35.2% 29 . Moreover, Pakistan commenced coal-based power generation in 2017;
however, its share has witnessed a consistent decline in recent years. Generation from
imported coal has decreased by (41%) between 2021 and 2025. According to NEPRA’s
State of Industry Report 2024, coal contributes 17% of installed power generation
capacity in the National Grid (11% imported coal and 6 % local coal) and around 16%
of annual electricity generation (4 % imported coal and 12% local coal). Rapid off-grid
solar adoption is significantly reducing fossil fuel reliance and accelerating Pakistan’s
progress toward its NDC targets 30 . This reflects strong momentum in decentralized
renewable solutions, supported by policy incentives and the need to ease grid
dependence. Moreover, Pakistan has formulated a National Energy Efficiency and
Conservation Policy-2023, targeting an emission reduction of 35 MtCO₂e by 2030
through improved industrial processes, deployment of efficient appliances, and
strengthened demand-side management31.
The target of 30 percent Electric Vehicles has shown limited progress, with around
53000 EVs as of now32. With the recently launched New Energy Vehicles Policy 2025-
2030, Pakistan is set to accelerate its transition towards sustainable mobility, placing the
country on a fast-track pathway to electric vehicle adoption and cleaner
transport solutions. Further, the National Clean Air Policy (NCAP-2023) calls for
upgrading fuel standards to Euro-5/6 though outdated refinery infrastructure, limited

29
NEPRA, 2025, State of Industry Report
30
NEPRA, 2024, State of Industry Report
31
National Energy Efficiency & Conservation Authority (NEECA), 2023, National Energy Efficiency
and Conservation Policy
32
New Energy Vehicle Policy 2025, Government of Pakistan
11
vehicle compatibility, and high costs of upgrades remain key technological and financial
challenges to this transition33.
Within the broader mitigation effort, the Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use
(AFOLU) sector has delivered notable achievements. Pakistan committed under its
NDC2.0 to sequester 148.76 MtCO₂e between 2021 and 2030 through Upscale Green
Pakistan Program, alongside expanding protected areas from 12% to 15% of national
land by 2023. As of now, forestry sequestration had already reached 46.66 MtCO₂e,
while protected areas have expanded to 20.44% (both terrestrial and marine) of national
territory, exceeding the original goal of 12-15% by 2023. These achievements have been
accompanied by major socio-economic co-benefits. Pakistan pledged to create 5,500
green jobs by 2023 through the expansion and management of protected areas. This
target has been more than doubled, with 10,823 jobs created34. Initiatives such as the
Protected Areas Initiative and the Nigehbaan Program have played a pivotal role by
engaging local communities in conservation, ecosystem management, and biodiversity
protection. To monitor progress on forest conservation and maintain momentum on the
recent gains, a transparent GIS-based Forest Monitoring System will be set up at the
Ministry of Climate Change& Environmental coordination, which will eventually be
connected with Early Earning Systems for forest fires and de-forestation,
Pakistan has made significant progress, primarily through provincial clean air and
environmental protection initiatives, marking a substantial step toward reducing
emissions from the brick-making sector while delivering co-benefits for public health
and the environment. Further, Pakistan Policy Guidelines for Trading in Carbon
Markets-2024 have been introduced, providing the regulatory framework for
participation in international carbon trading mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris
Agreement. These guidelines aim to attract investment, mobilize revenue for climate
projects, and achieve NDC targets more cost-effectively while ensuring robust
governance, transparent authorization processes, and retention of a share of proceeds for
national climate finance.
3.3 Adaptation Activities
Pakistan’s adaptation efforts have been accelerated since the submission of its NDC
2021, reflecting the urgency of responding to intensifying climate impacts. A key

33
National Clean Air Policy, 2023, Government of Pakistan.
34
Upscaled Green Pakistan Program, MoCC&EC, Government of Pakistan
12
milestone is the development of the National Adaptation Plan-202335, which provides a
national framework for building climate resilience. Recognizing the heightened
vulnerabilities to climate change, the provinces have developed respective climate
change policies and action plans, thereby ensuring coherence and alignment between
national and subnational adaptation efforts.
Pakistan is committed to building climate resilience for 10 million people across six
priority sites in the Indus Basin through the flagship Recharge Pakistan programme36.
The project formally commenced by the end of 2024 across four sites with a total
financing of USD 72.8 million 37 . While still in its early implementation phase, the
initiative is projected to enhance the resilience of approximately 7.7 million people by
restoring ecosystems, improving water recharge, and reducing flood risks. Work is
underway, and full-scale progress across four sites is expected to contribute significantly
toward Pakistan’s adaptation targets. Other interventions include establishment of 110
sites in Islamabad through which 197 million gallons of rainwater has been recharged.
Similarly, through 110 rainwater harvesting ponds in the Cholistan, 440 million gallons
of water has been stored. Similar projects in other provinces are contributing to water
conservation, benefiting hundreds of people.
Pakistan has successfully planted 6.3 million olive trees on marginalized and arid lands,
transforming underutilized areas into productive landscapes. This initiative not only
supports climate-resilient agriculture by preventing soil erosion and enhancing carbon
sequestration, but also offers multiple co-benefits including livelihood generation for
rural communities, reduced dependence on imported edible oils, promotion of agri-
based entrepreneurship, and long-term economic and environmental sustainability.
At the ecosystem level, adaptation actions have delivered tangible results. Nearly 23,000
hectares of mangroves have been planted in Sindh and Baluchistan, strengthening
coastal defenses and biodiversity while supporting livelihoods 38 . Other ecosystem
restoration efforts include reforestation of over 3,000 hectares of riverine areas,
restoration of 405 hectares of riverine forests 39 , rehabilitation of degraded inland
ecosystems, and large-scale mangrove plantations, yielding important co-benefits for

35
National Adaptation Plan (NAP), 2023, Government of Pakistan.
36
Government of Pakistan & WWF-Pakistan, 2023, Recharge Pakistan Programme Design Document
37
Green Climate Fund, 2024, Funding Proposal FP187: Recharge Pakistan
38
World Bank Pakistan Hydromet and Climate Services Project Report, 2025
39
Ministry of Climate Change & Environmental Coordination, 2024, National Adaptation
Communication
13
adaptation and nature-based resilience. Urban greening initiatives have also gained
prominence, with Miyawaki forests established across Lahore, Islamabad, Rawalpindi,
Karachi, and Bahawalpur, helping to combat heat islands and improve local
environmental quality.40
Pakistan has not adopted a ‘Health in All Policies’ framework or integrated climate-
sensitive disease surveillance into the national health system yet. However, an initial
step has been taken by setting up One Health Secretariat at the National Institute of
Health. This institution provides a foundation for future work on linking climate change
with health systems. Given the rising incidence of heat-related illnesses, vector-borne
diseases, and other climate-linked health risks, it is imperative to work on Health
Adaptation.
Pakistan has also taken steps to ensure that public and private investments are climate-
resilient. In 2024, the Planning Commission of Pakistan has approved Climate Risk
Screening Guidelines-2024, in compliance to Public Finance Management Act 2019, for
all projects under the Public Sector Development Programme (PSDP), marking a shift
towards climate-proofing national development planning. Institutional frameworks have
been further strengthened with the establishment of the Pakistan Climate Change
Authority (PCCA) in 2024, a dedicated body to steer and coordinate national climate
governance.
On the financing side, Pakistan has taken steps towards sustainable finance frameworks.
The Ministry of Finance introduced Green Budget Tagging to better track climate-
relevant spending, while Green Bonds worth USD 500 million (2021) and a Green
Sukuk worth PKR 20 billion (2025) have been issued. 41 In annual Budget 2025-26,
Pakistan has introduced a New Electric Vehicle (NEV) Adoption Levy. A Climate
Support Levy has also been introduced in the budget 2025-2026 to support
environmental initiatives. Pakistan Green Taxonomy has already been approved while
National Climate Change Finance Strategy is being prepared to align climate actions
with financial flows.
Cross-cutting initiatives have also advanced. Pakistan has developed its Climate Change
Gender Action Plan (ccGAP), which places gender equality and women’s empowerment
at the heart of resilience building across six priority sectors: agriculture and food

