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Understanding Number Systems Explained

The document explains different number systems including Decimal, Binary, Octal, and Hexadecimal, along with their representations and examples. It covers conversions between these systems, special codes like BCD and Gray Code, and the representation of signed and floating point numbers. The summary highlights that Decimal is used in daily life, while Binary is primarily for computers, and emphasizes the importance of conversions and special codes for efficient data processing.

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3 views2 pages

Understanding Number Systems Explained

The document explains different number systems including Decimal, Binary, Octal, and Hexadecimal, along with their representations and examples. It covers conversions between these systems, special codes like BCD and Gray Code, and the representation of signed and floating point numbers. The summary highlights that Decimal is used in daily life, while Binary is primarily for computers, and emphasizes the importance of conversions and special codes for efficient data processing.

Uploaded by

niteeshcsc123
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Number System – Simplified Notes

1. Introduction
A Number System is a way of representing numbers using a set of symbols (digits). Different
systems are used in daily life and computing, depending on the base value.

2. Types of Number Systems


1. 1. Decimal (Base 10):

- Digits: 0–9
- Example: 245 = 2×100 + 4×10 + 5×1

2. 2. Binary (Base 2):

- Digits: 0, 1
- Example: 1011₂ = 1×8 + 0×4 + 1×2 + 1×1 = 11

3. 3. Octal (Base 8):

- Digits: 0–7
- Example: 345₈ = 3×64 + 4×8 + 5×1 = 229

4. 4. Hexadecimal (Base 16):

- Digits: 0–9 and A–F (A=10, B=11, ..., F=15)


- Example: 2F₁₆ = 2×16 + 15 = 47

3. Conversions Between Systems


Decimal → Binary: Divide by 2 and note remainders (bottom to top). Example: 13 → 1101

Binary → Decimal: Multiply each bit by powers of 2. Example: 1010₂ = 1×8 + 0×4 + 1×2 +
0×1 = 10

Decimal ↔ Octal/Hexadecimal conversions follow similar logic.

4. Special Codes
BCD (Binary Coded Decimal): Each decimal digit written in binary. Example: 59 → 0101
1001

Gray Code: Only one bit changes at a time (used to reduce errors). Example: Binary 0101 →
Gray 0111

5. Signed Numbers (Positive/Negative Representation)


Computers use 2’s complement to represent negative numbers:
Steps:
1. Write number in binary
2. Invert bits (0→1, 1→0)
3. Add 1 to result

Example: -5 in 8-bit = 11111011

6. Floating Point Numbers


Floating point numbers are used to represent real numbers (like 3.14, 0.00012). They are
stored using three parts: Sign bit, Exponent, and Mantissa.

✅ Summary
Decimal = Normal life
Binary = Computers
Octal = Short form of binary
Hexadecimal = Shorthand using A–F

Conversions are done using multiplication/division by base.


Special codes and complements help computers process data efficiently.

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