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Thermodynamics, Module 1

The document discusses the principles of thermodynamics, including the definitions and characteristics of open, closed, and isolated systems. It explains various thermodynamic properties, laws, and concepts such as energy transfer, temperature, and phase changes. Additionally, it covers the relationship between different thermodynamic properties and their applications in real-world scenarios.

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Lakshmi Seshadri Uppala
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6 views59 pages

Thermodynamics, Module 1

The document discusses the principles of thermodynamics, including the definitions and characteristics of open, closed, and isolated systems. It explains various thermodynamic properties, laws, and concepts such as energy transfer, temperature, and phase changes. Additionally, it covers the relationship between different thermodynamic properties and their applications in real-world scenarios.

Uploaded by

Lakshmi Seshadri Uppala
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
Thermodkynami ca » | Th aw defend ax an rcomertiC ideals wth the tnievactton Kehocen work, heat | ie Property of Sipten tohtch are tn Saptltbrt eum. Or. TH t& a Sccence of equa, governtn Conver ston: Or: 4 wrth the telateon | | | | Aexence Hal} ig the prnepl of Enexqy | TH B® a Serene cthed dec behoeen Energy anet the rectereal System Syasten - A. byte, 9 fanicte apanicty of meter (09 | Aotech eegeon an a Apace: othe than the Aystem at & rarnd os pvceroundin encloas % hounclewy cexilec a aupten teed ov ek may PE movable. system conrfarn’ ge" and ht Comps e aye “4: System boundary _ Th may be When the -ed or Expanded athe veal o¢ wmagere ; a june energy Barina Surfourdoq, Hews out | yd: - . Brornple fox Open dyptem ore) Trtenal Combustton onging , turbine shel axe tonipany, Cload Sytem! = : Tn a System , meus femerena Constant only energy’ tromter- darker’ place behoeen the" Aysten ond “the Buciourdiengs. Then Aysten called os Closed! System « ww cowtent enogy an gucrourdengs energy out Ex: Prenere Cooker, goles, sla Mook panky-vepsity = reais, Dioleded ~ Sysim', tally Daly ma chaed per, pond “A pln ©, nerd fo be an eioluted ayslem. 2 tohen there @ no shouster of max Se between Aystem and Ausrounckags. 5 Eu thermo Hleark » (doo7, jwedetonis ah Dy net, -—_ — Mubke aye | Wher there %& No Baa tant only cacti, trans = fer takes place then Aystem & satd togbe © adtaberic Sytem oa oH a se OF Pare Substances es saxoudog qe wa Aenede quately of veitler woreeh & homegcans to chert compoacton a7 pryecal Shucture> Eq Wacker» | tHornogencous Systern 1] Subssteunees an Only one, qhase the TI Gd hubstanee cust fo be homogeneous « | | the aye sarch Eur vets ov Wastes vapour , walt & adeoe ce, | Hetro geneous Substance : qiuts an more than One prac TL o Aubstance | then the Aye an cat. bie spemperactuce - | Path “funckon, Property cannut be beated os | potrt bet at can ‘be Leeda en the fore a} 8 Thea ee termed as, path functten . Syr- Work 2 Heat: = T TTemnpesecture > : Tha defined os thermal Atack. vokech deren ~ quae hetlnes or Coldines | Hemperahure Con be measturrecl, ley seen of | themometer tt abe Lo louver vonge For | Pater temperature Pyrometer Bw used. Gos well not Occupy ony volume at certain temperature and thet Kernperccture’ 2, absolurte Bee temperature and, ath value .