40
Government of [Link] To Develop Asia's Largest Miyawaki Urban Forest in Lahore.
41
WAPDA. 2025. Green Euro Bond. Retrieve online on 23rd September 2025, from
[Link]
14
security, water and sanitation, disaster risk reduction, forests and biodiversity, energy
and transport, and coastal management. Women have been actively engaged in forestry
and agricultural initiatives, particularly through nurseries and forest management
activities. Young peoples’ participation in climate action has also gained momentum
through the Green Youth Movement, Local Conferences of Youth, and COP in My City,
while afforestation and eco-tourism projects have provided employment opportunities
for young people in rural areas.
Enhancing transparency and capacity-building remains a critical enabler of climate
action. Pakistan has made partial progress in establishing its national MRV system for
GHG inventories. To assess climate-induced loss and damage, Pakistan has carried out
comprehensive assessments during major disaster events, such as the 2022 floods, which
caused an estimated USD 30 billion42 in economic losses& damages and displaced over
8 million people. Now, a national mechanism exists for loss and damage assessment,
NDMA and provincial governments make basic assessments, which are verified through
a robust mechanism of door to door surveys. An assessment of 2025 floods is currently
ongoing.

42
PDNA Report, 2022, Ministry of Planning, Development & Special Initiatives, Government of
Pakistan.
15
4. PAKISTAN’S NDC AMBITION
Pakistan pledges to meet its commitments of NDC 2.0 uptill 2030 through enhanced
means of implementation, such as finance, technology transfer and capacity building
support. Further, Pakistan’s climate vulnerabilities, its huge economic cost, and the debt
burden of Pakistan, which is 46.7% of the total national budget, necessitates massive
inflows of finance and cheap climate technologies into the country.

Looking ahead, in its NDC3.0, Pakistan has set an indicative 2035 voluntary emission
reduction target against a projected emission of 2,559 MtCO₂e, aiming to lower
emissions to 1,280 MtCO₂e. Of this, Pakistan aims to an unconditional 17% reduction,
while the remaining 33% reduction is explicitly contingent upon:

a) provision of adequate, grants based, additional and new international climate

financing amounting to USD 565.7 billion;
b) timely and equitable access to affordable, appropriate, and climate-friendly
technologies; and capacity building; and
c) commensurate ambition and action at the global level, in line with the principles of
equity and common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities
(CBDR-RC).

16
5. MITIGATION
Anchored in Pakistan’s national context and emissions profile, this Section outlines the
country’s updated mitigation quantitative targets for 2035 based on the national sectoral
policies and plans. These targets represent an economy-wide escalation of ambition
compared to the NDC2.0, fully aligned with the Paris Agreement. Considering
mitigation potential and national circumstances, NDC3.0 advances improved targets for
2035, building upon and enhancing the commitments set forth in the NDC2.0. Table 1
provides the indicative mitigation targets for 2035 while Table 2 provides additional
actions. Further Annexure-I presents Information to Facilitate Clarity, Transparency and
Understanding (ICTU) of NDC3.0.
Figure 1 illustrates Pakistan’s projected GHG emissions from 2015 to 2035. Under this
trajectory, total emissions are expected to increase from 405 MtCO₂e in 2015 to 2,559
MtCO₂e by 2035, reflecting continued growth in energy consumption, industrial
activity, and other emission sources. The voluntary unconditional target aims to reduce
emissions by 17% through domestic resources, bringing an emission reduction of
approximately 435 MtCO₂e without reliance on external support. The voluntary
conditional target, which assumes international climate finance in the form of grants,
technology transfer, and capacity-building assistance, seeks a 33% reduction, lowering
further emissions of 844 MtCO2e, totaling 1280 MtCO2e. This trajectory underscores
Pakistan’s commitment to substantially curbing its emissions while highlighting the
crucial role of global cooperation in achieving higher mitigation ambition.
The costing framework of Pakistan’s NDC 3.0 estimates a total investment need of US$
565.7 billion to advance adaptation, resilience, low carbon transition, and cross-cutting
priorities. Major allocations include disaster risk preparedness (US$ 139.1 billion),
universal water and sanitation (US$ 89.5 billion), and a low-carbon power transition
(US$ 163.7 billion). Additional investments target sustainable transport, industrial and
building efficiency, clean cooking, wastewater treatment, and municipal waste
management.
In the energy sector, Pakistan commits to a decisive transition toward clean sources,
requiring large-scale investments in renewable energy, grid modernization, and
efficiency improvements. In transport, ambitious mitigation measures will be pursued,
while industry will integrate climate action into the export-led growth strategy.
Agriculture and waste management will undergo improvements, and forestry and land-
use will serve as maximal carbon sinks to offset rising emissions. Higher ambition
entails greater investment needs, resource mobilization, and implementation capacity.

17
Pakistan commits to aligning climate ambition with national development priorities,
mobilizing broad-based support domestically and internationally, and steering the nation
toward a green, sustainable, and prosperous future. Importantly, this integration ensures
that the NDC is not treated as a standalone agenda but as an integral part of Pakistan’s
overall policy direction.

Figure 1: Pakistan’s projected GHG emissions (2015–2035)

Table 1: High Priority Actions

Renewable, Hydro, and Clean Energy Share: By 2035,

renewable energy (including hydropower) and clean
energy are expected to reach about 38,472 MW and 43,202
MW43, representing around 62% and 69% of the planned
capacity mix under IGCEP 2025-2035 44 . This transition
will make renewables and clean energy technologies as the
dominant sources of new electricity generation.

43
Ministry of Energy (Power Division), Government of Pakistan; IGCEP 2025-2035
44
IGCEP 2025-2035
18
 Fuel Mix Transition in Power Generation: Natural gas
and furnace oil are set to decline, with net reductions of
2,147 MW and 430 MW respectively, as per IGCEP 2025-
2035, signaling a gradual phase down of fossil fuels in
Pakistan’s capacity mix.45

Transport: The transition to cleaner transport is targeted

through 30% of new vehicle sales and adding 3,000
charging stations by 203046.

Energy Efficiency: Pakistan Energy Efficiency and

Conservation Policy targets an emission reduction of 35
MtCO₂e by 2030 through upgraded industrial processes,
adoption of efficient appliances, and enhanced demand-
side management.
Grid Flexibility through BESS: Deployment of battery
energy storage systems (BESS) is planned to enhance grid
flexibility, stabilize renewable variability, and support
reliable large-scale integration, requiring an estimated
USD 1 billion investment.
Transmission: Massive investments will be required to
upgrade the transmission network by [Link] will
escalate in a case with large share of variable power from
solar and wind.

45
Ministry of Energy (Power Division), Government of Pakistan
46
New Energy Vehicle Policy 2025, Government of Pakistan.
19
Agriculture: Prioritized as the key sector for adaptation,
given its high vulnerability to climate change and critical
linkages to national food security. The sector also offers
mitigation co-benefit through targeted interventions,
including adoption of Alternate Wetting and Drying
(AWD) in rice cultivation, application of slow-release
fertilizers, enhanced manure management via composting
and bio-digesters, and discouraging crop residue burning.
Forestry: Through the Upscale Green Pakistan
Programme (UGPP), which focuses on large-scale
afforestation and ecosystem restoration, the forestry sector
is expected to play a major role in enhancing carbon sinks
and contribute significantly to Pakistan’s mitigation efforts
by 2035.

