What is Computer
Computers are automatic
electronic devices that can
perform complex tasks by
breaking them into simple
calculations and doing them
extremely quickly.
They have the abilityto
store, manipulate, and
communicate information.
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF 2
COMPUTER
CENTRAL
PROCESSING
UNIT
ALU
INPUT CU OUTPUT
UNIT UNIT
Registers
MEMORY
2
INPUT UNIT
Acceptsdata from the outside world
Converts data into the computer
understandable form i.e. Binary form
Example of Input devices: Keyboard, Mouse,
Microphone, etc.
OUTPUT UNIT
Producestheoutput in user readable form.
Example of input devices: Monitor, Printer,
Speakers, Plotter
2
MEMORY UNIT
Memory devices are tO store the data for later
reference.
Smallest measuring unit of memory is: Bit (0,1)
8bits = 1byte
1024 bytes = 1Kilo Bytes
1024 KB = 1Mega Byte
1024 MB = 1Giga Byte
1024 GB = 1Tera Byte
1024 TB=1 Peta Byte
CLASSIFICATION OF MEMORY
Broadly classified into twO:
Primary Memory (Main Memory)
Sccondary Memory
Primary memory is the memoryinternal to the
computer. i.c, the memory generally placed on the
Mother board Tf thecomputer.
Secondary memory is the memory external to the
Computer,
Generaly for large storage of data
Generally for permanent storage of data
PRIMARY MEMORY 2
It can be further divided into two parts:
RAM( Random Access Memory)
ROM (Read Only Memory)
Difference between RAM and ROM
RAM ROM
1. Random Access memory Read Only Memory. Memory
used to store the startup
2. Temporary memory
instructionsi.e. Booting
Volatile Memory ie. contents instructions.
are lost when power is switched Permanent Memory
Off.
Non-Volatile memory i.e.
Read and Write memory
contents are not erased when
the powver is switched oft
Read only memory
Types of RAM 2
SRAM (Static RAM)
DRAM (Dynamic RAM)
SRAM DRAM
1 Consist of internal flip-flops. 1. Consist of a transistor and
Volatile but as long assupplied capacitor that is capable of
with power, they need no storing an electric charge.
special regenerator circuits to 2. Do not require regenerator
retain the stored da. circuits.
Take morespace for a given 3. Takes less space as compared
storage capacity. to SRAM.
Easier to use since it has 4. Has longer read and write
shorter read and writecycles. cycles.
Uscd in spccialiscd 5. Used in primary storage
applications. sections of computer.
Some other memory
CACHE
Special high-speed storage mechanism
Canbe areserved section of CPUor
An independent high-speed storage device.
Two types of Cache:
Level 1 (LI Cabe ):
built inside the CPUpackage.
Works at half the CPL clock speed, that means faster access.
Level 2 (L2 Cache ):
external to the CPUand resides on the motherboard.
Works at motherboard bus speed.
2
SECONDARY MEMORY
Most common storage devices are:
Hard Disk
MAGNETICMEDIA
Floppy Disk
CD- ROMs
OPTICAL MEDIA
(can store upto 700 MB)
DVDs
(can store 15 times as much information and 20 times
as fast as a CD-ROM)
New Age Memories
Pen Drive/Thumb Drive
Also called Flash memor, USB memory, Key
memory
Irworks in a similar way to RAM but it is a non
Volatile memory.
Hierarchy of memory
CPU Registers
" Faster access
i.e. speed is fast
" But Expensive Cache Memory
RAM
Secondary Memory
Central Processing 2
Unit
AMD:KS
386
Brain of the computer
Consists of ALU(Arithmetic and Logic Unit ):
responsiblefor performing Arithmetic and
Logical Operations.
Consists of CUControl Unit) : tells the ALU
what to do,
B Consists of Registers: Internal memory of CPU
to store temporary data.
Also referred as Microprocessc
CPUSpeed
E Theamount of data that can flow at a time
determines whether the CPUis 8-bit, 16-bit or
64 bit processor,
64 bit CPU means that it can handle 64 bit word
at one go.
Thetotal speed of theCPU is determined by the
word length and the clock specd.
23 of 32
Clock Speed
There are two units for measuring Clock speed.
Megahertz/Gigahertz
CPU is driven by pulses from a piezoelectric quartz crystal
Oscillator.
Frequency of clock pulsesis expressed in MHz or GHz
Higher the clogk speed larger willbe the number of cycles
per second and smaller the cycle time.
MIPS (Millions of Instructions Per Second )
Single cycle is the smallest time for the processor
Eyeryinstruction requires at least one or usually multiple
cycles
Number of cycles required to execute an instruction varies
from processor to processor
MIPS tells how many instructions arc carried out by the
CPU in one second
CISCAND RISC Architecturc:
the architecture of the processor
1. Complex Instruction Set Computer 1. Reduced Instruction Set Computer
2. Includes multi-clock complex [Link]-clock reduced instructíon
instructions. only.
e.g. MULT 2:3, 5:2 e.g. LOAD A, 2:3
LOAD B, 5:2
PROD A, B
STORE 2:3, A
3. Small code size but mo clock 3. Large code sizes but each
cycles required for single instruction. instruction requires onlyone clock
cycle.
4. Memory to Memory: LOAD" and 4. Register to Register:
"STORE" incorporated in instructions"LOAD and STORE" are independent
instructions
5. Requires more transistorsof 5. Requires less transistors of hardware
hardware space space.
INPUTOUTPUT PORTS AND2
CONNECTORS
Ports areused to connect external devices to the
computer
Connectors arkthecables used to connectthe
external device to the computer through the
port.
> Port
Connector
AT