& aABIS'C Thee axe rors lows of hexmodkjrarntt Zeroth law of thevmmadgeamtcs:— “tempol eles 2. Feat law cthemodynantcs Second law ef Thermodynounees — Satropy : — Norolurte 2 srpentreny: ates ral enegy 3. fay. Pherch “leu” OF thermody nants. Zeoth law of Phere dlynastts Th -atecta hot yohen A body SAL B en capt —theum: wrth kody “8, and body “BBM Le Bh body Co then by ‘a oe equikibrum we Baylcbrcum” . ee body “C ave & by ‘ ~via > yasn. to cletimene tempeocttcce: th Kedrence pont oe >| Befo | howe Conndered two | 4. Tee Potnt 2. Steam poet . Conatdestra the Lqucctton , teaxtb —O # where t= fernperocture could be X= Ahexmo meter poperty a,b= “axe Coniteurtts se 2 OK ae er? ©: deterraened Tee port > Sheoen gout , fgeaxst © Say" @O-® ibe = BK Xe Kg7Xt |. Sustchte the value ofa & b,t0. eq O- ise! Ma xctebo ts es ql | ye rave ' Tee pocnt Pe and Steam potas tede, to = 04 Cloowo) Xe Xs ' > temperccture tn “C- Btntlacly’ Tee pont = aac ) Stam potnt=a"e. | tes aaritot’c | (Oo, \ y | [ee gay veto]. “angiltbuet wn 2. ® Problems The emperature -~ on a thermnome tee Seale Aefined en tem of Property by P'by the relates Pe EE) olee HB ave Conntents. Eigen: 1 Je value of Poof Vee ond 6-8) otemenpeeRtent Bteom pott vupeckvely. obtain elector for + | ard abo find the tempevertuce °F cor the yedery Peas: N Qtren (4:8 P- property, Pe end; fg B > Constants - R= 1-86 ae a a Pye b-si- pe oe: Take. axnteleg Ines +28 B: te APARATO: te = Alo +B- De Alarse +8, TO on beth atc - dge Alo’s +B too = Alne-stt8 2®: gitraet © 5 ET loo = RlnedybBet o = Alatts iP oo aay © 0S Se OEE ie yoo = A (ln6-8! alas oo = Ax aN aS: | oie Bitihade the ob ot 0 a o- gos tn te +8 Be - 4405 lalete) - | ee ~~ | Qubatetute fhe value of AG Be GPO. 9 | Peas: fe tos InleS). 44731 9 the tem perarture ‘£0n Q Certoan cebews therm emechte geale a gven by means ef o property | though a relation $= Alenp +B where A andl Bave Conatants- and Py a Perpecty ot Hoe flied) oy Porpty | (Tp, ot the te potnt and Steam pow the value [ot Powe found tobe 4 Ort do Serpectevely - | What ull the Aemperorture ‘Corrapondleg to ee | * of Pelé [Sl even! te AlmP 4+ BOO. Re4 | te Ain Pee Boge 2) Pst ae o=tln4 +B 96: S| ds- Alnfs +8 - too= Alnoo + 8-7@O> @-®@ ove: : foo « Alnae +B. os Alnt TB eee Apis F Pe he : too =A (Inae las) | t+ 2). 0° 7 é| Substebite en Ww=0 lon t jom ttoon -7@ joon - Wwe Selverq Gy" © ard ® pw9heve + me Adds Gh end \ Sl ene ere errr Subatrtute ‘the valu af tyme nt tq"O, | dae On pe BT AH HES? COANE dee 89-96°C- | the Emf 2 “thermocouple with tet gunckon | at tee pint & gpven by E> oat —Sx10% mv he pntllqvoltmeter 8 Calebracted. ott: Tee potrb ard Steam poerts, What cell the Arereriometer wead ena place where qa thermometer “ead, Sec: , | Gren! | Ea oat - sxiot +2 mV fee pornt » Bian poets! testes Etter ey Tee pant? Gis 0-aROT Broilo G=0- Sean pont + GF O-2x I as yiety roo Fo 15 mV: —— [ens ov] t+% 2 100 yn % Xe ok4 My ° e) Ere loo On & thn €= se" Eg - Er. fone reMee Ene joo feuere) , les eas me 3 (5°) 7 - rm F 51 The temperature Sale ~of a Certatn thermometer % given by the veleteon t=AllnP+B. where AB are Constants and P % the -thesmometye ‘property Fateh th the thermometers rf at Tee pant of the ard Steam potrt’ the’ Yremomebte progetto Ly robert wet dourd te. be 95 ancl 4-5 fer pectivel be the emperceture Coveen ponding: tp the Ahexmomeht peopaty 3-5'0n cele seole 2 golf Gaver teAlnPt Bs .