Waste Sector: Achieve a 17% emission reduction from the

waste sector through integrated solid waste, compositing of
organic waste, semi-aerobic land filling and wastewater
management solutions, including segregation, recycling,
composting, landfill gas capture, upgraded treatment
facilities, and deployment of advanced methane capture
and utilization systems, contributing to global methane
reduction efforts.

20
Table 2: Additional Measures

Cooking & Heating (Clean Cooking Transition): Reduce reliance on fuelwood by

scaling up clean cooking solutions, including electric stoves, improved cook-stoves,
biogas systems, and sustainable options such as briquetting and agricultural residue
utilization to protect forests, safeguard public health, and accelerate the transition to
sustainable energy.

Transport (Vehicles & Mobility): Expand mass transit in major cities, modernize
railways to increase the freight share from road to rail, and encourage R&D in green
hydrogen.

Buildings (Residential & Commercial): Efforts will focus on expanding access to

clean cooking fuels and technologies with the aim of phasing out traditional biomass
use. Promotion of energy efficient buildings with solar rooftops, passive cooling, and
efficient air conditioners will be undertaken. Appliance efficiency standards will be
strengthened, alongside the encouragement of a full shift to LED lighting and wider
adoption of efficient cooling systems. Pakistan has also ratified the Kigali
Amendment to the Montreal Protocol, which guides actions to reduce direct and
indirect emissions from the Refrigeration and Air Conditioning sector through
energy-efficient and environment-friendly cooling technologies.

Industry (Energy Use & Manufacturing): Green transformation by improving

industrial and energy efficiency, wastewater treatment, waste-heat recovery, and the
overall modernization of industrial boilers.

Aviation: Efforts on deployment of sustainable aviation fuels. Domestic aviation

emissions will align with ICAO global mitigation pathways.

Maritime: Ports and shipping will adopt low-carbon fuels and electrified port
operations.

21
6. ADAPTATION
Adaptation stands as the central pillar of Pakistan’s NDC 3.0, reflecting the country’s
acute vulnerability to climate change. Pakistan is exposed to severe climate hazards viz.
glacial melt, riverine flooding, droughts, extreme heat, and sea-level rise, which pose
serious risks to lives, livelihoods, and critical infrastructure. Strengthening resilience has
therefore become a national imperative.
To advance this goal, Pakistan developed a comprehensive National Adaptation Plan
(NAP) in 2023, providing a strategic blueprint for adaptation through 2030. The NDC
aligns closely with the NAP, integrating its priority areas and sectoral actions. Key
adaptation targets and initiatives are outlined below (Table 3) across major sectors:
Table 3: Priority Adaptation Actions and Resilience Measures

­ Climate adaptation strategies are integrated into all national

Mainstreaming and provincial development plans and budgets.
adaptation ­ District adaptation plans are being prepared.
planning ­ Strengthening federal and provincial institutional
coordination for climate adaptation.
Agriculture and ­ Promote climate-resilient crop varieties (drought-/heat-
Food Systems tolerant seeds).
­ Boost on-farm irrigation efficiency through canal lining,
modern sprinkler systems, and improved water management.
­ Diversify crops to enhance resilience in the agriculture
sector.
­ Strengthening early warning systems for pest/disease
surveillance.
­ Strengthen food storage and distribution to cushion climate
shocks.
­ Regenerative agriculture to restore soil health and
biodiversity by using practices that enhance ecosystem
resilience, improve water retention, and capture carbon
while sustaining farm productivity.
Forestry, ­ Restore 30% of degraded habitats by 2030 under the global
Biodiversity & “30 by 30” biodiversity target.
Watersheds ­ Establish a comprehensive forest monitoring mechanism to
track forest health and changes.
­ Expand forest cover and ensure sustainable forest
management; the Upscaled Green Pakistan Programme
(UGPP) will continue efforts to restore degraded forest
ecosystems.
22
 ­ Measures will be undertaken to conserve and protect
mangrove forests, develop wetlands, strengthen coastal
defense and ecosystem resilience.
­ Implement rangeland management and watershed
rehabilitation programs.
Water Resources ­ Water metering, reuse, and recycling.
Management ­ Scale up rainwater harvesting, water reservoirs, and
groundwater recharge schemes across provinces.
­ Integrate renewable energy into water supply and irrigation
systems.
­ Implement and enforce climate-resilient building codes and
Urban resilience standards prioritizing vulnerable districts.
­ Land use planning and zoning.
­ Upgrade urban drainage and sewerage systems to handle
heavy rainfall.
­ Expand urban green spaces to reduce heat island effects.
­ Establish heatwave early warning systems and cooling
centers in major cities.
­ Develop model climate-resilient villages showcasing
integrated adaptation in housing, water, and livelihoods.
Industry, ­ Conduct climate risk assessments and implement energy
Transport & efficiency upgrades in key industries.
Infrastructure ­ Promote relocation from high-flood zones or adoption of
protective measures for industrial facilities.
­ Integrate climate resilience standards into all new major
transport infrastructure.
­ Update engineering codes to address combined climate loads
like floods, wind, and seismic risks.
­ Enforce standards for resilient industrial infrastructure to
withstand extreme climate events.
Tourism, Natural ­ Develop eco-tourism guidelines integrating climate
& Cultural adaptation and environmental safeguards.
Heritage ­ Protect natural and cultural heritage sites with climate risk
measures.
­ Promote community-based conservation to enhance
resilience of eco-tourism areas.
­ Establish climate impact monitoring systems for heritage
sites and implement response plans.
Health, Water & ­ Ensure universal access to safe drinking water in all climate-
Sanitation vulnerable districts by 2030, in line with SDG 6.

23
(Climate & ­ Deploy drought-resilient water supply systems and safeguard
Health) water sources against contamination, particularly after floods.
­ Upgrade sewage and solid waste management systems in all
urban centers by 2030 to reduce the risk of waterborne disease
outbreaks.
­ Climate-proof all healthcare facilities by 2035, including:
­ Installing cooling systems and backup power to
manage heatwaves.
­ Flood-proofing clinics in flood-prone regions.
­ Integrating climate risk considerations into health
planning and infrastructure design.
­ Strengthen nationwide disease surveillance and early warning
systems for climate-sensitive diseases such as malaria,
dengue, and cholera.
­ Prioritize protection of vulnerable groups, women, children,
and the elderly, from climate-related health risks, in line with
the Climate Change Gender Action
Disaster Risk ­ Establish Multi-Hazard Vulnerability & Risk assessment
Reduction and covering 100% of the country by 2030 (all districts). This
Management includes expanding flood, drought, and extreme weather
early warning to all communities (building on existing PMD
NDMA and NDRMF systems).
­ Implement community-based disaster risk management
(CBDRM) programs in at least 100 districts, training local
volunteers and responders.
­ Upgrade national and local disaster response capacity in line
with global best practices.
Climate ­ Embed Climate aligned technical trainings and green skills
Education, Green into TVET programs and other capacity building programs
Entrepreneurship, to ensure just transition.
and Capacity ­ Prioritize green businesses in public loan schemes.
Building ­ Create green apprenticeships with private sector partners in
emerging climate sectors.
­ Launch a national Green Youth Innovation Fund to support
startups with grants, loans, and technical assistance.

