Series Combination of Resistors
• The equivalent resistance of a combination of
resistors connected in series is given by:
R eq = ∑ R i
i
• Proof (KVL) Loop 12301
V12 + V23 + V30 + V01 = 0
IR1 + IR2 + IR3 − E = 0
I (Req ) − E = 0
R eq = R 1 + R 2 + R 3 = ∑ R i
Parallel Combination of Resistor
• The equivalent resistance of a combination
of resistors connected in parallel is given
by :
1 1
=∑
R eq Ri
or G eq = ∑ G i
−1
G is
i the
th conductance
d t i Ω
in ( h )
(mho)
E E E E
I = I1 + I 2 + I3 = + + =
R1 R 2 R 3 R eq
1 1 1 1 1
= + + =∑
R eq R1 R 2 R 3 Ri
• The equivalent resistance R eq of two
resistors connected in parallel is :
R1 R 2
R eq =
R1 + R 2
• Th
The equivalent
i l resistance
i R eq off N equall
resistors R connected in parallel is :
R
Req =
N
Voltage Divider
Vin R2
Vout = VAB
A = I R2 = R 2 = Viin
R1 + R 2 R1 + R 2
R2
Vout = Vin
R1 + R 2
Current Divider
R1 R 2
Vout = VAB = I in R eq = I in = I out R 2
R1 + R 2
R1
I out
o t =I
I in
R1 +R 2
Source Equivalence
q
V=V12 =V13 +V32 = - IR 0 +V0 V
II=II 0 -
R0
V= V0 – I R0
V I0 R0 – I R0
V=
V0 =II 0 R 0
V = V0 − IR 0 V = I0R 0 − IR 0
V0 R0 I0
V0 =I 0 R 0
Star - Delta Transformation
Delta (Pi or π) Star (Y or T)
∆ to Y Transformation
V12 +V23 +V31 =0
I12 R12 + I 23R 23 + I 31R 31 = 0
I12 R12 + ( I 2 +I12 ) R 23 + ( I12 -I1 ) R 31 =0
R 31 R 23
I 12 =I 1 -I 2 V12 = I12 R12
R 12 +R 23 +R 31 R 12 +R 23 +R 31
R 12 R 31 R 12 R 23
V12 =II1 -II 2
R 12 +R 23 +R 31 R 12 +R 23 +R 31
∆ to Y Transformation
V12 =V14 -V24 =I1R1 -I 2 R 2
∆ to Y Transformation
• For the ∆
R12 R 31 R12 R 23
V12 =I1 -I 2
R12 +R 23 +R 31 R12 +R 23 +R 31
F the
For th Y V12 =II1R1 -II 2 R 2
R12 R 31 R 23 R12
R1 = R2 =
R12 +R 23 +R 31 R12 +R 23 +R 31
R 31R 23
Similarly
S a y R3 =
R12 +R
R 23 +R
R 31
Y to ∆ Transformation
I1 +I 2 +I 3 =0 0
G 1 ( V1 -V V4 ) +G 3 ( V3 -V
V4 ) +G 2 ( V2 -V V4 ) =00
V4 ( G 1 +G 2 +G 3 ) =G 1V1 +G 2 V2 +G 3 V3
G 1 V1 +G 2 V 2 +G 3 V 3
V4 =
G 1 +G 2 +G 3
3
∑ G iVi
i= 1
= 3
∑ G i
i= 1
Y to ∆ Transformation
G 1 V1 +G 2 V 2 +G 3 V 3
V4 =
G 1 +G 2 +G 3
G 1V1 +G 2 V2 +G 3 V3
I1 =G 1 ( V1 -V4 ) =G 1 V1 -
G 1 +G 2 +G 3
G1V1 +G 2 V1 +G 3 V1 -G1V1 -G 2 V2 -G 3 V3
=G1
G 1 +G 2 +G 3
G 2 ( V1 -V2 ) -G 3 ( V3 -V1 )
I1 =G1
G1 +G 2 +G 3
Y to ∆ Transformation
( ) (
I1 =I12 -I 31 =G12 V1 -V2 -G 31 V3 -V1 )
∆ to Y Transformation
G 2 ( V1 -V2 ) -G 3 ( V3 -V1 )
• For the Y I1 =G
G1
G 1 +G 2 +G 3
For the ∆ I1 =G ( ) (
G12 V1 -V2 -G 31 V3 -V1 )
G1G 2 G 3G 1
G12 = & G 31 =
G1 +G 2 +G 3 G1 +G 2 +G 3
Similarly G 2G 3
G 23 =
G1 +G
G 2 +GG3
∆ to Y Transformation
G1G 2 G 3G 1
G12 = & G 31 =
G1 +G 2 +G 3 G1 +G 2 +G 3
G 2G 3
G 23 =
G1 +G 2 +G 3
G1 +G 2 +G 3 R1 R 2
R12 = =R1 +R 2 +
G1G 2 R3
∆ - Y Transformation
R12 R 31 R 23 R12
R1 = R2 =
R12 +R 23 +R 31 R12 +R 23 +R 31
R 31R 23 V4 =
G 1 V1 +G 2 V 2 +G 3 V 3
R3 = G 1 +G 2 +G 3
R12 +R 23 +R 31
∆ -Y Transformation
R12 R 31
R1 = Special case
R12 +R 23 +R 31
R12 =R 23 =R 31 =R
R 23 R12
R2 = R
R12 +R 23 +R 31 R1 = R 2 = R 3 =
3
R 31R 23 V1 +V2 +V3
R3 = V4 =
R12 +R 23 +R 31 3
Y - ∆ Transformation
R1R 2 Special case
R12 =R1 +R 2 +
R3
R 2 R3 R1 =R 2 =R 3 =R
R 23 =R 2 +R 3 +
R1 R12 =R
R 23 =R
R 31 =3R
3R
R 3 R1
R 31 =R 3 +R1 +
R2
Balanced bridge
• For the bridge to be
balanced I =0
• V2 = V4 Hence
Hence,
• V12 = V14
I12 R1= I14 R4 (1)
• V23 = V43
I23 R2= I43 R3 (2)
• Since I=0,
I 0, I12 = I23
& I14= I43
(1) ⇒ R1 R4
= Hence, R1R3 = R2R4
( 2) R2 R3
4-Theory of maximum power
transfer
• What is the value of RL for maximum power
transfer?
185
• F
For maximum
i
power transfer,
d PL
=0
d RL
2
Vth RL
PL = I 2L * R L = 2
* R L = Vth *
th
R + R L (R th + R L )2
2 ( R th +R L ) *1-R L *2 ( R th +R L )
2
d PL
=Vth * =0
( R th +R L )
4
d RL
(R th + R L ) − 2 * R L = 0 R th = R L 186
2
Vth
Pin = PVth = Vth * I L =
R th + R L
2
2 Vth RL
Pout = PL = ILR L =
(R th + R L )2
Pout RL
Efficiency (η) = *100 % = *100 %
Pin R th + R L
187
• At condition of maximum
power transfer
R th = R L
Vth Vth
IL = VL =
2 R th 2
2 2
Vth Vth
Pmax = I L R L =
2
Pmax =
4R th 4R th
2
Vth
Pin = PVth = Vth * I L =
2 R th
RL
Efficiency (η) = 100 % = 50%
*100
R th + R L 188