-O- Relte Pate o 429 Pees wee dee Alnh +8 - oz tnist 8-2 dg c AlnPs +8 oo = AINYS +B PO; , Sub ©-8» too = AlWHS +9 > oe Alot 36 48 oop et? oe ln 45) we get we. Sub AGB NO, Pe aS $e Mt nes 3B Is . The length of the. column ea a Cechen terany lon cthermmometer % Sem, at Tee qoent and asten at Steam Prt Serxcder. the Length’ 98 thetmomele -¢ property crt ler + be the “temperccture ona leneay Cela, sccrle svelated by she epoctton- Loavtb. Rend the Lemperocbure 4cudhen $280. Quin’ ag 6 %ey 2 OS: / Ferd th when tose Peavdth: 2 o-" te aie tb. if ptt on avth © tee angt b- Joo = aa5*tbh 6, © -® are z tooe 6850 tb. Os wa tb- & © &)(fE88 joo = a (625-25): (aeons: a Substelute “a wm be -ase ihe be Has xO eet ve) [be “hile Ae “sl Substchde ‘at and Btn | O bbe ogee — M6CT Pe ontea xO5P ~ yee so xno = toe Ls-5) X55 1000/100. *-5 5 10 - K = lots posed o nen HE Tn HOA, Se Tasac Newton pre creche Acale On ths neoule sphe ork duncton On &lew Seale « pic) ard hymen ene Obta and Cer geale pemperssture usd the wea dery on 4 dempercitore he sretort®o9 | | a len the, ot tee port C (2ae). where oN and 12 fhe Newton acale before Geren ghitv\ne sacl. Toe port = ofc = ON: Human bedy temp = oye > Den + Oblern ~electfon blw 2c FON: ts axth —?O. dee auth > pa arts PO __— | _ oe os ane xs ab . — ax cauyth FO: gbbact © « ©. Bubatthde the value tr coy" @©- O2 Bt ky tbe Xg io Xe Substehde atl tn eg © - use qe be atx - Stott Xg-®s Kye B te 34 KOK KA ae) Le KEK, at PE, ® Sn Newton's Acale 2 fia = an tbs! Oo = A tbh PO. tin ears th Wy Jac ary thes 7 =A sol Qibsteete the velac of & and “ban ehO tus tax Lk Xerk4 ri tN Xe 5 fu. Xe 3 o> 12 Xs-xe On home rempeverture scale 0°€ % eqpotent te 88 ard lore & eqpsvalent jo gog@. Detemrens the cremporotne en *e conrapordy fo a0c'8 _ convert the empeatue obtosned tn. *e Fabaenheet ot onkelven Seale». ay Gwen? ¥ > xe Tee port oc _ 1008 Bram pont | woe = wo B ee wren teaod® te od Te ec vais Heo nes ‘ 2 too Xe KY 2 ® BU tsert b oo tes axe th: B00 = aXy tb a ia OO we qe Z BS goo = a (¥s-¥). Substetute.. value at ‘a! en &/' ©. tre 200 Xe thy Xs -XR = a Boo = 800 Aubstetute, @ eg © , we, haves” te art by tg=- 880 x +to-fRee yr) XsoR x t B= Q00 (x=) too. Xooky ; ob eres ater ure ree errr meereemrerreereer eae! Ape noes Ht ape wh LAG I9096) _ Yes Tac Stops put le = s00'p = as 4% = 00 - 10°: Te Qo . Hes ga vveves mag t VEX SO" ‘ : yee are rte- fiers N ~ dys arth 20: te = axe tb: loo = AX, th © ts 2 OKs tb. 5% 4 Boos Akstbh —S@- — hyo ® @ qeve > Doo = a (Ky~ X2)= Fa A= Qoo a Xyi ke eG Subsintute ‘a! value tn fq! ©, 100 = Qo0 yy af Ft Ry Xe - be woe Ft eek. M0 &. Bubstetute td gL value en eq Onno th = 208. x4 100, — 202 Ye, «, -Xg-Xe AR Vy = Boo CRY ptoe 4 Xe - - tht - 100 : a Rak => @, . doo Xs Aq ae Couparesg 2"@ ard @ , we have thre 10.0” ai sw west 20 lo. sell thre doot'c Woo a v 4100: ie] Deow the boundares of the follovtng ystm ard Leube| thet supe 2) Wud mill w) Mectuve, of Te ard iwatter tao felled wth het dec: eterl Container aa) Hrermoplastee of) Pressure Coo ker + vy) Storage cell productrg Wand wall 7 ope System ® Cloned YEO only beet will be Jranfered we) Folected Sister w) clad syste: vy clond Spm - phe folloureg Blechaet ty. Tdentely whether ave Sabres POP -ty OF Extenseve pore: ought = Trt portly, prkenae PT _ Batotye popes ) Molectlar ) Refract Gndew +> r ™~ fr po A Hheromerey “au Glebroded at Oe mark ter botlery point of Carbon tebe chlowde Cocky) ang too'e mark with melting potnt of PD: When 4p meature em perecture the device tndlfcades 1c ecly both at 4645’c. and pb meth at aac Convert seadeng of device” do the Eqpinal, -t weodeng on Celsius cae. gal" Given? 