24
7. MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION
Pakistan needs access to finance, technology transfer, and capacity building in
accordance with Article 4 of the UNFCCC and Articles 9, 10, and 11 of the Paris
Agreement to effectively implement the climate actions outlined in this NDC.
7.1 Climate Finance
Pakistan is committed to integrating climate action into national, provincial, and sectoral
planning and budgeting. To mobilize resources, Pakistan will utilize national budgets,
private sector investments, public–private partnerships, green bonds, carbon pricing
mechanism, and citizen-based investment platforms. Yet, the scale of investment
required to pursue a low-carbon and climate-resilient development pathway goes well
beyond the capacity of domestic resources. Predictable and substantial international
climate finance, complemented by technology transfer and capacity-building, will
therefore be indispensable to achieving the conditional targets of NDC3.0.
International support will be pursued through grants, along with concessional loans,
equity participation in low-carbon sectors, and innovative approaches such as blended
finance models and debt-for-climate swaps. Access to global climate finance windows,
including the Green Climate Fund (GCF), Global Environment Facility (GEF),
Adaptation Fund (AF), Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF), Fund for Responding to
Loss and Damage (FRLD), will be prioritized in addition to bilateral and multilateral
facilities, particularly focusing on adaptation.
To attract private capital at scale while safeguarding vulnerable populations, Pakistan
will promote de-risking instruments such as credit guarantees, green credit lines, and
climate insurance. Institutional strengthening will remain central, focusing on project
readiness and bankability, operationalizing a national climate finance tracking system,
and ensuring transparency and accountability in financial flows. All actions will be
guided by inclusivity, with strong emphasis on Gender Equality, Disability, and Social
Inclusion (GEDSI).

25
7.1.1 Costing of NDC 3.0
The costing of Pakistan’s NDC3.0 (Table 4) reflects the scale of investment required to
advance climate action through adaptation, resilience, mitigation, and cross-cutting
measures. The costing framework estimates a total investment need of US$ 565.7
billion. Major allocations include disaster risk preparedness (US$ 139.1 billion),
universal water and sanitation (US$ 89.5 billion), and a low-carbon power transition
(US$ 163.7 billion). Additional investments target sustainable transport, industrial and
building efficiency, clean cooking, wastewater treatment, and municipal waste
management. This framework underscores the scale of resources required to achieve
Pakistan’s climate goals, relying on both domestic mobilization and substantial
international support. This costing framework underscores the magnitude of resources
required for Pakistan to meet its climate goals, highlighting the importance of both
domestic mobilization and international support to achieve the ambition of NDC3.0.
Table 4: Estimated Investment Requirements for NDC3.047
Cost (Billion US$)
Category Sub-Sector / Intervention
2030 2035

Disaster Risk Preparedness and Response 85.7 139.1

Adaptation &
Universal Water & Sanitation 55.2 89.6
Resilience
Modernization of Irrigation Systems 4.0 6.5

Low Carbon Power Supply (Generation and Distribution) 84.7 137.5

Sustainable Transport 57.0 92.6

Phase Down Coal & Replace with Solar 31.0 50.3

Mitigation EE Industry 9.8 15.9

EE Building 5.5 8.9

Clean Cooking 1.3 2.1

EE Irrigation 0.3 0.5

Cross-Cutting Improve Wastewater Management 7.5 12.2

Measures Strengthen Municipal SWM 6.4 10.4

Total 348.4 565.7

47
Pakistan Country Climate and Development Report 2022, World Bank Group.
[Link]
26
7.1.2 Financing Strategy and Sources of Funding
Delivering Pakistan’s NDC 3.0 requires an “all-hands” financing strategy, which
mobilizes domestic resources, international support, and private sector capital. Pakistan
is aligning budgets and development plans with climate objectives to meet its
unconditional 17% contribution, including climate-proofing the Public Sector
Development Programme and issuing innovative instruments, such as a Green Eurobond
(2021) and a sovereign Green Sukuk (2025), with future plans for Blue Bonds, climate
levies, and environmental taxes. The establishment of a Pakistan Climate Change Fund
(PCCF) would play a pivotal role in mobilizing the financial resources needed for
effective NDC implementation. Provinces are also stepping up their funding efforts. For
example, the province of Punjab is set to mobilize the “Punjab Environmental & Climate
Change Endowment Fund” with assistance from the World Bank, amounting
to USD 50 million. However, the majority of Pakistan’s total financing needs still
depend on international support, and the country is looking for substantial assistance
over the coming years. Engagement with global climate finance windows, such as the
GCF, GEF, and AF has already mobilized $500 million, while MDBs are financing
renewable energy, transport, and waste projects. To ensure debt sustainability, Pakistan
emphasizes grants and concessional finance, while also pursuing innovative approaches
such as debt-for-climate swaps and Nature Performance Bonds, aligning national
development with global climate goals.
7.1.3 Private Sector Engagement and Market Solutions
Private sector participation is central, especially in energy, transport, and industry. Most
energy investments are expected from independent power producers under competitive
renewable auctions, power purchase agreements, and net metering incentives. Domestic
and foreign investors are already responding strongly.
In transport, over 50 local firms are assembling electric motorcycles and rickshaws,
supported by tax incentives. Public Private Partnerships are being promoted for urban
mass transit, waste-to-energy, and eco-tourism, with green criteria integrated into
contracts.
Market-based instruments are also scaling up. Building on its Green Bond and Sukuk
success, Pakistan is preparing more green financial products. Policy Guidelines for
Carbon Markets were adopted in 202448, paving the way for domestic crediting schemes
and participation in Article 6 markets. Blended finance models are under design with
48
Pakistan Policy Guidelines for Trading in Carbon Markets, 2024, Government of Pakistan.
27
support from international partners to de-risk investments in distributed solar, EVs, and
climate-smart agriculture.
7.1.4 Transparency and Finance Tracking
Robust transparency systems are being built to ensure accountability. Climate tagging
in budgets now identifies mitigation and adaptation spending, while a centralized
registry will log all inflows, from grants to loans and private investment. MRV
frameworks with climate KPIs will track impact, ensuring donor confidence and
compliance with the Paris Agreement’s ETF.
Dedicated climate finance units are being established across ministries and provinces to
improve absorptive capacity and reporting. These reforms will align domestic
governance with international best practices, making Pakistan a credible and capable
partner for climate finance.
7.2 Technology and Capacity Development
Technology transfer and capacity building are recognized as enablers for NDC delivery.
Pakistan is partnering through the CTCN and bilateral agreements to acquire renewable
energy, EV, industrial efficiency, and early-warning system technologies. Localizing
solar PV and battery production, and adopting advanced industrial equipment, are
priorities (Table 5).
Capacity-building programs focus on project preparation, MRV, and climate finance
readiness. Dedicated climate units are being mainstreamed in ministries and provinces.
Education and training initiatives are equipping young people with green skills in
renewable energy, agriculture, forestry, and water management, while vocational
programs target workers transitioning from high-carbon sectors.

