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A Comparative and Experimental study on the mechanical properties of

various steel and glass fiber reinforced High Strength Concrete

Conference Paper · December 2015

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 A COMPARITIVE AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES OF VARIOUS STEEL AND GLASS FIBER REINFORCED HIGH
STRENGTH CONCRETE

B. VAMSI KRISHNA
M.S, Structural Engineering, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering
Malla Reddy Engineering College (Autonomous), Hyderabad, Telangana, India

Dr. M. KAMESWARA RAO

Structural Engineering, Professor & HOD, Department of Civil Engineering,
Malla Reddy Engineering College (Autonomous), Hyderabad, Telangana, India

ABSTRACT

Cement concrete is the most extensively used construction material in the world. It has been found that
different type of fibers added in specific percentage to concrete improves the mechanical properties,
durability and serviceability of the structure. It is now established that one of the important properties of
hooked steel, crimped steel& glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete is its superior resistance to cracking and
crack propagation. Concrete is most widely used construction material in the world. Fiber reinforced
concrete (FRC) is a concrete in which small and discontinuous fibers are dispersed uniformly. The fibers
used in FRC may be of different materials like steel, G.I., carbon, glass, aramid, asbestos, polypropylene,
jute etc. The addition of these fibers into concrete mass can dramatically increase the compressive strength,
tensile strength, flexural strength and impact strength of concrete. FRC has found many applications in civil
engineering field. Based on the laboratory experiment on fiber reinforced concrete (FRC), cube and
cylinders specimens have been designed with steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) and Glass fiber
reinforced concrete (GFRC) containing fibers of 0% and 0.5% volume fraction of hook end Steel fibers of
53.85, 50 aspect ratio and alkali resistant glass fibers containing 0% and 0.25% by weight of cement of
12mm cut length were used without admixture
In this paper effect of fibers on the different mechanical properties of grade M 80 have been
studied. It optimizes 1.5% for steel Fiber content and 1% for glass fiber content by the volume of cement is
used in concrete. The percentage increase in compressive strength at 28 days for hooked end steel fiber
when compared to conventional concrete is 7.3% , crimped steel fiber with 6.08%, glass fiber with 4.3. The
percentage increase in split tensile strength at 28 days hooked end steel fiber when compared to
conventional concrete is 4.54%, crimped steel fiber with 3.40%, glass fiber with 2.27% and also The
percentage increase of flexural strength at 28 days for hooked end steel fiber when compared to
conventional concrete is 3.57%, crimped steel fiber with 2.380%, glass fiber with 2.140%.

1
Keywords— Steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) and Glass fiber reinforced concrete (GFRC), High
strength concrete, M-80 Grade, IS:1386, IS:383
strength of concrete a technique of introduction of
1. INTRODUCTION fibres in concrete is being used. These fibres act as
Concrete is a composite material containing crack arrestors and prevent the propagation of the
hydraulic cement, water, coarse aggregate and fine cracks. These fibres are uniformly distributed and
aggregate. The resulting material is a stone like randomly arranged. This concrete is named as fibre
structure which is formed by the chemical reaction reinforced concrete. The main reasons for adding
of the cement and water. This stone like material is fibres to concrete matrix is to improve the post
a brittle material which is strong in compression but cracking response of the concrete, i.e., to improve
very weak in tension. This weakness in the concrete its energy absorption Fibre Reinforced Concrete can
makes it to crack under small loads, at the tensile be defined as a composite material consisting of
end. These cracks gradually propagate to the mixtures of cement, mortar or concrete and
compression end of the member and finally, the discontinuous, discrete, uniformly dispersed
member breaks. The formation of cracks in the suitable fibres. Continuous meshes, woven fabrics
concrete may also occur due to the drying and long wires or rods are not considered to be
shrinkage. These cracks are basically micro cracks. discrete fibres FRC increases the tensile strength of
These cracks increase in size and magnitude as the the concrete, it reduce the air voids and water voids
time elapses and the finally makes the concrete to the inherent porosity of gel. It increases the
fail. durability of the concrete. Fibres such as graphite

The formation of cracks is the main reason for the and glass have excellent resistance to creep. The

failure of the concrete. To increase the tensile addition of small closely spaced and uniformly

strength of concrete many attempts have been dispersed fibres to concrete would act as crack

made. One of the successful and most commonly arrester and would substantially improve its static

used methods is providing steel reinforcement. Steel and dynamic properties. Fibre reinforced concrete is

bars, however, reinforce concrete against local in use since many years in India, but the structural

tension only. Cracks in reinforced concrete applications are very much limited. However, its

members extend freely until encounter ring are bar. application is picking up in the recent days.