9 Oc = IASC. Ceely) . 7 loves Bade (pb) - We have . | ee REG | ee ie Wes 5 amqne gaa - ars th as 150.25 Yo Xt be 46.95 di argh be 2S ep asd — 7 5 Foe jE gene) FASO I HERS ee | oye ea dee Of Shh = aoe [Eee we 1 7th et ee leo S PE be Problem 10 : The resistance in the windings of a motor is 78 ohms at room tem-perature (25°C). When operating at full load under steady conditions, the motor is switched off and the resistance of windings is found to be 95 ohms. The resistance of windings at temperature t°C is given by R, = Rel] + 0.00393 t], where Ro is the resistance at 0°C. Find the temperature of the coil at full load. Solution : We know that, R, = Ro [1 + 0.00393 1] At room temperature t = 25°C, resistance R, = 78 ohms 78 = Roll + 0.00393 (25)] 78 0982 Rg = 71.025 ohm] * At full load, R, = 95 ohms and 1'= ? R, = Ro (1 + 0.00393 1) $5 = 71.025 (1 + 0.00393 1) 1= 85.87°C], Ans, Are oblem 11 : The equation R, = Ro (1 + at) is used to a resistance thermometer, in which R, and Ry are the resistance values at °C and 0°C respectively. The thermometer is calibrated by immersing in boiling water (100°C) and boiling sulphur (445°C) and the indicated resistance values are 14.7 ohm and 29.2 ohm respectively. Determine fluid temperature when resistance thermometer reads 25 ohm. Ry= = 71.025 Solution : When thermometer is immersed in boiling water, t= 100°C, R, = 14.7 ohm * 14.7 = Ro [1 + 0 (100)] (q) When the same thermometer is immersed in boiling sulphur, 1= 445°C and R, = 29.2 we —— 29.2 = Ro [1 + a (445)] , (2) By solving equations (1) and (2), (2)-(1) gives 14.5 = 345 - a+ Ro Ry - or = 0.042 [substitute this value in equation (1)] 14.7 = Ry + Roe x 100 Ry + 0.042 x 100 10. Ro When R, = 25 ohm, the temperature ‘1* R,= Rofl + a) ——————————— asic Thermodynamics 25 = Ry + Ryat 25 = 10.49 + 0.042 x + [r= 345. 47% mi 12: The emf of a thermo ouple having ome jun tim heme = 4 8it6s Memmeratiuve + be win “es ce ry ork: AQLE NT Work & Hata to be clone woh pert of applic “ton of foe: mova through o certain distance therefore, Voovk.= force x dexfocement : W =. Prose % Aye x ckaplacement- | | w= Pade: | z ch gy volume = FYE awe Pave a jc oles peeerrentt an bem Of Joule oF wt > Work & reared | Nm 5 kT 2 MT: 4 Toule = 4 Nam - ’ vod york | c detenrtto ov roo “| Constant volume Pena “ cy defind ory “the Sole efdect otkemel yy i, en could be vedused by eng, up of Weta, Sign Converrteon of} Voerk ancl Heat 0 er, , HTL works, done byt “the __ phen sp ond eh work t done on the Aisle, ch oc ~tve. Yl beatnandoy £ Surtlorly» %4 head} transfer from hegher semper, “Juve do lower temperartire Re 2, negative ave th & Ree ven then a % dknoticl au Tostte Ver : ie Vlavtow Proces . (Dupe Work Fagin pr Py P We a pdv. u Procen (Y= ¢). (Dhocherte ) | comtant Pronure Frocos (Pee) ( Drcbarte). | Contant. empororture Proven. Ur ¢ 1 Pulzabapbaaatioer ce Adtabaic procs (wee, We fet ie) ‘ ae te Polytvore proces (prec yt tee a) Gnstont Velume Process. (vet). id we |pdvco . yy) We 0 we v Cpe). Combunt “Peosure Proce ony PiePre We py, ln Bu ov We Pry ln t Adrabattc Proces Cpv=e):.° a = J Peay. vi My we ée [dav Pyvec. oe Pe . Vv We clon Ve Pyvse | Spwuse ard Pwsc. 7 Pv, s Pvp. We PV ly Ve cot - or “ | a a Polytroptc Procus (Pv= o> We BV, — PME re 1 ‘Process - Equation Work Done quite te a all 4. | Constant volun vec. , PHT wD 20 | : Ren Pec ve S- © Constant Prowure Constant Fenyperccbore. Adeabatt c: 1 Poly tropee - Puvste- Py We, Pvc . Vi = Pa Vo. qe) Prec, Ty ee He Dea v3 Putts, Av't2e> Tyo 2c, need P wr = P(¥.