28
Table 5: Technology and Capacity Needs

Sub-Sector / Proposed Actions Technology Capacity Needs

Focus Needs
Mitigation
Power
Renewables Fast-track solar/wind/ Advanced PV, Engineer/operator
& Grid hydro; hybrid wind turbines, training; grid
RE+storage; grid smart grids, integration skills;
digitalization; smart Energy cybersecurity
meters Management
Systems (EMS)
Storage & Pilot battery, Vehicle Li-ion/flow Training on batteries,
Flexibility to Grid (V2G), and batteries; Thermal TES, EV-grid
thermal storage; Energy Storage
pumped hydro (TES); V2G tech
Thermal Retrofits; biomass co- Supercritical CCUS skills; retrofit
Fleet firing; Carbon retrofits; biomass expertise; regulatory
Capture Utilization & co-firing; CCUS training
Storage (CCUS)
pilots; coal phase-
down
Distributed Solar microgrids; Peer Advanced Local entrepreneur
Solutions to Peer (P2P) block microgrids; training; regulator
chain trading; net Internet of Things awareness
metering (IoT)-enabled
hybrids
Hydrogen & Green H₂ pilots; H₂- Electrolyzers; H₂ Safety training; R&D
Emerging ready turbines; turbines; in hydrogen
ammonia co-firing ammonia co- production, storage,
firing and transport
Transport
EVs & EV adoption; EVs, chargers, Standards/testing;
Charging nationwide corridors; Improved battery technician training;
local EV assembly technology & Evaluate EV
battery recycling intervention impacts
Public Metro/BRT expansion E-buses (local Public-Private-
Transport (in big cities); e-buses production); Partnership (PPP)
enhancement; gender Intelligent procurement;
responsive Transport
Systems (ITS)

29
Railway Rail electrification & Efficient Rail O&M; Project
track upgradation; locomotives; ITS pitching
Promote rail shift;
Electrify key routes;
Use battery trains
Fuel & Euro V/VI Euro V/VI Production and
Standards enforcement; fuel systems; hybrid retrofitting; standards
efficiency; scrappage retrofits enforcement; vehicle
inspection
Freight & Upgrade rail & road Smart corridors; Corridor planning; eco-
Logistics corridors; efficient EV cold storage; driving; SME
trucks; cold-chain blockchain blockchain skills
electrification, logistics
Non- Walking/cycling Smart mobility Urban planning; shared
Motorized / infra; compact city apps; IoT mobility regulation
Shared design; shared e- bikes/scooters
mobility
Emerging Hydrogen buses; H₂ fuel cells; AV H₂ safety; AV
Mobility Autonomous Vehicles connectivity; regulation; Unmanned
(AVs); AI traffic; drones Arial Vehicles (UAV)
drones aviation skills
Industry
Energy & Audits; EMS/ISO Solar PV; Energy managers; SME
Process 50001; renewables; biomass boilers; financing; carbon
blended cement; N₂O Waste Heat market expertise
abatement; CCUS Recovery
pilots; Carbon Border (WHR); catalysts;
Adjustment CCUS
Mechanism (CBAM)
prep
Agriculture
CSA Low-emission rice; AWD kits; Extension staff
Practices manure management; methane-reducing training; farmer
precision fertilizer; feed; biogas schools; MRV systems
biogas; resilient seeds digesters
LULUCF
Forests & Afforestation; Remote sensing; Geo-MRV units;
Land regeneration; urban drone monitoring; carbon accounting;
forestry; mangroves resilient seedlings community forestry
Waste

30
ISWM & Waste segregation; W2E plants; Municipal training;
Circular recycling; methane landfill gas methane monitoring;
Economy capture; W2E capture; Material recycling enterprise
Recovery capacity
Facilities (MRFs)
Adaptation

Water
Floods & Barrage rehab; Drip/sprinkler Integrated Water
Irrigation Updated NFPP-IV; irrigation; Resource Management
telemetry & EWS; telemetry (IWRM) capacity;
groundwater stations; GIS hydrology training;
regulation; ground mapping community water
water recharge management
Agriculture
Climate- Smart irrigation; CSA Sensors; ICT Farmer training;
Smart advisories; resilient platforms; crop extension staff
Systems seeds; soil & nutrient models; resilient capacity; soil testing;
management; seed banks MRV livestock
livestock resilience
LULUCF & Biodiversity
Ecosystem Wetlands, watersheds, Spatial tools; Community forest
Protection & community forestry, integrated management;
Restoration EbA, protected areas, modeling system; provincial departments
habitat restoration Assisted Natural training; EbA
Regeneration integration into
(ANR) tech LULUCF and
biodiversity planning
and management
Waste
Climate- ISWM; resilient Composting and Municipal staff
Resilient landfills; wastewater biogas recovery training; recycling
Systems treatment; circular technologies enterprise support
economy
Health & Education
Climate- Heat-health plans; Cooling Public health training;
Health disease surveillance; technologies; curricula integration;
Systems resilient health disease early rapid-response capacity
infrastructure warning systems

31
Climate- Retrofit schools; Solar rooftops; e- Teacher training;
Resilient climate curricula; learning curriculum experts;
Schools emergency platforms
preparedness
Coastal & Urban Resilience
Cities & Mangrove restoration; AI risk mapping; Urban resilience
Coasts resilient housing & IoT flood sensors; training; nature-based
drainage; sponge smart drainage solutions; community
cities; heat action adaptation
plans
Gender, Youth & Children
Inclusive Gender-responsive Digital apps; ICT Green jobs training;
Adaptation adaptation; women in hubs; e-learning DRR drills;
agriculture; youth platforms; women/youth training
innovation hubs incubators
Disaster Risk Reduction
Multi- Early warning; Weather radars; First responder
Hazard insurance; build-back- IoT sensors; AI training; inclusive
Systems better; institutional forecasting; DRR; GIS & big data
coordination seismic retrofits; capacity; loss &
integrated damage assessment
command and capacity
control centre

32
7.3 Strategic Imperatives for Implementation
7.3.1 Sustainable Development Co-Benefits
Climate actions under NDC3.0 are designed to maximize sustainable development co-
benefits, advancing Pakistan’s economic and social goals even as emissions are curbed
and resilience is strengthened. The NDC 3.0 aims to transition to renewable energy that
will cut greenhouse gases and enhance energy security and diversify energy sources,
while spreading clean technologies. Investments in climate-smart infrastructure will
yield public health and safety benefits, providing cleaner air, better hygiene, and more
reliable services. Ambitious mitigation and adaptation measures can thus protect the
economy from shocks and spur more inclusive, sustainable growth, rather than impede
development. Notably, Pakistan’s National Adaptation Plan (2023) envisions a climate-
resilient future that reduces social disparities by creating green jobs, upgrading
infrastructure, and fostering innovation in partnership with communities and the private
sector. These synergies underscore that climate action is not a trade-off but a catalyst
for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), from poverty reduction and
health protection to biodiversity conservation.
During NDC implementation, robust analysis will identify how each mitigation or
adaptation initiative contributes to goals like clean air, public health, livelihoods, and
ecosystem protection, as well as any potential trade-offs. By 2035, a system for
regularly assessing and reporting sustainable development co-benefits will be
operational, integrated with the national climate MRV process. This will build on
international best practices to systematically capture benefits like improved air quality,
energy access, and job creation. In sum, Pakistan’s NDC3.0 positions climate actions
as “win-win” opportunities, cutting emissions and reducing vulnerability while also
boosting energy, food, and water security, better health outcomes, and livelihoods. By
tracking these gains, the country will ensure that climate strategies remain aligned with
national development priorities and deliver tangible outcomes and well-being.
7.3.2 Just Transition
A just transition is the core principle that guides Pakistan’s shift towards a low-carbon
and climate-resilient economy. In line with the Paris Agreement’s call to consider “the
imperatives of a just transition of the workforce and the creation of decent work and
quality jobs”, Pakistan will pursue climate action that is equitable and inclusive, leaving
no one behind. This means the costs and benefits of transitioning away from high-
emission sectors are fairly shared, and workers and communities are protected and
supported throughout the process. Pakistan’s reliance on fossil fuels and other carbon-
intensive sectors has created path dependencies where jobs, infrastructure, and local
economies are tied to high-carbon activities. Recognizing this, the government aims to
develop sector-specific Just Transition plans, starting with energy, transport, and