Thus need for multidirectional and closely spaced 2. FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE

steel reinforcement arises. That cannot be Fiber reinforced concrete (FRC) is concrete
practically possible. Fibre reinforcement gives the containing fibrous material which increases its
solution for this problem. So to increase the tensile structural integrity. So we can define fibre

2
reinforced concrete as a composite material of • Good adhesion within the matrix.
cement concrete or mortar and discontinuous • Adaptable elasticity modulus (sometimes higher
discrete and uniformly dispersed fibre. Fibre is than that of the matrix)
discrete material having some characteristic • Compatibility with the binder, which should not
properties. The fibre material can be anything. But be attacked or destroyed in the long term
not all will be effective and economical. Some • An accessible price, taking into account the
fibres that are most commonly used are: proportion within the mix

• Steel • Glass • Carbon • being sufficiently short, fine and flexible to permit
mixing, transporting and placing
• Natura l• NBD
• Being sufficiently strong, yet adequately robust to
Steel fibre is one of the most commonly used fibre.
withstand the mixing process.
Generally round fibres are used. The diameter may
3.2 Aspect ratio
vary from 0.25 to [Link] steel fibre
Aspect ratio is defined as the ratio of length to
sometimes gets rusted and lose its strength. But
width of the fibre. The value ofaspect ratio varies
investigations have proved that fibres get rusted
from 30 to 150. Generally the increase in aspect
only at surfaces. It has high modulus of elasticity.
ratio increases the strength and toughness till the
Use of steel fibres makes significant improvements
aspect ratio of 100. Above that the strength of
in flexure, impact and fatigue strength of concrete.
concrete decreases, in view of decreased
It has been used in various types of structures. Glass
workability and reduced compaction. From
fibre is a recently introduced fibre in making fibre
investigations it can be found out that good results
concrete. It has very high tensile strength of 1020 to
are obtained at an aspect ratio around 80 for steel
4080Mpa. Glass fibre concretes are mainly used
fibres. Keeping that in view we have considered
3. PROPERTIES OF FIBRE REINFORCED steel hooked end fibres with aspect ratio of 80
CONCRETE (Length 60 mm and Diameter 0.75 mm).
Properties of concrete are affected by many factors
like properties of cement, fine aggregate, coarse 3.3 Fibre quantity
aggregate. Other than this, the fibre reinforced Generally quantity of fibres is measured as
concrete is affected by following factors: percentage of cement content. As the volume of
• Type of fibre fibres increase, there should be increase in strength
• Aspect ratio and toughness of concrete. Regarding our fibre, we
• Quantity of fibre hope that there will be an increase in strength, with
• Orientation of fibre increase in fibre content. We are going to test for
3.1 Type of Fibre percentages of1.0, 2.0 and 3.0.
A good fibre is the one which possess the following
qualities:
3
3.4 Orientation of fibre 3.6 Workability
The orientations of fibres play a key role in A shortcoming of using fibres in concrete is
determining the capacity of concrete. In RCC the reduction in workability. Workability of FRC is
reinforcements are placed in desired direction. But affected by fibre aspect ratio and volume fraction as
in FRC, the fibres will be oriented in random well the workability of plain concrete. As fibre
direction. The FRC will have maximum resistance content increases, workability decreases. Most
when fibres are oriented parallel to the load applied. researchers’ limit volume of fibres to 4.0% and
aspect ratio to 100 to avoid unworkable mixes. In
3.5 Bridging Action addition, some researchers have limited the fibre
Pullout resistance of fibres (dowel action) is reinforcement index [volumeof fibres as % ×aspect
important for efficiency. Pullout strength of fibres ratio] to 1.5 for the same reason. To overcome the
significantly improves the post-cracking tensile workability problems associated with FRC,
strength of concrete. As an FRC beam or other modification of concrete mix design is
structural element is loaded, fibres bridge the recommended. Such modifications can include the
cracks. Such bridging action provides the FRC use of additives.
specimen with greater ultimate tensile strength and, 4. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION
more importantly, larger toughness and better The materials used in the experimental investigation
energy absorption. An important benefit of this are locally available cement, sand, coarse aggregate,
fibre behavior is material damage tolerance. Bayasi mineral and chemical admixtures. The chemicals
and Kaiser (2001) performed a study where damage used in the present investigation are of commercial
tolerance factor is defined as the ratio of flexural grade.
resistance at 2-mm maximum crack width to 4.1 STEEL FIBRES
ultimate flexural capacity. At 2% steel fibre Steel fibre-reinforced concrete (SFRC)
volume, damage tolerance factor according to is concrete (spray concrete) with steel fibres added.
Bayasi and Kaiser was determined as 93%. It has higher tensile strength than unreinforced
concrete and is quicker to apply
than weldmesh reinforcement. It has often been
used for tunnels