-V,) 08 1 OD = PV In MW or Pveln od) o« Pivila Be ov Pole £1 7% R(t2-T). j Ds (Pv PM gy ene (1i-T) Tl Wen 2 Prive ~ Pew no mr (ti) pL ene nels vale on: | | yr Problenns ! HA ey{raker contatm dq of Cethos 6 flurd of cole Lal piosure of 80 bar the flurd % clllourd to ong pond vevertebly behend a piston. cunndre, VIDA Pe Conant untel the volume & doubled: the suid allowed te Cool reenertbly oy Copttonh peunue S url the ‘Peston Tegotn eb, | Greicitcal rpertlion Mot ton Atarenlsy lock “in % then mreverttloly weth ‘he ye 4 % os, to the. Ornyfire portion watil the Preoue ¢, oe Net vwoatkdone (alue of % beer, Gleutorte the turd spyenr entital yolume Of 0.06 mmr: edt Gaven © me Vg + - P, = Be bow = 0x10 NI” Pvis oy 2 008% : aNt: Ww. Vin = WL tt FO eK « to Ne ree payers n-\ tg 2 nomen? . REP p, 2x08) ve ael i a Ry = 20x10? K-05 = gy C2x005 SPM F Pave’ Ke cole if Paz n(2y = 4 asokT wth (tn) 2 Goutant Peure “Pooeen’ 2 | =. Pa lis Yel Reed ber “Use ¥) Sype (0:05 7 (2x0-09))- Bw [ear = ak] 5 Work done by the, System , 4 pertect gou & undlergoety a proces en which | 5 ol erect FeV ™ chleulecte “the: woorkeer by gpA om getng {vem stole © an which Presurct | too ka And Volume & Hné to Phe state (2 ukech volume wan Prowure. Loom 3, Abo caloutde thes feral Gan’ reef wpe) + Fra ee, tas 7 Vi, Ho Cale) TKN i Ge oe : 7 »y Wd = Wands WD = s oy poe eae MT ; os tr: Pi, = PeVe P= 8 (4 Toe (3) f,< 190 ey Pps aaa bev s A fused stor she folleotrs proces - ») Heoded erever BADE ot congtant PeMure of os bor unl vt hes O apectfte volume OF ont wl Fg: comproned cseveratb ly onordtrg to the 1R hav - presure of Hy pcsidoly actordey 4 to, errand oct constant Volume law PN= ve) TE a Hen alow to lowe pyr sc: *s) And erally ak %® Ns back +o anrdteal dondetions - athe wot kalone en the Conttant —Preure procos en 915 Abn ord the ras of flurd proentt a» oa tq: coleulecte the workdone On or by Whe Aud en the cyele Py deagrem * as Tyothemal Gr Corbant Aempercctare (20 j I = ¥, w Ww | Wig ae ees / | WY, = Contant Proure Ws Pebve~ vi). ov Pk Cy-vi). 515 = WOT KO (NG ON) ROD. Nm = * Nia Eye) : Va zoel, SIS ae LOSKE Lor: Vr = OPS Holl been on [X= 0:04 tia) <[Link] Ply a3 a 5 Reva = Peavy Mr Ea ay Wee RG Bes Sa re ”, = boreah x oz ln aa Wo 2 18-049 KT" “6 = Polytcop hee Proces ‘ av’: Puve’™ RoVoe PaVa 2 PyVa 7 PN Nee ®, 5. acts Vs= vernon we = Pavg— PaNi ee re Vaz Se O03 > pea xorOB tre HER OVS” vy a Pye Ys yore Va %, “moa kT Pus wo fer) ol w= Consteuct qolume POM Py = toe FOr N yp <0 we 3. 2 5\ oe (eu on 0) aaa = - Yen pia Sol x] ee | A cylercler feted wth a pastor On volth s of vosaints are placed) the antec prexure on Pa and entkeal vlume % 0. 0H rib Hea Ara so the high and woah axe “temoeel: pont Perln tra Auch a way that Pulse, Desorky She -elatgon ble Procure, ancl wlarne, chvtrg the Prey » nal volure Orb: Caleta He done Ascreng the proces. - Gaver’. Pz Q00x 10? Pa <“aoaxtedx o> bar « Vyiso-o4 me Qe-ve- pvr? sc Va = oclene * w=? é Th & a polytoptc PmCAS we PM — Polk pv t= pav® n-\° Re? wy" We Qooyw? xO04 — 60. H4XI0 RO Pe Qooxid /o:08" (al (=e) P,. Go-44k Pa Po Powe developed Aor ao séka Jace: begun’ / estes Noe 50cm? a ISooKis Pre sxio® Pa. Vy = domm® = Sori? mi Bos —___—4 ee e. iH a Pvi't 2 PoNe Phe yey We . . ve, ie oud (em ) {Son xio® [Ree ares kPa é a Woe : We Pvt Povo . -- Woe Syiotx sox — alestwrs \Sooy w* ne 2) Pour