33
energy-intensive manufacturing, to manage the socioeconomic impacts of low carbon
transition. Pakistan will conduct Just Transition impact assessments for each major
sector to inform these plans and establish data systems to monitor employment and
community welfare indicators alongside emissions reductions. The guiding vision is
climate justice: the transition to clean energy and climate resilience should also advance
social justice, poverty eradication, and equality.
Key policy measures will ensure this transition is truly just. Pakistan will institute
programs for workers’ protection and re-employment in transitioning industries.
Similar support will extend to other vulnerable workers, such as those in fossil-fuel-
based transport or traditional manufacturing, enabling them to find decent work in
emerging green sectors. The government will promote green job creation so that new
employment opportunities offset losses in sunset industries.
The transition plans will embed social dialogue and stakeholder engagement at every
stage. Pakistan will actively involve trade unions, worker associations, employers, and
local community representatives in planning and decision-making. This approach aligns
with labor organizations’ calls to ensure worker involvement and consultation as
essential for achieving a Just Transition that safeguards jobs. Pakistan will deploy
targeted financial and policy instruments to ease the transition. This may include
economic diversification packages for coal-dependent areas, incentives for industries
to retrain and absorb workers from declining sectors, and use of climate finance or
carbon pricing revenues to fund just transition programs.
Pakistan is strengthening institutional arrangements to coordinate its climate and social
transition efforts. Guided by international frameworks such as the ILO’s “Guidelines
for a Just Transition towards Environmentally Sustainable Economies and Societies for
All”49 and the UNFCCC Just Transition Work Programme, the country seeks to ensure
that economic restructuring goes hand in hand with social justice. At the same time,
climate change is already displacing communities as climate shocks erode livelihoods,
NDC 3.0 considers this aspect as a humanitarian and development priority.
7.3.3 GEDSI: Gender Equality, Disability, and Social Inclusion
GEDSI considerations are integrated throughout Pakistan’s climate policies to ensure
that climate action benefits all segments of society and empowers the most vulnerable.
The Constitution of Pakistan guarantees fundamental equality, “All citizens are equal
before the law”, and prohibits discrimination based on sex while allowing affirmative
measures for women and children. Through the 26th Constitutional Amendment, the
Constitution of Pakistan, 1973 has been strengthened by inserting Article 9A, which
guarantees the right to a clean and healthy environment as a fundamental right. Building

49
Guidelines for a just transition towards environmentally sustainable economies and societies for all
(2015) International Labour Organization, Switzerland.
34
on these constitutional values and international commitments, Pakistan is
mainstreaming GEDSI in its NDC 3.0 and related climate frameworks. This means
adopting a people-centered approach: climate strategies will systematically address the
distinct needs, challenges, and contributions of women, youth, children, the elderly,
persons with disabilities, Indigenous Peoples, and marginalized communities.
At the national policy level, Pakistan is strengthening institutions and mandates for
inclusive climate action. Pakistan is expanding opportunities for women’s leadership
and youth engagement in climate governance, including appointing women and youth
representatives on climate committees and fostering inclusive forums, ensuring diverse
stakeholder’s input. In addition, consistent with the UNFCCC’s Lima Work Programme
on Gender and Action for Climate Empowerment (ACE), Pakistan is enhancing
education, public awareness, and participation with a focus on youth and vulnerable
groups.
The government will track GEDSI outcomes in climate initiatives through improved
data collection, requiring disaggregated data in climate MRV, and establish
accountability for inclusive policy delivery. Through these steps, Pakistan seeks to
empower women and marginalized groups as key actors in climate action, not just as
beneficiaries. From female entrepreneurs driving clean energy startups to youth
volunteers in tree-planting campaigns like “Aik Beti Aik Shajar”, the talents and
leadership of all people will be harnessed.
7.3.4 Green Skills Development
Pakistan recognizes that equipping our workforce with skills in renewable energy,
sustainable agriculture, climate-smart technologies, and environmental management is
not only vital for NDC goals but also for social uplift and employment. Special focus
is being placed on empowering those who have historically had less access to education
and jobs, such as young women in rural areas, economically disadvantaged youth, and
persons with disabilities. The government, in collaboration with international partners,
has launched targeted programs to build capacity in green sectors and is planning to
establish a Green Skills University. The Prime Minister has recently launched the Youth
Ecopreneur Program. Such initiatives aim to reshape the trajectory of youth while also
meeting the country’s need for skilled labor to achieve climate targets. Overall, building
a skilled “green workforce” not only addresses the youth unemployment challenge but
also ensures Pakistan can domestically support the technologies and practices needed
for NDC implementation.

35
7.3.5 Implementation Arrangements and Institutional Strengthening
Implementing Pakistan’s NDC, requires a whole-of-government approach, with
national and sub-national institutions integrating climate action into their planning and
operations. MoCC&EC serves as the focal ministry, but climate responsibilities extend
across multiple ministries and provincial departments. Pakistan Climate Change
Council, chaired by the Prime Minister, ensures high-level policy coherence across
federal and provincial levels.
However, capacity gaps remain a challenge. Strengthening institutions such as the
Pakistan Climate Change Authority will improve federal-provincial coordination.
Training provincial officials in climate risk screening and integration into development
planning is a key priority.
At the provincial level, devolved governance gives provinces responsibility for
mainstreaming climate action across sectors. Capacity varies across the provinces. At
the local level, municipalities and districts often lack climate expertise despite their key
role in implementation. Pakistan aims to improve the institutional capacity and
coordination among various layers of governance through trainings, deployment of
integrated technological platforms and strengthening data/information sharing tools and
protocols.
In addition, legislative and audit institutions are being engaged. Parliamentarians, the
Public Accounts Committee, and the Auditor General’s office are being involved to
scrutinize climate policies and expenditures, ensuring accountability. Judicial
institutions are effectively engaged in enforcement of environmental regulations.
Strong inter-agency coordination is essential for effective implementation.
To ensure regular tracking of NDC implementation in line with the ETF, a core element
of the Paris Agreement, the government has developed a comprehensive GHG
monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) system known as Pakistan Climate
Transparency Platform. This web-based platform serves as a national MRV database,
developed with technical support from the Global Climate-Change Impact Studies
Centre (GCISC) under the Ministry of Climate Change and Environmental
Coordination. Deployment of this platform will be facilitated through agreements with
key national data-providing agencies. In parallel, work is also underway to establish a
national adaptation monitoring and evaluation (M&E) system, which will provide a
structured mechanism to assess and report progress on adaptation actions.

36
Annexure-1: Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding (ICTU) of
nationally determined contribution, referred to in decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 28 (Decision
4/CMA.1 and Annex I)
1. Quantifiable information on the reference point (including, as appropriate, a base
year):
(a) Reference For the base year, the estimated historical GHG emissions and
year(s), base removals for 2015 have been used, as reported in the GHG
year(s), reference Inventory included in Pakistan’s first NDC (2016), along with the
period(s) or other projected GHG emissions for 2030. The second NDC (NDC2.0)
starting point(s); established targets for 2030, whereas the current NDC (NDC3.0)
extends these targets to 2035.