 Addition of steel fibers into the concrete

improves the crack resistance (or ductility)
capacity of the concrete. Traditional rebars
are generally used to improve the tensile
strength of the concrete in a particular
direction, whereas steel fibers are useful for
multidirectional reinforcement. This is one
Fig:1 Pullout Mechanism
4
 of the reasons why steel fiber reinforced 4.3 INITIAL TESTS
(shotcrete form) concrete successfully
replaced weldmesh in lining tunnels. Material test
Result
 Less labour is required.
Specific gravity of cement
3.12
 Less construction time is required
Specific gravity of fly ash
2.24
Specific gravity of silica fume
2.21
Specific gravity of coarse
aggregate 2.74

Specific gravity of fine

aggregate 2.7

Slump cone test

2 inches
Dry rod unit weight of fine
aggregate 107.7 lb/ft^3

Dry rod unit weight of coarse

101 lb/ft^3
aggregate

Initial and final setting time 96 min &207

Fig:2 crimped and hooked steel fibres min
Table: 1 Initial tests
4.2 GLASS FIBRES
Glass fiber reinforced concrete, also known 4.4 MIX PROPORTION
as GFRC or GRC, is a type of fiber reinforced
concrete. Glass fiber concretes are mainly used in Super
Silic
Fine Coarse Plastici
Cem Fly a Wat
exterior building façade panels and as architectural Aggreg Aggre zer
ent Ash Fum er
ate gate
e
precast concrete. Somewhat similar materials
are fiber cement siding and cement boards. The
photograph of glass fibres is shown in Fig. 3 1 0.28 0.28 1.38 2.38 0.23 0.01

Table: 2 Mix Proportions

5. TESTING OF SPECIMENS

Different tests were conducted on the specimens to

determine and compare the mechanical properties
between crimped steel fibres, hooked steel fibres
Fig:3 Glass fibre and glass fibres.
5
5.1 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
Beams Conventi Hooked Crimped
Glass
Sl no casted onal end steel steel
fiber
day concrete fiber fiber

1 3rd day 3.7 4.6 4.2 4.1

th
2 7 day 6.7 7.2 6.8 7
3 28th day 8.4 8.7 8.6 8.5
Table: 4 Flexure test results
5.3 SPLIT TENSILE TEST
Fig: 4 Cube specimens under test

Conventi Hooked Crimped

cubes Glass
onal end steel steel
Sl no casted fiber(N/
concrete fiber fiber(N/
day mm2)
(N/mm2) 2
(N/mm ) mm ) 2

1 3rd day 27 31.75 29.3 29

2 7th day 44 48 46.4 49
th
3 28 day 69 74 73.2 72

Table: 3 Compressive strength results

5.2 FLEXURAL TEST Fig: 6 Cylinder specimens under test

Conventi Hooked Crimped

Cylinder Glass
onal end steel steel
Sl no s casted fiber
concrete fiber fiber 2
day 2 2 2 (N/mm )
(N/mm ) (N/mm ) (N/mm )

1 3rd day 1.9 2.6 2.4 2.3

2 7th day 5.2 5.7 5.3 5.5
3 28th day 8.8 9.2 9.1 9

Table: 5 Split Tensile Strength results

Fig: 5 Flexural beam specimens under test

6
CONCLUSIONS percentage of flexural strength of crimped steel
fiber reinforced concrete beams when compared
The present study is about using different fibres
to the conventional beams at 28 days is
i.e., crimped steel fibres hooked steel fibres and
2.380%.And The increasing percentage of
glass fibres after optimising them; comparison
flexural strength of glass fiber reinforced concrete
is made between the three fibres for different
beams when compared to the conventional
mechanical properties
concrete beams at 28 days is 2.140%.
 The increasing percentage of compressive
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