devlopal = 8°, -enS4 — , 68- 3S ea = lgorB4e Wet ther han the “Duplawment Wark «Pv thee ove. other type of works vali Electrical work» whee es Yok on Cursent jcthrough the » Consider “Pew of ar Aystem » Work & shranatevel onto the eel to deve teestor aysten On clechedal forte, % “Repti the cutrent “Frvough the ceesastors A. Teac 1 4, eee AT Fe yet Absough “We Tae thee TD athe Curent poi C- Charge. tn. Columb - ‘TS cppleed Fl T - tame “, Werkdone = Wide. we Yrat: where “f= voltage patentee johen Verret tome Fenda te Qe? ° g - Shad Work * / - Conmtcler tho ft dave by a rotor: when tocope Jor veloetty Ae ak eoda to an ongul roster arto The apie: ork & dw eT ad: of an tha Qe Thee hoe 7 Patten ee. w a we seh pS Sheching a Were! : When a teniton “T & Applied fo am torre, Ch ate -e and Hs length chosrqes from: L to itduae the tnaenclermnall work & arin by, Shes = hood Brea. Ts & P a Yen's meduls = aos Bloin es Ie 5 ea Bhein = Charge to begth crepe Heat} des dh. x bh dios Prax a o afe EeAdel- We ent [ede ; , Eee) rT) Surface ctension |: Surface. devion %& the property and the surrounding» ag fos The Unt ef tanec length 8% \sopeck 5 Qurrfoce qlane acts to make the Mace exrea méntinum ~ Thee ne on a tec elm Changing a. ante by | tehocinah” amen gen by adlp == Tel “of the. led Feel H So [deer A = Magneleagrteon Words | yohen co Wuaeforciny mngoely eet womthadone “per Mart Hy APY eer! on a negyneltc neeleterl | voluwne % dw elas. work - ‘ Welt \ where He wage eet aleerg hh 4 e Compooen! acc, fad. enthe dsceetton. of oO Me \d. ‘Paoblerns \b A Aphertect balloon of on ental Areurneler an and conan cas at 18 BY ipecese. of Peetsg Me “jo 200" ard ductrg Atorneter. af “Whe balloon tarred the prosure wy AtcecAYy propor nel woorkdlone urerg te athe heoektng proces do the dtameber' corleulee The prone: ofl Geren * i & Qe assem = asx m: vee ve P, st bas + % D, = zoom = Box io?M we rrave.; PP p= ko. 30 We peed: Nolume js BRT? 7 3 3 RB enucde. the, batlen en we tem 04 7% : be Jp, . We kK > Lote on), pW: kX u > OF Tae ones [ Coons)" Core of Ne Hone x x aff 2 fan We [88 Hox? Le 1asaxis? J We dye: T ) - , th Apherteal ballon of am cleameter Con’ yer at oo KPa prosure « she. qos emvide we en & heotead untel he presure xeacha KP. duvgng the proces at heocteng prenuse, of the Gs Sma | bast | rectly prportronl jo the 4 ge TEybe of the dhameter of He ballon Dedermern jookelore, by The gar enscde the allloon . gol’ Qaven S De dm Dy = Booxis Pa - j De: Po = Seok = Pot DP | Prise whee F % Conant» Pye KDE” et aoe ke 2. pee Pe : oP. K: Ke Qoo¥ to” De = 500 Xio* rh.48 Qoo yin? . Ke dooric® Palm® pb 25" Ae D, = {as We | Peay, Os, ws Pep eF dp, ie 3g a be kK on™ 2.) = Ta Roy , + We Qoox 10> 4 yor 4" oder eee] freee r ‘ a _ _ a] Tao cloed byslem Is0kT of. work w done ont TJ the thileal volume o-6m> and Promute of Ay. Fyoria os follows P= tg-uv) where Prosure Py tn bar ard volume Vy % en md Dettermtn the eral volume ord prosure, of He aystem . Se Gara! | We -1s0 kT! | Mys [Link]. 22 hs a > yn? po Ps Cena) We Je av. > Te nav) dv “A ee “\@-uwav . On -Ipo = (sly -wynlh (ee =Vy )j x10 Me - Gv, - av 4 avy loo TVS = By HD = ayyetiaios)t : Ths = BM HH Bayh + OF > “V5 = -ysog 48yp at HVS FH.08 5 Bvp BV; 7 FOVEBV, = ange) DINEVEH a = 129 eee” Vg = 40:8 rn? evi? Poa @-HVa. Bo HKoss wares 6.5% KF I [-An aurtomotzle vehtcle of 15 700 ky % yun + 0 Ape 3 Gokm| br. The baker ave oe sted uelecle &% brought 4b vest « Galeulorte “the ftse en temper ature of ° brake ahows. 