(b) Quantifiable The reference indicators are the estimated GHG emissions and
information on removals presented below. Total emissions in the base year 2015
the reference are 405.07 MtCO₂e. By 2035, Pakistan aims to cut its projected
indicators, their emissions (2559 MtCO₂e) by 50% (around 1,280 MtCO₂e), with
values in the 33% of this reduction conditional upon adequate, grants-based,
reference year(s), additional and new international climate financing, complemented
base year(s), by transfer of technology and capacity building and 17% to be
reference achieved through domestic, unconditional efforts.
period(s) or other
starting point(s),
and, as
applicable, in the
target year;

(c) For strategies, Not applicable.

plans and actions
referred to in
Article 4,
paragraph 6, of
the Paris
Agreement, or
policies and
measures as
components of
nationally
determined

37
 contributions
where paragraph
1(b) above is not
applicable,
Parties to provide
other relevant
information;
(d) Target relative to Pakistan aims to reduce 50% of its 2035 projected GHG (17%
the reference unconditional and 33% conditional subject to provision of
indicator, adequate, grants-based, additional and new international climate
expressed financing, complemented by transfer of technology and capacity
numerically, for building and 17% to be achieved through domestic, unconditional
example in efforts. (Reference Section 4)
percentage or
amount of
reduction;
(e) Information on NDC1.0 (submitted in 2016)
sources of data
used in
quantifying the
reference
point(s);
(f) Information on The base year (2015) emissions may be updated as needed,
the circumstances reflecting revisions in statistical data, improvements in estimation
under which the and accounting rules, or recalculations of the GHG inventory
Party may update following the methodological reviews.
the values of the
reference
indicators.
2. Time frames and/or periods for implementation:
(a) Time frame From 2025 to 2035
and/or period for
implementation,
including start
and end date,
consistent with
any further
relevant decision

38
 adopted by the
Conference of the
Parties serving as
the meeting of the
Parties to the
Paris
Agreement
(CMA);
(b) Whether it is a Single-year target (2035)
single-year or
multi-year target,
as applicable.
3. Scope and coverage:
(a) General Pakistan aims to reduce of its 2035 projected GHG emissions by
description of the 50 percent (17% unconditional and 33% conditional) subject to
target; provision of adequate, grants-based, additional and new
international climate financing, complemented by transfer of
technology and capacity building.

(b) Sectors, gases, <Sectors of coverage>

categories, and All sectors and categories encompassing the following:
pools covered by
(a) Energy
the nationally
- Fuel Combustion (Energy industries, Manufacturing industries
determined and Construction, Transport, Commercial/Institutional,
contribution, Residential, Agriculture/Forestry/Fishing, and Other)
including, as - Fugitive emissions from fuels
applicable, (b) Industrial processes and product use
consistent with
(c) Agriculture, Forestry, and other Land Use (AFOLU)
Intergovernmenta
(d) Waste
l
Panel on Climate <Targeted gases>
Change (IPCC) Carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and
guidelines; hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
<Percentage of coverage> 100 percent

39
(c) How the Party Pakistan’s NDC3.0 includes all sectors of anthropogenic emissions
has taken into and removals. Also, the sources, sinks, and activities that were
consideration included in Pakistan’s previous NDC have not been excluded.
paragraph 31(c)
and (d) of
decision 1/CP.21;
(d) Mitigation co- Adaptation priorities are included in Section 6.
benefits resulting
from Parties’
adaptation actions
and/or economic
diversification
plans, including
description of
specific projects,
measures and
initiatives of
Parties’
adaptation actions
and/or economic
diversification
plans.
4. Planning processes:
(a) Information on Pakistan’s NDC3.0 has been prepared through an inclusive
the planning national process led by the Ministry of Climate Change and
processes that the Environmental Coordination (MoCC&EC) with technical support
Party undertook from the Global Climate-Change Impact Studies Centre (GCISC)
to prepare its as NDC Secretariat. The process engaged federal ministries,
nationally provincial governments, private sector, academia, development
determined partners, and civil society through formation of technical
contribution and, committees on adaptation and mitigation with the working groups.
if available, on
the Party’s Implementation plans are structured around sectoral roadmaps in
energy, industry, transport, AFOLU, waste, and biodiversity, with
implementation
plans, including, clear mitigation and adaptation priorities till 2035. Means of
Implementation emphasize scaled-up climate finance (USD 348
as appropriate:
billion by 2030 and USD 565.7 billion by 2035), access to
advanced technologies in energy, agriculture, transport, and waste,
and institutional and community-level capacity building. A
strengthened integrated MRV system, aligned with the Paris
Agreement’s ETF, will enable systematic tracking of emissions,

40
 adaptation progress, and climate finance flows with active
provincial participation.

(a) (i) Domestic Pakistan’s NDC3.0 has been prepared under the coordination of
institutional the MoCC&EC with technical inputs from GCISC and line
arrangements, ministries, and in consultation with provincial governments and
public stakeholders by organizing 30 consultative sessions and
participation and workshops at federal and provincial levels. The process ensured
engagement with inclusivity through participatory consultations, integration of the
local Climate Change Gender Action Plan (ccGAP) to mainstream
communities and gender responsiveness, and engagement of youth, local
indigenous communities and marginalized groups, thereby strengthening
peoples, in a ownership and equity in the process.
gender-
responsive
manner;
(a) (ii) Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate:
(a) (ii) National This clause maybe read at Section 1 in conjunction with Pakistan’s
a circumstances, First Biennial Transparency Report (BTR1) (2024) (Reference)
such as First Biennial Transparency Report,
geography, [Link]
climate,
economy,
sustainable
development and
poverty
eradication;
(a) (ii) Best practices and Pakistan’s NDC3.0 has been prepared by GCISC under the
b experience related supervision of MoCC&EC, building on experiences from earlier
to the preparation NDC and aligning with the updated National Climate Change
of the Nationally Policy (2021) and National Adaptation Plan (2023). The process
Determined was inclusive, with consultations involving provinces, line
Contribution; ministries, civil society, academia, and the private sector, while
using the 2024 GHG inventory and BAU projections as baselines.
Best practices included mainstreaming gender through the ccGAP,
participatory adaptation planning, and flagship programmes such
as the Upscaled Green Pakistan Programme and Recharge
Pakistan. Pakistan GHG inventory and work on MRV system is

41
 aligned with IPCC guidelines, which ensures transparency and
future compliance with the Paris Agreement’s ETF.

(a) (ii) Other contextual Pakistan joined the Paris Agreement with the recognition that,
c aspirations and despite contributing less than 1% of global GHG emissions, it has
priorities recurrently been declared one of the most climate-affected
acknowledged countries in the world. Repeated episodes of extreme events, such
when joining the as devastating floods, prolonged droughts, record-breaking
Paris Agreement; heatwaves, and rapid glacier melting, are already threatening its
water, food, and energy security. For Pakistan, limiting global
temperature rise to 1.5°C is therefore essential to reduce climate-
induced risks by upholding the principles of equity and common
but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities
(CBDR&RC) of the Convention and its Paris Agreement. While
committed to pursuing a low-carbon, climate-resilient pathway,
Pakistan’s ambitions remain conditional upon international climate
finance, technology transfer, and capacity-building support.
Additionally, Pakistan aspires to secure recognition of its
vulnerability to Loss and Damage and to access global
mechanisms that address unavoidable residual risks.

(b) Specific Not applicable.

information
applicable to
Parties, including
regional
economic
integration
organizations and
their member
States, that have
reached an
agreement to act
jointly under
Article 4,
paragraph 2, of
the Paris
Agreement,
including the
Parties that
agreed to act
jointly and the

42
 terms of the
agreement, in
accordance with
Article 4,
paragraphs 16–
18, of the
Paris Agreement;

c) How the Party’s Having been informed by the outcomes of the first Global Stock-
preparation of its take (decision 1/CMA.5), Pakistan updated its NDC with an
economy-wide perspective covering all major GHG source sectors,
nationally setting more ambitious mitigation and adaptation targets aligned
determined with national priorities. Pakistan has reinforced its commitments to
scale up clean energy share in the power mix. The NDC3.0 also
contribution has
includes adaptation priorities, including water security, climate-
been informed by smart agriculture, NbS, health, and ecosystem restoration, in line
the outcomes of with GST outcomes.
the global
stocktake, in
accordance with
Article 4,
paragraph 9, of
the Paris
Agreement;
(d) Each Party with a nationally determined contribution under Article 4 of the Paris
Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans
resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris
Agreement to submit information on:
(d) (i) How the NDC3.0 has been framed to balance climate ambition with
economic and economic realities and social equity, protecting the country’s right
social to development and raising living standards of its population. The
consequences of NDC3.0 distinguishes between unconditional and conditional
response targets and clearly laid down its financial constraints to avoid
measures have undue economic burden. A just transition lens underpins the
been considered strategy, focusing on green job creation, skills, and development
in developing the needs of the country. The targeted adaptation measures to
nationally safeguard vulnerable groups, especially women, children, and
youth. By aligning with the SDGs, and by linking NDC3.0 with

43
 determined Means of Implementation, Pakistan aims its climate actions are not
contribution; only environmentally ambitious but also socially inclusive and
economically viable.