24 thet ron 159 sake the susie heat 9f brake hoc retestal ax one lp hgk. gtk Gorn, Ma = I5e0 keg. Wp = 15 Fg. Ve = Gokie [hrs Gancer, Cpp = ois ket [kg k. Vi 20. = \e6sd mb of Q = mp Cp AT AO Q= charge a kenekte Q= cemv* 2 Lratye 2 : gr (6-668 Q = 4x isee:| 7 Ne *y Qe-woe kT.) e Q ams Cg AT... dost ew? = 15 omer? x AT A Bunple rrognetee Aubstanca % One envolverg Only mogneke duplacement wootk te. Change magnettgstton of the: pubbsteinee ancthe presence of a mognelte dreld for guch, a substance uundercprg a oppot starkte pecden tt Consfastt volume the duph HCement uses que by dw =-Colt aM where | He Magnet, ently. = rognetdgetten: ka) _s Tend Co propetoralty contleant » Fox. fia ps —veekion arragnet on Bo proper'ttora\; the | Magnete, furld lived « LY tempo}. magretec ba, + Determnene The WD en Dsothernal proces the magrettaccton charge from: ML te Me ychat dou be The 10 tf eraperarture chong yon, ty to ti dd mogpeke fell talenachy % Const SPE Geven t ‘ : Joi oe dio = = Crd: Magnettgerton | Mognetic: {tel eartgnutty O. MeH Lyne kM, ie = Loin Tp) 2 & wd 5) Teothermal Mis th. dws ~CoHAM. _ & dw = Hoe MT Me! an me @ © Tom, » H=Cowtnt+ dws - Guam, Maye ‘ 28M ea eat (OM RHEE bed post a oo a = Cote! i ——— vn i) dw = CoH me : sea RR ae é Bhs cn oe ? : awe Cok [ed : eae \ Twrlegeecte wet Wwe colt? jae" the: poston ot on orl engine of avec 0-0085m* mov downward HSmm Aroweog e000 AE MP Of Arash oe deom cthe catmosphere - Ae prosuc &. the cybincher % dluxtrg the proces ett Bole Pex -wahtle the extras gy leads KPa «The dtdjeence beng Luctton yee? @ untform -phete pros ue dun de flow srestance the ene she enlet valite - Eskimos the duplacemeatt toate clone, toy the abe” : go Cytven® cou tO goxra i= 0-045 mm w=? e Tae doplacenent = Ys x52 yy = 0:00028 m>’ p= Box 10? Pa Posen = vol B45 tv? Pa we FxXat: Won PYA RAE : oe Boyne x 0-004 © yoy > o hl ia | Ta fluid Contotns tn a horezontall Cylerdey ea a Ayectron lex Leak +» Dro} Paton % Covrtenuons Ly og, ted by means of tenner poutng ctmough ‘the | Cyd Cover «the. Cyterdler deameter 2 Om | Peery the ater pees a do men, the ‘Peston dleoby Proves ot a dartance af O-N85m Against the atmosphere prentrre of 406 \fa The net work done by the ,fluth duseng the proce, | & akg: The Bree of the elecbee, motor deeavrrg the Atenrey & BNO pm. Detesmene the Torque the, Bhatt ancl Tower output of the motor: Goren, ue BOM Ne thoxpm. ; 7 P mee $= yom: \ vith AX noes ms 1) aeunsin Ramer tor kPa. Pax? Wr = QT Wet = W aystem + Mereeray, 2 - sat = P-dv. = PexAx dn: Wsqeem = wore x He Kore KOH: Wapten = 6.185 KT” : a O35 a = 6155 + Weteerg _ Pc Weteveng ‘\ox60 Pe Wiise x10" ib lo X60, P- 64as We Bp 2 QANT 60: T= Bexso Qn To = 6.9a5 x60 QXK YX BAO | | A poston devece, Contatns ios m af .%. 9% erecteally at B00 kPa. At the prerle, lencaxt 6pYENY fovega onstant of 17° elm & ctoucherg “the poten bet exerterg ™ force. Om 0 do the gen, Comaig She perton Jo we ore to comps the 44 ariel “the volume, entede “the oxfercte double. Tt the Hom rerteonal ae of the peton oan nt: deletment a) “Were [Link] by the 9% get) The deackon of work aqaerot te Apt Te Compros ete | gale Vie 0.05 m?- Pi = dook Pa. Spreng Const ke 150 WL Vsti) Asousnt: = Poplacenent = ViVi | Ae _ Duplacurent = kor — 00S IS _ Duplacement = O.Q smn. Work = kx Duplaement . work. 2 160 KAR» meet E pela ebb d0orhe eat. ai 2D Re Pik E Mh th gy oly Pra Rookie 4 20x08, rob prey i Cp coag | 7 phon 4 i oe Wet = Wan + ee , Mets = 3048 = BakT” Be thodum ynamte og. altLeuw : A Apolo aA pata & os Thetmredynanne’e eichlrum elon mechanieal Aatronat ©& Chyreal adh Ipunvl fenton by Thal 1% rected bear {tol Se cry ue Lie, bad me Velie 4 the Alin, Merlanteal OM qa hun Lolomcael fortes ath Nord, Ajpiog Lhy th, Avste undingl (0) the fai hy tle Avila, 1h Ate toll pink & dovonel Chany hot fie, chs. ol ams $ fo hanced weather taley Pliee te apt 2 chart Campoaitioa AAme Theo nt He Ayelim & downet Wy wit, ‘te Time, Pure tubalmuee Ea Lowa mteng waabicel hak wliry ij thimseal Compo ean Hough i ali joe a thaware in Phare chaady a Hatuady ranste Pacer -— age OA spherical ballon 9 tm zametey fli ages al PE Lat dla fo hatap te frdtateriacku fy Is Le, duking Wd Plows the Pretute bk olivecbly. Poportvonal K tte diameter cule 7 th Lallon., Debintug the vam alone. pal; Dy= la P= 1S bat. #150 Kpq, P= -Sbat= 450 bp Ne? Given Pd o? ie pe ka then Peled ky, Dain en s0=K(P Ke 150 Krp a, j he kp -. yooek ae & 450 211, f) “. Dre Lelety 17, N= SP alv. N= fr 93 Jy = ko fy)* kp 2 fv) ws Koy ay We kp Bar pat Be We ie) = a] We rain ey 6 L . OA spheteal Lblive 4 chanel, oc th a rey au inbile Pure } (00 kp, che & leatheg te fthie “4 He Lollin in cheakl 4 horkyn dase pliek te abide. fruhe Yaseo invetd by prsfer oral be Atunte gle dw obit 1H. Lallon, pote te ohplaccmnend srr dsl ths pr CM, pale: 95 Su, Pe lnokpa h=qooky we? a k Pe gt wd Prope whee Fet00 Lp. 4 D= oom le, toe K = aby OS® 2 2S bya wee) Ke ltt how foe ro kye becomes p= oe eye rc agra BE, eorcbar a Dye Oe DSM w= Pedy = fe av. N= Ere x Tp? [3-9)° Be ~te bt = KT 0 Ee Z Z = acon [= 2 Dr a. Ne 654 ke ; — OLtp Pate olacnd tm a ced byl at 100 byq axel 200K tf Com Prete AoTlasensally elt the cotusan bah “Puning UA Procol, 1b tf allo dtivred wilh a Hous q Lora at hoo pry br that, cobetnbe ph neh were dona mrt. Ce Ub ume = o-20t Flyat., Dela: m= L kp Pe (v0 kya T=300k, pve G, YEBM Telaem wahoo vu bedLhe WH! ee O° 2EL Tyke. = Nov lehone ly the Sirring clevitatpey Khe dyole ne ae arn ile! a o-dha key, Rees 60 x (000 : es WI = O0Y2Rx boom = —IS0+79 AL Nobo om the Molin half other bampetiin w= hy dn(F) = met, zy) g Wy= Lx 00206 00 Ly (0-5) Wi, « ~ 59.26 KL nek wekedoe mt baton : ; T-Sh = — 210-8, Dye = Myth = — 1507 26 2l0 chy, fn autimebth whrcle J 1500 be & cruuntry ab « fed, 2 Coley, te Crabs the fuddody Plc ated te broke plo if tar wel 9 (5 Z q broke thee pl a Ong LG yb Givm. Mage [sb0 ly Mg = Is be Ve bo km, = boxlood ¢ hy — = no = bch bT Meg Ve 0, Cpe cub Wyte g= Mg Y aT 70. fa chase in Ge = Jp wave ed fe hx ism [or lecbb7 2) ge 208 Yl Wg d= Ma Y AT ey xi = (5% gett x AT ’ Ly ATS 30-20 © elle ——— Henk a defied as the foon 9 encryy Ua Lrand fed. @00# a Pancha, by virtue f4 Aorepeta live al:ffetente, fapresnted by y’ enepretbed in Que KF tepkerm, f=. S't0, Qrve -ve. Sylow heey Heat veteved m ty yllon Utvy teak vepehel bY he Ayal U -ve, a work Conpersin 9 teat » beth. aka. pel # rang pene: “fol, Be bound Phenemevona te Lol, ue opus cundariee } te syle. a an 1 atl ut, a fod pol able a lela pap ake , wor ey heat has 0 mearf at a ‘ Lunt vot port @) beat pissin lant’, , 4 Iu beak drankPe Tne dfpetente. 4 retased | fy Hobe bfolim, tee connote Lewsere Kathe havevet. fate if we Saabicltod fr he Briwthit 9 lub. «br turk, he Ate feet octiwl ble Ayala, wd 4 ytdat A maize ga wee, hut in Yo Cane f bent Trane, ote offerd ateolyy ebseredl * Yat ty « od) rack enetyy plate go Hele 4 beh fre Cr0f7-

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