(d) Specific Adaptation priorities are outlined in Section 6 with potential co-
(ii) projects, benefits.
measures and
activities to be
implemented to
contribute to
mitigation co-
benefits,
including
information on
adaptation plans
that also yield
mitigation co-
benefits, which
may cover, but
are not limited
to, key sectors,
such as energy,
resources, water
resources,
coastal
resources,
human
settlements and
urban planning,
agriculture and
forestry; and
economic
diversification
actions, which
may cover, but
are not limited
to, sectors such
as
manufacturing
and industry,
energy and
mining,

44
 transport and
communication,
construction,
tourism, real
estate,
agriculture and
fisheries.

5. Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and

accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals:
a) Assumptions <Sectors of coverage>
and
methodological All sectors and categories encompassing the following:
approaches (a) Energy
used for
accounting for - Fuel Combustion (Energy industries, Manufacturing
anthropogenic industries and Construction, Transport,
greenhouse gas
emissions and - Commercial/Institutional, Residential,
removals Agriculture/Forestry/Fishing, and Other)
corresponding
- Fugitive emissions from fuels
to the Party’s
nationally (b) Industrial processes and product use
determined
contribution, (c) Agriculture, Forestry, and other Land Use (AFOLU)
consistent with (d) Waste
decision
1/CP.21, <Targeted gases>
paragraph 31,
and accounting Carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and
guidance hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
adopted by the
<Percentage of coverage>
CMA;
100 percent
<Assumptions and methodological approaches>
Methods of estimation are in line with the 2006 IPCC
Guidelines and based on decision 18/CMA.1. The metrics used

45
 for GHG emissions and removals (in CO2e) are the Global
Warming Potentials of a 100-year time horizon which are
presented in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report.
These methods of estimation are subject to change depending
on the progress of future international negotiations on
estimating and accounting rules.
(b) Assumptions Not applicable.
and
methodological
approaches
used for
accounting for
the
implementation
of policies and
measures or
strategies in the
nationally
determined
contribution;
(c) If applicable, Refer to 5d.
information on
how the Party
will take into
account
existing
methods and
guidance under
the Convention
to account for
anthropogenic
emissions and
removals, in
accordance
with Article 4,
paragraph 14,
of the Paris
Agreement, as
appropriate;

46
(d) IPCC Methods of estimations are in line with the 2006 IPCC
methodologies Guidelines and based on decision 18/CMA.1.
and metrics The metrics used for GHG emissions and removals (in CO2e)
used for are the Global Warming Potentials of a 100-year time horizon
estimating which are presented in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report.
anthropogenic
greenhouse gas These methods of estimation are subject to change depending
emissions and on the progress of future international negotiations on
removals; estimating and accounting rules.
(e) Sector-, 2006 IPCC Guidelines
category- or
activity-
specific
assumptions,
methodologies
and approaches
consistent with
IPCC guidance,
as appropriate,
including, as
applicable:
(e) Approach to Not Applicable
addressing
emissions and
subsequent
removals from
natural
disturbances on
managed lands;
(f) Other
assumptions
and
methodological
approaches
used for
understanding
the nationally
determined
contribution
and, if
applicable,
estimating
47
 corresponding
emissions and
removals,
including:
(f) How the The reference indicators for NDC3.0 are the total GHG
(i) reference emissions in 2015. The key parameters, assumptions,
indicators, definitions, methodologies, and data sources used to estimate
baseline(s) emissions and removals are provided in the aforementioned
and/or GHG inventory (Section 3).
reference
level(s),
including,
where
applicable,
sector-,
category- or
activity-
specific
reference
levels, are
constructed,
including, for
example, key
parameters,
assumptions,
definitions,
methodologies,
data sources
and models
used;
(f) For Parties with Not applicable.
(ii) nationally
determined
contributions
that contain
non-
greenhouse-gas
components,
information on
assumptions
and
methodological

48
 approaches
used in relation
to those
components, as
applicable;
(f) For climate Not applicable.
(iii) forcers
included in
nationally
determined
contributions
not covered by
IPCC
guidelines,
information on
how the climate
forcers are
estimated;
(f) Further Not applicable.
(iv) technical
information, as
necessary;
(g) The intention to Pakistan intends to explore and, where appropriate, utilize
use voluntary voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement to
cooperation enhance the achievement of its NDC3.0 targets. Building on its
under Article 6 participation in global carbon market mechanisms, Pakistan
of the Paris intends to promote initiatives that support the transfer and
Agreement, if diffusion of low-carbon and climate-resilient technologies,
applicable. sustainable infrastructure, and nature-based solutions. In doing
so, Pakistan ensures environmental integrity, transparency, and
avoidance of double counting, in alignment with the Paris
Agreement. Pakistan intends to enhance international
cooperation and promote partnerships to strengthen capacity,
mobilize climate finance, and facilitate technology transfer,
thereby contributing both to its own sustainable development
priorities and to global climate change goals.
6. How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and
ambitious in the light of its national circumstances:

49
(a) How the Party Pakistan considers its NDC3.0 as fair and ambitious in the light
considers that its of its national circumstances because we have made 33% of our
nationally commitment conditional to adequate, grant-based, new and
determined additional international climate finance, complemented by
contribution is technology transfer and capacity-building support. Despite its
fair and ambitious low share in global GHG emissions, both historically and at
in the light of its present, Pakistan has committed to an economy-wide transition
national that goes beyond business-as-usual. This ambition is notable
circumstances; given the country’s vulnerability to recurring extreme events.
(b) Fairness Refer to 6a above.
considerations,
including
reflecting on
equity;
(c) How the Party NDC3.0 represents a clear progression from its previous
has addressed submission, incorporating a stocktake of past achievements, and
Article 4, enhanced voluntary quantitative targets, while also clearly
paragraph 3, of specifying support needs and implementation pathways.
the Paris
Agreement;
(d) How the Party Refer to 6a above. Further, NDC3.0 represents country’s
has addressed enhanced mitigation efforts and calls for finance, technology,
Article 4, and capacity support in line with the CBDR-RC to meet the
paragraph 4, of aforesaid commitments.
the Paris
Agreement;
(e) How the Party Not applicable.
has addressed
Article 4,
paragraph 6, of
the Paris
Agreement.
7. How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the
objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2:
(a) How the NDC3.0 contributes to the objective of the Convention by
nationally pursuing mitigation actions across IPCC defined sources and
determined sinks to reduce GHG emissions, while advancing large-scale
contribution adaptation measures. These efforts aim to support the
contributes stabilization of atmospheric GHG concentrations at levels that
towards achieving prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate

50
 the objective of system, in line with Pakistan’s national circumstances and
the Convention as development needs.
set out in its
Article 2;
(b) How the NDC3.0 contributes to Article 2 of the Paris Agreement by
nationally advancing climate-resilient development and aligning its
determined commitments with the 1.5°C goal, while also contributing to
contribution Article 4.1 through economy-wide emission reductions targets
contributes consistent with its national circumstances.
towards Article 2,
paragraph 1(a)
and Article 4,
paragraph 1, of
the Paris
Agreement.

51